Bailey Lewis

Professor Jizi
UWRT 1104
10/19/16

Double Entry Journals

Citation:

Alves, Marisa, Jorge Humberto Martins, Joao Eli Moura, Daniela Ramos, Helena
Alves, Graa Oliveira, Isabel Magalhaes, Lus Silva, Carlos Ribeiro, and Antnio Diogo
Paiva. "Auditory Rehabilitation after Cochlear Implantation in Adults with Hearing
Impairment after Head Trauma." Cochlear Implants International: An Interdisciplinary
Journal 15.6 (2014): 312-17. CINAHL Plus with Full Text. Web. 19 Oct. 2016.

Source: Quote (Page# or Paragraph #)

Responses

Hearing loss as a result of head trauma is

well documented in the literature. All head
trauma, with or without skull base fracture,
can cause hearing impairment.

Hearing loss because of head trauma

happens quite often from what this quote
explains, and even if the accident isnt that
severe it can still cause hearing loss.

The hearing loss can be central or

peripheral, and the latter may be conductive
or sensorineural, according to the
pathophysiology.

Central hearing loss: disorders of the

brainstem or brain
Sensorineural: disorders of cochlear nerve
Peripheral: problems with ear structure
Conductive: problem conducting sound
waves

According to the localization of the head

trauma, the individual may, along with the
hearing impairment, present other sensory
deficits and /or impaired emotional,
behavioral, cognitive, social,
communicational, and physical functions.

Losing a sensory can cause you to lose one

or more of your others depending on where
the head trauma occurred in the brain.

Auditory rehabilitation with cochlear implant

requires that the hearing impairment
pathophysiology is centered in the cochlea,
without permeability changes in the
membranous or bony cochlea and without
lesions of auditory pathway

Pathophysiology: the disordered physiological

processes associated with disease or injury
To receive a cochlear implant you must have
a certain disorder in the cochlea.

 important challenge in the post-cochlear

implantation rehabilitation process and may
represent a negative influence on the final
outcome.

Wherever the location of the head trauma is

could cause more serious issues, causing the
implant to have a negative outcome, rather
than positive.

Performance was assessed using the

following tests: free field tonal audiometry,
free field speech audiometry, consonantal
phonemes identification test, 100 word test,
monosyllables test, numbers test, sentences
test, and through the telephone test.

field tonal audiometry test: determines the

faintest tones a person can hear.
Field speech audiometry: determine proper
gain and maximum output of

The mechanism through which the hearing

impairment may occur are various, taking
into account the localization of the lesion,
from the external ear to the auditory cortex.
Knowing the mechanism is essential to
determine the correct treatment.

Having a hearing impairment may vary

considering where the head trauma occurred
in the brain. Knowing the right treatment is
essential to making the hearing loss better.

In most of the cases reported in literature,

hearing impairment is immediate after
trauma or it evolves in a very short period of
time

This is probably the most interesting fact ive

learned. Did not know this before.

Bilateral sensorineural severe to profound

hearing loss is rare but very negative
complication that occurs in a situation of
trauma with or without temporal bone
fracture.

This is what happen to me. I have permanent

nerve damage in my left ear. I did not know
the name of it though

Continued... It may be successfully treated

with a cochlear implant, although this is not
always possible.

Doctors have always told me it is not

possible, but this article says it can be.

Source One
This article explains and shows auditory rehabilitation when a cochlear implant it inserted
in adults after having head trauma with hearing loss. A head trauma is a severe head injury
caused by and outside force that causes damage to the location hit on the head. Hearing loss due
to head trauma is very common and can vary in result depending on the blow. It also compares
how well the cochlear implant works in patients that have post-lingual hearing loss and etc. They
split a group of people into two and tested there hearing after getting a cochlear implant with a
variety of test. The two test that shown the most change in was the telephone test and the 100word test. Also Bilateral sensorineural is very rare but it is when the ear has severe to profound
hearing loss.
This applies to my topic because it allows me to have background information on the
cochlear implant. Also I learned that my profound hearing loss has a name and that a cochlear
implant could possibly allow me to regain my hearing. It is called Bilateral sensorineural, like I
said in the previous paragraph. I also learned that there are different types of hearing loss, such as
central, peripheral, sensorineural, and conductive. Another important fact is having a hearing
impairment may vary considering where the head trauma occurred in the brain. Knowing the
right treatment is essential to making the hearing loss better.
The date of this article was November 1st, 2014 and is the property of Maney Publishing.
Maney Publishing is an independent academic and professional publisher, specializing in
science and engineering, health sciences, and the humanities says Linkedin Maney Publishing.
They have a private headquarters in the United Kingdom, where they collaborate and research
interesting topics. I think this article is very reliable because if you type in the author they pop up
on multiple sites as a reliable source and have background with the information being told.

Double Entry Journal 2

November 4, 2016
Source Two

Citation:
Hilly, Ohad, et al. "Depth Of Cochlear Implant Array Within The Cochlea And Performance
Outcome." Annals Of Otology, Rhinology & Laryngology 125.11 (2016): 886-892. CINAHL Plus
with Full Text. Web. 2 Nov. 2016.\
Cochlear implants are considered standard of
care in bilateral severe to profound
sensorineural hearing loss.

Standard of care is how a physician or doctor

goes about procedure to cochlear implants.
Standard of care is a very confusing statements
that has evolved over the years. Bilateralaffecting both sides of hearing
Postoperative outcome was evaluated 1 year
I think this could be a key fact to writing my
after implant switch on, using the Hearing in
paper because it shows that they waited to see
Noise Test (HINT) in quiet presented at 60 dB the results on the implant a year later giving it
SPL in a sound attenuated booth.
time. Also interests me because it could
possibly not work until a year for myself.
Although duration of deaf- ness may play a
This is interesting because onset deafness can
role in postoperative outcomes, this variable
not be detected therefore they can not predict if
was not included in our analyses as most of our someone will become deaf. In this article they
patients had progressive hearing loss, therefore are testing out the production of the implants.
onset of deafness could not be determined
accurately.
cochlear implants occupying 1 cochlear
turn or more are associated with better
outcomes than implants occupying less than 1
turn.

An implant does the work for the damaged ear,

and in a human ear it makes 2.5 turns around
the axis. With more than one turn the ear has a
better outcome of making sound.

Nonparametric tests were used based on nonnormalcy found in Kolmogorov- Smirnov test
for both HINT at 1 year and insertion depth.

HINT- hearing in noise test- measures a

persons ability to hear speech in quiet and in
noise. I have took this test since I was in
kindergarten.

Deep insertion can have detrimental

effects as well. These effects can be

The insertion depth of the implant angles for

different types of arrays and can depend on the

secondary to reduced stimulation of

the basal turn, pitch confusion, and
higher risk of cochlear trauma due to
narrowing of Scala Tympani diameter
and sharper curvature angles toward
the apex.

individual cochlear size.

Outcomes with most devices are comparable,

but a wide variability is seen with each device
across individuals.

There are many devices used to help hearing,

recently they have just came out with a device
that you wear on your bad ear and it allows
sound to travel to your good ear.

This article explains cochlear implants, how they work and the depths of the inside of a
cochlea. The department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery in Toronto gathered 120
patients that received a cochlear implant and measured how well the device worked with the
HINT test after a year. Most implants are considered if there is bilateral severe to profound
hearing loss in a persons ears. The reason a hearing aid can not help profound hearing loss is
because there has to be some hearing in an ear for the hearing aid to amplify the sounds to travel
into the ear. An implant does the work for the damaged ear, and in a human ear it makes 2.5 turns
around the axis. With more than one turn the ear has a better outcome of making sound. The
results of the test were people with higher contacts that ranged from 13-15 had a better out come
then people with 12 contacts.
This article is related to my topic because I am trying to figure out if a cochlear implant
will help permanent hearing loss. It also provides me with some vocabulary that I did not know
that will help me find out my inquiry question. I learned about the HINT test (hearing in noise
test) that measures a person ability to hear words in quiet and in noise. I have had to do HINT
test since I was in kindergarten but I did not know that was the name for the test. I also learned

that your ear turns 2.5 times on an axis and that a cochlear implant allows it to turn 1 or 2 times
to help act as a normal ear would. The most interesting fact I learned was that if the implant is
inserted to deep the effects can be risky and can cause higher risk to cochlear trauma.
I think that this article is very reliable considering I found it on the UNCC library top 10
database system and it was published in 2016 making it a very recent research issue. Annals of
Otology, Rhinology and Laryngology have been publishing clinical trials and research about the
head and neck along with other factual information. There publishing dates vary from February
of 1897 to November 2016 and all journals and articles are peer-reviewed. It is authorized but
KUDOS and SAGE publishing. I believe that this article is a good source to use because the
publishers have done multiple articles and have reliable feedback.
Double Entry Journal 3
November 8, 1016
Source Three
Citation:
"Cochlear Implants | NIDCD." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of
Medicine, n.d. Web. 04 Nov. 2016. <https://www.nidcd.nih.gov/health/cochlear-implants>.
A cochlear implant is a small, complex
electronic device that can help to provide a
sense of sound to a person who is profoundly
deaf or severely hard-of-hearing.
A microphone, which picks up sound from the
environment.

A cochlear implant is a device inserted by

surgery that will allow someone who is
profoundly deaf or severe hearing damage to
hear more proficiently.
A list of what the implant contains
In an implant, they contain four main parts, the
first being a microphone that will pick up
surrounding sounds
A speech processor, which selects and
, a speech processor that will pick out what
arranges sounds picked up by the microphone. needs to be heard, and what doesnt,
A transmitter and receiver/stimulator, which
Also a transmitter, that receives the signals
receive signals from the speech processor and
from the processor to change them into electric
convert them into electric impulses.
impulses that allows the brain to react to the

An electrode array, which is a group of

electrodes that collects the impulses from the
stimulator and sends them to different regions
of the auditory nerve.
A cochlear implant is very different from a
hearing aid. Hearing aids amplify sounds so
they may be detected by damaged ears.
Cochlear implants bypass damaged portions of
the ear and directly stimulate the auditory
nerve.
Use of a cochlear implant requires both a
surgical procedure and significant therapy to
learn or relearn the sense of hearing. Not
everyone performs at the same level with this
device.

Children and adults who are deaf or severely

hard-of-hearing can be fitted for cochlear
implants.

sound,
Lastly the electrode array summarize

Cochlear implants and hearing aids are two

very different things. While a hearing aid
amplifies sounds so that one can hear, an
implant doesnt restore hearing, but can help
one to understand speech or sounds in different
places.
With this device it doesnt always have the best
outcomes. Each person with an implant reacts
different and the recovery time or learning time
can take longer than others. It requires surgery
and therapy to have the device and therapy
consist of learning how to work the implant
and react to it.
Anyone who is profoundly deaf or has severe
hearing loss is acceptable to get the implant.
Some even say it is better for a child to get it at
18 months so they can learn early.

Citation:
http://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/ProductsandMedicalProcedures/ImplantsandProsthetics/Co
chlearImplants/ucm062899.htm