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3.
Numer of
particles per
Unit Cell
Relationship
between edge
length (a) and
radius (r) of
atom/ion
Simple cubic
a = 2r
a =
a = 2 2 r
4
3
d=
Z M
a3 NA
Where Z is rank of unit cell (no. of atoms per unit cell), m is molar mass/
atomic mass, a is edge length of the cube, a3 is volume of cubic unit
cell and NA is Avogatro number.
4.
Packing efficiency =
d NA
4 3
r 100
M
3
Packing
efficiency
Rank of
Unit Cell
SC
52.4%
BCC
68.%
FCC
74%
XII Chemistry
Solution
1.
xA =
nB
x
, and xB =
nA + nB
nA +nB
xA + xB = 1
Moles of solute
Volume of solution in litres
2.
Molarity (M) =
3.
Moles of solute
Moality (m) = Mass of solvent in kilograms
4.
5.
6.
pA pA
n
WB MA
(for dilute solution)
= i xB i B = i
NA
MB WA
pA
pA pA
is
pA
XII Chemistry
7.
T b = T b T b
Kb = molal boiling point elevation constant
m = molality of solution.
8.
9.
= i CRT
i=
i=
XII Chemistry
11.
Tb
p
=i
MA 1000
pA
Kb
Here
p is lowering in vapour pressure, pA is vapour pressure of pure solvent,
i is van't Hoff factor, Tb is elevation in boiling point, Kb is molal elevation
constant and MA is molar mass of solvent
Electrochemistry
1.
Conductivity (k)
K=
1
1
l
=
= G G*
P
R
A
1
is resistivity..
P
m =
1000 k
c
XII Chemistry
(b)
= m
m
Here m is molar conductivity at the concentration C and m is
limiting molar conductivity of the electrolyte.
(c)
cm
C
om
C 2
K=
=
m
1
1 o
m
3.
E = E
2.303 RT
1
log
nF
[Mn+ ]
Ecell
= Ecell
4.
cC + dD
2.303RT
log [QC ]
nF
E cell =
E cell =
5.
ne
2.303RT
log K C
nF
0.059v
log KC
n
G = nF Ecell
Where G = standard Gibbs energy change and nF is the amount of
charge passed.
G = 2.303 RT log Kc
XII Chemistry
Chemical Kinetics
1.
[R] [R]
k =
2k
t1
2.
[R]
t1 =
k =
2.303
[R]
log
t
[R ]
t1 =
2
3.
0.693
k
Anhenius epuation
(a)
k = A
Ea/RT
(b)
T T
a
2
2
1
log k = 2.303 R T T
1
1
2
XII Chemistry