Study Guide for Exam 1:

Disclaimer: Although all the information you will need for the exam is listed below, you actually have to learn
it. If you understand and know all the information presented in these pages, you will do very well on the
exam.

Biology review: Part 1

I.

Tobacco: Review 1
What is tobacco? (Woody shrub like plant, whos leaves are crushed and either
smoked or chewed.)
Forms tobacco comes in? (snuff, cigarettes, pipes and cigars, and chewing tobacco)
Types of dependences: (physical and psychological dependence)
Harmful gas in cigarettes that displaces oxygen from hemoglobin (carbon monoxide)
Addictive substance in tobacco: (nicotine)
Functional unit of the lungs, place where respiration/gas exchange takes place:
(alveoli)
Main findings in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease COPD: (lack of lung tissue
elasticity, lung hyperinflation)
Two main diseases that make up COPD: (chronic bronchitis and emphysema)
What is emphysema: (damage to the alveoli)
How is tobacco detrimental to society: (harmful to our health, addictive, and costly to
individuals and society as a whole)
Structure of hemoglobin: (4 heme groups2 alpha and 2 beta)
How many molecules of oxygen does each hemoglobin carry? (4)

What is tar, and what does it cause? (the black substance from the smoke of the
cigarettes, which causes a build up in the bronchial airwaysleading to bronchial
constrictionthus causing bronchitis. )
Purpose of hemoglobin: (to transport oxygen to the body96% of the oxygen in the
body is transported via hemoglobin)
Complications of smoking: (lung cancer, bronchitis, emphysema, cardiovascular
complications, bladder cancer, bad breath, negatively affects the skin, and addiction.)
Secondhand smoke: passive smoke that a person breaths from a smoker
Place of gas and gases exchanged: (in the alveoli oxygen is exchanged for carbon
dioxide
3 types of health: (physical health, mental or emotional health, and social health)
What part of the lung is physiological dead space: (the bronchieven though they
are part of the lungs, they do not participate in gas exchangethey are essentially
tubs that allow for the passageway of air to the alveoli.)
Breathing cycle: (we breath in oxygen nose/mouth---carried via our trachea----to our
bronchi---to our alveoli, where oxygen and carbon dioxide diffuse across the alveoli
membraneoxygen diffuses to the capillaries, where carbon dioxide diffuses from the
capillaries to the alveoli in order to be exhaled from the body.---When the oxygen has
diffused to the capillary, it attaches to a red blood cell---the red blood cells are then
picked up by the transporter protein hemoglobin (4 oxygen molecule for each
hemoglobin), which distributes about 96% of the oxygen that the body uses.

Biology Review Part 2: Alcohol

Alcohol: ( a drug created by a chemical reaction in some foods, especially fruits and grains
Depressant: (a drug that slows down the bodys function and reactions including heart and
breathing rates.)
Intoxicated: (physical and mental impairment due to the consumption of alcohol.)
Serving size and alcohol content of beer: ( 12 oz., 5% alcohol)
Serving size and alcohol content of wine: (5 oz., 12 % alcohol)
Serving size and alcohol content of liquor: (1.5 oz., 40% alcohol)
Blood alcohol content: (percentage of alcohol dissolved in the blood)
Factors that affect BAC level: (weight, how much alcohol drunk, and gender)
Two most important factors of BAC: (weight and how much alcohol was drank)
How does alcohol cause intoxication: (it affects the level of neurotransmittersactually
increases the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, which causes a decrease in neuronal

signaling. The neuronal transmission is thus delayed causing a retardation in mental and
bodily functioning. a decrease in neuronal electrical activity.)
Neuro: (nerve cell)
Nerve dendrite: (part of the neuron that receives neuronal transmission
Axon: (the part of the neuron that propagates (sends) the neuronal signal
Neuronal transmission: (the process of sending a neural signal via neurotransmitters from the
presynaptic cleft to the post synaptic cleft----process of sending nerve impulses/signals)
Neurotransmitters: (chemicals that are responsible for carrying the neural signal from nerve
to nerve)
Minor: (an undragged person not legally able to drink)
Legal BAC level for driving: (0.08 or a BAC of 8%)
Fatty liver: (condition in which fat builds up in the liver, and cannot be broken down)
Binge drinking: (drinking excessive amounts of alcohol in a short amount of time)
Inhibitions: (conscious or unconscious restraints on behavior or actions)
Cirrhosis: (damage and scaring to the architecture of the liver, resulting in a decrease ability to
rid the body of toxins.
Sages of alcoholism: ( stage one is abuse, stage two is dependence, and stage three is
addiction.)
Four factors that identify addiction to any drug: (Strong cravings, loss of control, tolerance of
the substance, and physical dependence the body to the substance.)
S.T.O.P method: (say no, tell why not, offer an alternative to doing the substance, and
promptly leave. )
Recovery: (the process of learning to live an alcohol-free life.)
Detoxification: ( the physical process of freeing the body of an addictive substance.)

Biology Review Part 3: Drugs

Drug: (any substance, other that food, that changes the structure or function of the body or
mind.)
Drug abuse versus drug misuse: (drug misuse is taking or using a medicine in a way that is not
intended, while drug abuse is defined as intentionally using drugs in a way that is unhealthful
or illegal.
Two factor that are negatively affected from drug us in both males and females: (the height
and the weight)
7 main drug classes: ( 1. Central nervous system stimulants, 2. central nervous system
depressants, 3. cannabis, 4. hallucinogens, 5. narcotics, 6. Inhalants, and 7. Steroids.)

Effects of stimulants on the body: ( speeds up bodys functions)

Effects of depressants on the body: (slows down bodys functions)
What is a club drugs and examples: (illegal drugs found mostly in nightclubs or raves. They are
used in social settings generally to make people feel more relaxed// examples include Ecstasy,
Rohypnol, and Ketamine.)
Examples of stimulant drugs: ( amphetamine, cocaine, crack, methamphetamine, and
caffeine.)
Examples of depressants: (tranquilizers, barbiturates, and alcohol.)
What do hallucinogens do, and 2 examples: (they are drugs that distort moods, thoughts, and
senses// 2 examples includeLSD or acid, and PCP or angle dust.)
What is the medical use of narcotics? (doctors mainly use narcotics for pain, but also for
diarrhea and cough.)
Name one legal and one illegal narcotic: (legal narcotic would be oxycodone with a doctors
prescription, and Heroin is illegal.)
The 3 myths of marijuana use: (1. Marijuana is not addictiveit actually is addictive, 2.
Smoking marijuana is safer than using other drugs, and 3. Everyone smokes marijuana.)
Top reasons people abuse drugs. (to deal with stressful situation in life, depression, and for
the euphoric effect or the high.)
What is a medicine: (a drug that prevents or cures an illness or eases its symptoms.)
Vaccine: (a preparation of dead or attenuated (weakened) pathogens, that is introduced into
the body to cause an immune response.)
Over the counter ,OTC: (medicines that can be obtained legally only with a doctors written
permission.)
Routes of drug administration: (oral, intramuscular, intravenous, sublingual, inhalation, and
topical.)
Side effect of a drug: (a reaction to a medication other that the one intended.)
Tolerance: (the bodys need for a larger and larger amount of a drug in order to produce the
same effect.)

Biology Review Part 4: (visual review)

The scientific method: ( 1. Identify the problem, 2. Observation, 3. Formulate a hypothesis,

4. Experimentation to prove or disprove the hypothesis, 5. Data collection from the
experiment, 6. Draw conclusions (infer from the data gathered, 7. Retest(repeat the steps
again to ensure that the results of the experiment was not the result of chance.)
Two most important factors that ensure a scientific study is trustworthy and valid: ( peer
reviewedother scientists have checked the experimental design, and replicated the study
results---other scientists have repeated the study and obtained the same results.
Cytology: (the study of the cell and its organelles/components.)
Histology: (the study of human tissue.)
Tissue: (a collection of similar cells that result in the formation of a structure.)

Cell: ( is the smallest unit of life that can replicate independentlyalso know as the building
blocks of
Organization of human body structure: ( atoms---molecules---cells---tissue---organs--systems)

Cell structure: (nucleus houses DNA and controls the cell--Mitochondrion produces energycell membrane is bilayer, and
allows for some substances to pass inside the cell---Golgi
complex collects, packages, and distributes molecules made in
the cellEndoplasmic reticulum move and store material made
by the cell

 Nerve cell structure:

Neuronal transmission: (the process of sending neural signals from one nerve cell to
another via neurotransmitters)

Four main types of tissue in the body:

(remember that tissue is simple a

collection of similar cells.)

Red blood cells *Erythrocytes*: The main cells that make up our blood, and carry
hemoglobin which is responsible for the transportation of oxygen). It has a biconcave shape
like a donut, that allows it to bend and twist into tight small vessel such as capillaries.)

Anemia:

Hemoglobin: (transporter protein responsible for carrying oxygen throughout the body. It

(the lack or absence of red blood cells---resulting is less oxygen carrying capacity.)

has 4 heme groups2 alpha and 2 beta, and one hemoglobin molecule is able to transport 4
molecules of oxygen.)

Cirrhosis:

(damage to the architecture of the liver causing scaring. This damage of the
liver cells, known as hepatocytes, cause a disorder at the cellular leverresulting in improper
functioning of the liver.

 Bronchitis and Emphysema:

Gas exchange at the alveoli

Fetal alcohol syndrome

Bronchi:

airways of the lungsanatomical dead space. Tar from smoking can built up in
the bronchi causing bronchitis. Bronchitis is essentially inflammation of the bronchi.

Drug classifications:

*What is a medicine?

Cell types

 Blood Alcohol concentration:

 Alcohol standard serving sizes:

Club drugs:

*Smoking effect on the body.

*Addiction and Euphoria:

*Nicotine effects on the body:

Good luck! Willingness to do well + effort will result in

success in your life always. Professor Mr. Alexander