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Jon R. Rance
Rockfield Technology Ltd., Swansea, United Kingdom
http://alex.vyazmensky.googlepages.com/
ABSTRACT: The ability to predict surface subsidence associated with block caving mining is important for
both environmental impact and operational hazard assessments. Use of numerical modelling provides an
opportunity to enhance understanding of the surface subsidence phenomenon and develop improved
methodologies for subsidence prediction. Previous numerical studies were primarily focused on site specific
predictive modelling. A conceptual modelling study employing combined continuum-discrete element method
is planned to investigate mechanisms governing subsidence development. As a necessary prerequisite for such a
study the analysis of potential modelling approaches is conducted. In a framework of combined continuumdiscrete element method there are three approaches to rock mass representation: equivalent continuum, discrete
network and mixed. Initial modelling illustrated that reasonable simulation of surface subsidence development
can be achieved using equivalent continuum and mixed approaches.
1 INTRODUCTION
Block caving mining is characterized by caving and
extraction of a massive volume of ore which translates
into a formation of major surface depression or
subsidence zone directly above and in the vicinity of the
mining operations (see Figure 1). The block caving
induced subsidence may endanger mine infrastructure
and is a major concern for operational safety. Moreover,
changes to surface landforms brought about by block
caving subsidence can be quite dramatic and may lead
to a pronounced environmental impact. Therefore the
ability to predict surface subsidence associated with
block caving mining is critical for both mining
operational hazard and environmental impact
assessments.
Owing to problems of scale and lack of access a
fundamental understanding of the complex rock
mass response in block caving settings remains
limited. Block caving geomechanics is still largely
an empirically based discipline. Use of numerical
modelling provides an opportunity to investigate the
factors governing caving mechanisms and develop
improved methodologies for the prediction of
associated surface subsidence.
A comprehensive numerical modelling study
focused on block caving related surface subsidence is
being carried out at the Simon Fraser University in
collaboration with the University of British Columbia.
A state-of-the-art combined continuum-discrete
Approach
LSC
(FLAC)
LSC
(FLAC)
LSC
(FLAC/
FLAC3D)
D
(3DEC)
D
(PFC3D)
Type of analysis
Site specific: Rajpura
Dariba and Kiruna mines
Site specific:
El Teniente mine
Conceptual
Site specific:
Palabora mine
Site specific:
Questa mine
Figure 3: (a) weighted average nodal failure direction; (b) intraelement fracture; (c) inter-element fracture (after Klerk, 2000)
b). 40m
c). 60m
d). 80m
Unit
Int.
rock
Rock mass
60
Youngs Modulus, E
GPa
0.25
Poissons ratio,
3100
Density,
kgm-3
10
Tensile strength, t
MPa
-2
63
Fracture energy, Gf
Jm
15
Internal cohesion, ci
MPa
60
Internal friction, i
degrees
9
Dilation,
degrees
Preinserted or newly generated fractures
Fracture cohesion, cf
MPa
Fracture friction, f
degrees
Normal penalty, Pn
GPa/m
Tangential penalty, P t
GPa/m
In-situ stress ratio, K
Equivalent
continuum
18
0.25
3100
0.33
63
0.3
35
9
0
35
1
0.1
1
e). 100m
transition
zone
stable zone
90
caving
zone
80
Equivalent continuum
approach
70
60
50
40
Mixed approach
30
Stable
20
Transitional
Caving
10
0
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
Hydraulic Radius, m
b).
c).
b). 40m
c). 60m
d). 80m
e). 100m