Fertilization restoration of diploidy

Pre-Implantation

Compaction (in compacted morula)- formation of epitheliumformation of hypoblast

post-implantation

Implantation

Gastrulation

Keywords:
Primitive streak, migration, ellipse, elongation, regression of primitive streak, tail bud, node (anterior end of
primitive streak)

Keypoint: hypoblast cells become yolk sac endoderm

Keypoint: notochord + prechordal plate secrete SHH to induce midline ectoderm to form ventral CNS

Keypoints: left-right asymmetry in mesoderm, leftward fluid flow at ventral node endodermal cells by rotating
cilia, tilted posteriorly, rotate in same direction, tilt + directional rotation

Endoderm

Keywords: splanchnic mesoderm, oropharyngeal, cloacal, ectoderm outside + endoderm inside,

allantois = evolutionary vestige (in the connecting stalk)
Formation of umbilicus connecting stalk migrates postero-ventrally, allantois forms, embryo folds
amniotic cavity expands, eliminating the chorionic cavityUmbillicus derives from covering of
amnionic membrane, connecting stalk and yolk sac, allantois

Keywords: splanchnopleure (splanchnic mesoderm + endoderm), somatopleure (somatic mesoderm +

ectoderm), coelom = embryonic cavity, dorsal mesentery (suspends gut from dorsal body wall, formed
from splanchnic)
Ectodermal cells neural crest cells migrate into foregut migrate length of gut enteric nervous
system neurons
Epithelium lining visceral organs derived from splanchnic = coelomic epithelium (embryo) and
mesothelium (adult)

Keypoint: division into trachea and esophagus from posterior anterior

Single tube of foregut separates dorsoventrally into esophagus and trachea
Lung buds lead to formation of trachea or esophagus

Keypoint: from ventral diverticulum of gut, 3 modes domain branching, planar and orthogonal
bifurcation
Foregut (liver ventral, gall bladder ventral, stomach, dorsal/ventral pancreas) rotates and
pancreases fuse and use original ventral duct opening as main exit

 Fetal liver site of fetal hematopoiesis (blood cell formation, hematopoietic stem cells migrate here)
and alpha-fetoprotein synthesis along with yolk sac endoderm (AFP- general marker for fetal tissue
damage)

Keypoint: spleen begins as paired bilateral primordia but right primordium degenerates
Pancreas + duodenum peritoneal (like rest of gut) retroperitoneal (dorsal to peritoneal lining)
after rotation/fusion
Kidneys and adrenals arise retroperitoneally

Keypoint: herniates outside the body into the umbilicus, rotates and retracts back into
peritoneal cavity. Rotation of herniated midgut 7-10 weeks, start of retraction at 10
weeks and complete by 11 weeks

4th to 7th
week
Keypoint: cloacal membrane divided into rectum and urogenital sinus (future bladder and
urethra) by the descent of the urorectal septum
Midgut, hindgut, and allantois all connected to cloaca
Summary:

Sheet Tube (primitive gut) Diverticula Organs

Mesoderm
Nutshell mesoderm diversifies during gastrulation and leads to diversification of
ectoderm and endoderm to induce cell fates in other tissues

Point: Neural plate rolls up and forms neural tube (left). Mesoderm from medial to lateral
(right)

Keypoint: Cross section of embryonic mesoderm (left). Cardiogenic mesoderm = crescent

of splanchnic mesoderm at anterior (right)

Keypoint: Primitive HCSs arise from specialized, hemogenic endothelium in sac. Definitive HSCs
arise from hemogenic endothelium of dorsal aorta and placenta. The primitive and definitive
hematopoietic stem cells migrate to the fetal liver, where they generate blood cells (undergo
hematopoiesis). Just prior to birth the HSCs migrate to the bone marrow and spleen.

Keypoint: Arterial blood from the heart flows through branchial arch arteries into the dorsal aorta,
then into vitelline and umbilical arteries. (one of l-r pair shown)

Blood returns to the heart through the umbilical, vitelline and the anterior and posterior cardinal
veins. Since exchange with the maternal circulation occurs in the yolk sac and chorion, the blood
in the vitelline and umbilical veins is oxygenated.
There are three capillary beds 1) in the embryo served by dorsal aorta and cardinal veins, 2) in
the yolk sac served by vitelline arteries and veins and 3) in the placenta served by umbilical
arteries and veins
Most of the paired major vessels reduce to a single asymmetric vessel through fusion (except
umbilical arteries!)

Keypoint: Folding brings the cardiogenic mesoderm from an anterior position to a midventral position.
The cardiogenic mesoderm consists of 1st and 2nd heart fields; after folding, the 2nd heart
field lies dorsal to the 1st, the 1st forms the linear heart

Keypoint: From its dorsal position, the 2nd heart field contributes cells to the poles of the
heart, contributing to its elongation. The 2nd heart field forms the right ventricle the
outflow tract, and parts of the inflow tract
Neural crest cells migrate into the outflow tract; cells from the proepicardial organ
migrate over the surface of the heart to make epicardium and coronary vessels; the atria
migrate anteriorly, dorsal to the heart

Keypoint: Neural crest cells migrate into the outflow tract and contribute to the outflow
tract (OFT) septum. Cells from the proepicardial organ migrate into the heart to make the
epicardium and coronary vasculature

Keypoint: The heart (earliest organ) begins to pump at 20 days and remodels while
pumping
The outflow tract and ventricles septate; the outflow tract rotates

Keypoint: OFT and ventricular septum join, OFT separates at septum into aorta and pulmonary
trunk. The aorta loops around the pulmonary trunk and the left and right pulmonary arteries;
vessels downstream of the roots of the great vessels derive from remodeled branchial arch
arteries

Keypoint: Arch of the Aorta Develops from the Left Fourth Branchial Arch Artery

Septation of atria septum primum and septum secundum 2 atrial septa function together as
valve

Blood flow changes at birth ductus venosus degenerates, foramen ovale closes
Heart Development Summary:

Mesodermal II Skeleton, Muscle, Dermis, Urogenital System

Keypoint: prechordal plate makes extraocular muscles. Notochord makes nucleus

pulposus of IVDs.

Keypoint: Paraxial mesoderm consists of the paraxial mesoderm of the head, presomitic
mesoderm (which becomes) the somites. Somites arise sequentially from the
presomitic mesoderm, in a process called somite segmentation. The presomitic
mesoderm is replenished with new cells from the primitive streak. Somites are blocks of
several hundreds to thousands of cells, aligned and paired across the midline, which
arise sequentially from anterior to posterior. Somites segment from the presomitic
mesoderm at regular intervals (about every 4-6 hours in human embryos). The anterior
somites are the first to segment. Somite segmentation regulated by Notch pathway

Keypoint: The vertebrae and ribs derive from the sclerotome, skeletal muscle from
myotome and dermomyotome, the dorsal dermis and interscapular brown fat from
dermomyotome.
Sclerotome resegments. In resegmentation, the original segment boundaries are lost in
the sclerotome and new ones are formed in the middle. The myotome does not

resegment and thus the muscles span the vertebral junctions. The dermis loses its
segmentation.

Urogenital Development:

Keypoint: Indifferent Urogenital System

Mesonephric and paramesonephric ducts are paired. Uteric buds branch from
mesonephric ducts and extend into metanephric mesenchyme. Adrenal, mesonephros,
somatic gomad from intermediate mesoderm. Paramesonephric and mesonephric ducts
connect to cloaca. Cloaca is a common vestibule for urinary, gut and reproductive
systems
The paramesonephric duct arises from the lining of the coelom, runs parallel and lateral
to the mesonephric duct, and connects to the cloaca. The paramesonephric and
mesonephric ducts have different fates in the two sexes.
Pronephros and mesonephros are very similar and continuous in space and time; the
pronephros degenerates. The pronephric/mesonephric duct extends posteriorly to attach
to the cloaca. A branch of the mesonephric ductthe ureteric budinteracts with the
metanephric mesenchyme and together they make the metanephric kidney.

Keypoint: Pronephros and mesonephros are continuous in space and time

The Metanephric Kidney (adult kidney) arises from the Ureteric Bud (a branch of the
mesonephric duct) and the Metanephric Mesenchyme (from the intermediate mesoderm)


Keypoint: The ureteric bud gives rise to the collecting ducts, calyces and the ureter; the
metanephric mesenchyme gives rise to the nephrons

Keypoint: Primordial Germ Cells (PGCs) arise in the epiblast, migrate into the yolk sac,
into the gut, up the dorsal mesentery into the somatic gonad. Once the PGCs arrive at
the gonad, the embryo begins sexual differentiation.
In females, the mesonephric (Woffian) duct degenerates, and the paramesonephric
(Mllerian) duct develops into the uterus and fallopian tubes. In males, the
paramesonephric duct degenerates and the mesonephric duct develops into the vas
deferens and epididymis.

Keypoint: Testes descend into scrotum, looping over ureters

Keypoint: In the female, urethral folds become labia minora, the genital swellings
become labia majora, and the genital tubercle becomes the clitoris
In the male, urethral folds fuse to form the shaft of the penis around the urethra, the
genital swellings fuse to become the scrotum, and the genital tubercle becomes the
glans penis
Mesoderm II SUMMARY

Ectoderm Summary

Keypoint: Ectoderm forms the neural plate, the surface ectoderm, the ectodermal
placodes and the neural crest. The neural plate forms the neural tube and makes the
CNS. The surface ectoderm makes epidermis. The neural crest migrate throughout the
body to make a wide variety of cell types. The placodes give rise to parts of sense organs
and some neurons in the head.
The ectoderm and dermis undergo a series of inductive interactions to form hairs: the
hair, excepting the dermal papilla, is derived from ectoderm


Keypoint: Ectoderm signals to itself to remain ectoderm, the axial mesoderm blocks this
signal, causing it to develop into neural plate. BMP from the ectoderm binds to BMP
receptors in the ectoderm, which promotes surface ectoderm. BMP inhibitors secreted by
the mesoderm locally block BMP signaling, leading to formation of the neural plate.
The neural plate bends at the midline and hinge points to elevate the neural folds
dorsally. The neural plate and surface ectoderm edges fuse, creating a closed neural
tube covered by surface ectoderm.

Keypoint: The neural plate closes at the level of the spinal cord first. Thus, there are two
openings to the neural tube, the anterior and posterior neuropores.
The anterior neuropore closes before the posterior neuropore. Then the neural tube
lumen occludes (constricts) in the spinal cord. This neural tube occlusion allows for
fluid accumulation in the anterior neural tube lumen. Fluid accumulation expands the
neural tube like a balloon, necessary for the normal growth and shaping of the brain
(neural tube expansion)

Keypoint: When it initially forms, the neural tube is a one cell layer thick pseudostratified
epithelium. As neurons form, it adds layers. Dividing cells stay next to the lumen in the
ventricular layer, post-mitotic cell bodies of neurons migrate into the mantle layer, axons

travel through the marginal layerdevelopment of spinal cord. In the Spinal Cord,
Dividing Cells Remain Adjacent to the Lumen

Keypoint: A left-right spinal nerve pair forms per each vertebra. Along the anteriorposterior axis, the spinal nerves project once per vertebral segment. The segmental
organization of the spinal nerves derives from information provided by the somites

Keypoint: Formation of the Cauda Equina: There is relative growth of the vertebral
column before birth and during postnatal life, leading to regression of the spinal cord
anteriorly, and the formation of the cauda equina.

Keypoint: The brain has three major divisions (brain vesicles): the forebrain
(prosencephalon), midbrain (mesencephalon) and hindbrain (rhombencephalon).

The forebrain (prosencephalon) divides into the telencephalon and diencephalon. The
hindbrain (rhombencephalon) divides into the metencephalon and myelencephalon

Keypoint: The neural tube bends at the mesencephalic (cephalic), pontine and cervical
flexures. The Telencephalon Expands Greatly to Form the Cerebral Cortex.

Keypoint: In the cerebral cortex, there is tangential migration of neuronal progenitors

from the medial ganglionic eminences, in addition to the radial migration from the
ventricular zone seen in other parts of the brain. Both tangentially and radially migrating
neurons build a six-layered cortex from inside (early) to out (later). Earlier-born neurons
are on the inside of the CNS, later-born neurons are on the outside.

Keypoint: The hindbrain (rhombencephalon) is transiently divided into segments called

rhombomeres, numbered 1-8 from anterior to posterior.

Keypoint: Ectodermal Placodes Either Form a Vesicle, or Cells Delaminate and Migrate to
Interior . The anterior pituitary derives from a placode in the oral ectoderm; the posterior
pituitary derives from the ventral diencephalon

Keypoint: The diencephalon grows out to form the optic cups, later the neural and
pigmented retina and optic nerve. The surface ectoderm has a lens placode which forms
the lens vesicle and then the lens. The cornea develops from the surface ectoderm.
The Otic Placode Becomes the Otic Vesicle, which Forms the Inner Ear

SUMMARY