R and R Plan of Allum Prashanth ML 2352

Draft
Reclamation and Rehabilitation Plan

Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine
Allum Prashant, Bellary (M.L. No.2352)
Submitted by
ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT DIVISION

Directorate of Extension
Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education
(An autonomous body of the Ministry of Environment and Forests, Govt. of India)
P.O.-New Forest, Dehradun-248006 (UK)

Website: www.icfre.gov.in
S. No. Chapter
SUMMARY
ABBREVIATION
CHAPTER-1 : INTRODUCTION
1.1.
BACKGROUND
1.2
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
1.3
METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER-2 - MINE DESCRIPTION
2.1.
INTRODUCTION
2.2
LOCATION OF MINE
2.3.
MINING PLANS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCES
2.4.
MINING METHODOLOGY
2.5.
MINE PROFILE
2.5.1.
Mine machineries
2.5.2
Mine pits
2.5.3
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11
2.12
2.13
3.1
3.2
3.3
Mine dumps
2.5.3.1 Inactive dump
2.5.3.2 Active dump
2.5.4
Sub grade ore
EXPLORATION
2.6.1
Past Exploration
2.6.2
Proposed Exploration
MINE DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION
ESTIMATED IRON ORE RESERVE
STRIPPING RATIO PRESENT AND FUTURE
Roads
2.10.1 Approach roads
2.10.2 Haulage roads
TRANSPORTATION OF ORE
2.11.1 Existing transportation facility
2.11.2 Proposed transportation facility
SAFETY ZONE
VIOLATION (IF ANY) AND ITS COMPLIANCE
CHAPTER-3 BASELINE DATA
STUDY AREA
3.1.1
Climate
3.1.2
Physiography/Topography
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
3.2.1
Local Geology
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.3.1
Soil
3.3.2
Landuse Pattern of Sandur Taluk
Page
No.
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3.4
3.5
4.1
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
3.3.2.1
Land use pattern of the Mine Lease Area
3.3.3
Air Environment
3.3.4
Noise Environment
3.3.5
Water Environment
3.3.5.1
Basin Characteristics
Water Bodies
3.3.5.2
3.3.5.3
Drainage Pattern
Ground Water Quality
3.3.5.4
BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.4.1
Flora
3.4.2
Fauna
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
3.5.1
Demographic Status of the Mine Affected Villages
3.5.2
Land Use Pattern of Villages/Town in Buffer Zone
CHAPTER-4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OPEN CAST IRON ORE MINING
4.1.1
Impact on Landscape
4.1.2
Impact on Ecology
4.1.3
Impact on Air Quality
4.1.4. Impact on Noise and Vibration
4.1.5
Impact on Water Quality
4.1.6
Impact on Soil Fertility
4.1.7
Impact on Aquatic Life
4.1.8
Impact on Society
CHAPTER-5 RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION PLAN
INTRODUCTION
RECLAMATION AND REHABILITATION MEASURES
5.2.1 Reclamation and rehabilitation plan for area under encroachment
5.2.2
Stabilization of Dump
5.2.2.1
Waste dump
5.2.3.1.1
Waste Dump Management Plan
5.2.2.2
Engineering measures
5.2.2.3
Sub Grade Stack/ Fine Ore stack
5.2.3
Surface Water Management
5.2.3.1
Gully Plugs
5.2.3.2
Check Dams
5.2.3.3
Settling Tank
BIOLOGICAL MEASURES
5.3.1
Species Selection and Plantation
OVER BURDEN DUMP
5.4.1
Other points to be for OB dump management
5.4.2
Mine pit management and rehabilitation
5.4.3
Management of Refractory sites
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31
31
31
31
32
33
33
36
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59
60
60
60
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82
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
5.10
5.11
5.12
5.13
5.14
5.4.4
Mine drainage management and rehabilitation
5.4.5
Management of haul roads
AFFORESTATION
5.5.1
Multipurpose plant species
5.5.2
Establishment of Nursery
GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN
5.6.1
Cost of developing green belt
5.6.2
Recommended plant species
BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN
5.7.1
Flora
5.7.2
Fauna
5.7.3
Habitat protection
5.7.4
Providing a corridor for the dwelling and movement of
Herpetofauna
5.7.5 Creation of Habitat for Avifauna
5.7.6
Reducing anthropogenic pressure
5.7.7
Aquatic fauna
SOIL MANAGEMENT PLAN
PRODUCTION CAPACITY BASED ON RESERVE, DUMP AND ROAD
CAPACITY
5.9.1
Permissible production capacity based on reserve
5.9.2
Permissible production capacity based on dump
5.9.3
Permissible production capacity based on road
5.9.4
Additional measures
OBSERVATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING
COST SUMMARY OF THE PROPOSED PLAN
TIME SCHEDULE
BIBLIOGRAPHY
PLATES
ANNEXURES (I-IV)
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83
84
85
87
88
88
88
89
89
89
90
90
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90
90
91
93
93
94
94
96
96
97
98
100104
105
106109
110165
TABLES
Table-2.1
Details of inactive dump
Table-2.2
Table-2.3
Table-2.4
Table-2.5
Table-2.6
Table-2.7
Details of active dump

Existing engineering measures within in the ML area
Existing engineering measures outside in the ML area
Proposed year-wise production of sub grade ore (in tonnes)
Haulage roads in mine lease area
Year wise production (Quantity in tonnes)
9
9
10
10
11
12
Table-2.8
Details of the category wise mineable reserves
14
Table-2.9
Table2.10
Table-3.1
Table-3.2
Table-3.3
Table-3.4
Table-3.5
Table 3.6
Table 3.7
Table 3.8
Table 3.9
Details of the updated reserves (Quantity in Million Tonnes)

List of Violations as per IBM and Its Compliance
Physiographical information of the lease area
Land use pattern of Bellary taluk
land use pattern of the Mine Lease Area
Air quality data
Noise level data carried out in 4 different locations.
Showing ground water quality data of four different locations.
List of plants occurring in outside the lease area
List of plants occurring inside the lease area
List of butterflies recorded in the three study regions based on direct
observations, present study and the secondary information
List of fish species of Daroji Lake of Hospet, Bellary District
Status of Herpetofauna in the study area
List of terrestrial birds recorded in the three study ranges of the study
List of aquatic birds recorded and reported from the wetlands
List of mammals
Showing demographic details of the mine affected villages within 10 km radius
Showing landuse pattern of villages/town in Buffer zone.
Estimate for R and R plan of the encroached areas
Estimate for Dump Management Plan
Proposed Costs of Surface Water Management Plan
Species Recommended for Hydro seeding (HS)
Grasses and bamboos (Family: Poaceae) recommended for stabilization of the
OB dumps
Species Recommended for Nitrogen Enrichment of Mine Areas
Plant Species suitable for OB Dump and Mine Pit Stabilization
Plant Species suitable for stabilization of Refractory Sties
Plant Species suitable for Stabilization of Nalla/Drain Courses
Plant Species Recommended for Avenue Plantation along Mine Haul Roads
Multipurpose plant species recommended for eco-reclamation and ecorehabilitation of mine areas
14
15
20
24
27
29
31
32
33
35
36
Table 3.10
Table 3.11
Table 3.12
Table-3.13
Table-3.14
Table-3.15
Table-3.16
Table-5.1
Table-5.2
Table-5.3
Table-5.4
Table-5.5
Table-5.6
Table-5.7
Table 5.8
Table-5.9
Table-5.10
Table 5.11
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43
46
53
56
57
59
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66
69
76
77
78
79
82
83
84
85
Table 5.12
Table-5.13
Figure-2.1
Cost Estimate for Developing Green Belt

88
Tree Species recommended for Greenbelt Development around the mine lease 89
area.
Details of the category wise mineable reserves
93
Details of the updated reserves (Quantity in Million Tonnes)
94
Criteria for Estimation of Permissible Production limit for, ML- 2352
95
Cost Summary of the Proposed Plan
99
FIGURE
Key Mining Plan of the Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
6
Figure-2.2
Figure2.3
Google Map of the Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352

Map showing the Surface Plan of the Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
Table 5.14
Table 5.15
Table 5.16
Table 5.17
Figure-3.1
Figure-3.2
Index Map of District Bellary

Map showing the Locations of Environmental Monitoring Stations in
Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
Figure-3.3 Map showing the Geological plan of the Haraginadona Iron ore Mine
Figure-3.4 Map showing Existing Land Use Plan in the Mine Lease Area of Haraginadona
Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
Figure- 5.1 Existing Dump Management Plan for Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
Figure-5.2 Surface Water Management Plan of Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
Figure-5.3 Dump Management Plan of Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
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28
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72
Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine ICFRE

Of Allum Prashant, Bellary (Ml No.2352)
SUMMARY
The Honble Supreme Court of India has directed the Government of Karnataka to
formulate Reclamation and Rehabilitation Plan (R&R) for the mine affected districts
viz., Bellary, Chitradurga and Tumkur. The study was entrusted to Indian Council of
Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Dehra Dun, by the Government of
Karnataka, vide letter No.DMG/MLS/R&R/2011-12 dated 27.12.2011. The ICFRE in
association with specific domain experts carried out the study. The main objectives of
the study are:
Preparation of R&R Plan for the mining leases found to be involved in illegal
mining;
Preparation of Supplementary Environment Management Plan for incorporating
additional environmental safeguards in respect of the leases not found to be
involved in illegal mining;
Comprehensive environment plan for Mining Impact Zone (MIZ) for the areas
surrounding the mining lease area;
i) Short term measures; and
ii) Long term measures.
The main objectives of the study are:
To delineate the level of degradation on various environment, such as physical,
biological and sociological aspects due to mining.
To identify suitable site specific plan for rehabilitation and reclamation.
To provide code of practices and guidelines for pollution reduction, recovery,
reuse and recycle as well as frame work for rehabilitation and reclamation
plan

This will include all the leases, including non working leases.
The scope of the study includes collection of the existing environmental status such as
topography, production technology, overburden dump, top soil, soil conservation
measures, environmental quality to assess the impacts and to formulation of site
specific R&R plan.
Considering the time limit and constraints in collection of baseline data on the existing
environmental status the study had to mainly relay on the secondary sources of
information viz., EIA/EMP reports, Mining Scheme, environmental monitoring
conducted by external agencies such as the SPCB, Department of Mines and Geology,
and mine owners.
1. Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of M/s Sri Allum Prashant (ML No. 2352) has a
lease area of 69.60 ha. The entire lease area is non- forest land, which was granted
for mining of Yellow Oxide, initially, for a period of 20 years, from 21.07.2000 to
20.07.2020. The mining operations in this Mine were started in July 2001.
Subsequently, in 2002, fresh lease deed was issued in co-terminus with original
lease period, after inclusion of Iron Ore mineral. The Mine is located near
Haraginadona village of Bellary Taluk, in Bellary District, Karnataka State. The
Mine area comes in Survey of India Topo sheet No. 57A/16 at Latitude 150 08
40.1N to 150 07 43N to and Longitude760 4534.5E to 760 464.5E. The Mine
is situated in the revenue land. The road distance of the Mine area from Bellary
town is about 12 km; the nearest sea port and airport are Marmugoa (425 km)
and Bangalore (350 km), respectively.
2.
Mining scheme for the period 2011-12 to 2015-16 submitted to IBM, vide letter
dated 23.09.2011. However, IBM has returned the document vide letter dated
29.03.2012 asking the applicant to incorporate details like CEC duly certified
sketch, the details of maximum production of mineral fixed by State Govt.
ii

3. Environmental Clearance initially was accorded by MoEF, vide letter no. J11015/49/2002-IA.II (M) dated 31.05.2006 for production of 10,000 TPA .
Subsequently during July, 2007 the Environmental Clearance by MoEF granted
for enhanced capacity of 2.50 lakh TPA, vide letter no. J-11015/165/2007-IA.II
(M) dated July 5, 2007 .
4. Currently, the total area under mining and allied activities is 69.60 ha.
5. Licence for using explosives was granted on 20.05.2009 and valid till 31.03.2014.
6. The mine lease area is mainly hill locked valley with an altitude between 560 to
615 m above M.S.L. The iron ore deposit comprises mostly BAQ Floats/ Soil,Iron
ore / Red oxide / Yellow oxide,BHQ (Iron ore),Shale,Green stone / Schist
7. Soil is derived from Schistose rocks, Granites and Gneisses . They are permeable
and mildly alkaline in nature. The thickness of the soil varies from 0.2 to 1.00 m.
The Red soil is the major type of soil in the area due to presence of iron.
8. Based on the periodical monitoring by Karnataka State Pollution Control Board
in the indentified location the Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) ranged from
150 and 199 g /m3 respectively and Respirable Particulate Matter (RPM) range
from 41g /m3 and 63 g /m3 in 4 stations located near the mine area.
9. The main sources of noise are from stationary mining equipment, mobile mining
equipment and transportation of vehicles. Based on the data obtained from the
Karnataka State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB). The noise level ranged from
50-68 dB(A) Leq during day time and 42-66 dB(A) Leq, during night time near
the mine lease area.
10. There are no perennial springs in the vicinity of the mining lease area.
11. Water courses are seasonal and observed in monsoon season only. Hence, the
descent of rainwater from the hills needs to be controlled by constructing
structures like gully checks, gully plugs and check dams.
12. The drainage pattern is subdendritic in nature
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13. The annual rainfall varies from 350 mm to 650 mm with an average of 574.9 mm.
The rainfall is mostly (60%) confined to the period from June to September
during south-west monsoon.
14. The physical and chemical characteristic of the ground water is studied in 4 the
pH value recorded 7.45 to 8.11 and the ground water is of Carbonate type. CaCo3
recorded between 115 -389 mg/l. Chloride is recorded between 50-255 mg/l.
15. The vegetation occurring in the area belongs to Southern tropical thorny/scrub
forests consisting of Deciduous forest (Champion and Seth, 1968). The forest is
degraded and in several places, the canopy is highly opened.
16. The plant resources inside and outside the mine lease area are 28 and 34 species
respectively consisting of herbs, shrubs and trees.
17. 13 villages fall in the core zone (at 5km radius) and buffer zone (at 10 km radius).
The total population within the buffer and core zone is about 30041.
18. Clearing of vegetation/forest cover in the mine lease area and overburden have
an important bearing on the habitat and quality of all associated faunal species
due to fragmentation. The faunal species recorded during the survey include
mammals, reptiles, amphibians, butterflies, avifauna and aquatic birds.
19. There are two dumps, one is inactive and another is active. The inactive (old)
dump D-3 is located in block A . The dump slope is 40 and the total area is 0.21
ha.. Active dump is located at the east-northeastern part of the A-block. The
dump slope 40, the total area is 2.13 ha.
20. The sub grade mineral with an iron content is 35% which is recovered and the
total production is 1, 84,587 tonnes.
21. As per the actual production of ore and waste material during last five years the
ore to waste ratio is 1:3.61
22. The mine owner has constructed 2 retaining walls and check dam 2 nos. inside
the lease area to control the sediment flow and erosion into stream and 1
retaining wall, 16 check dams and 1 garland drain outside the lease area. In order
iv

to have adequate engineering measures further. 4 masonary check dams 10 gully

plugs, 2 stone masonary settling tanks and 13 rock fill check dams are proposed
outside the lease area.
23. It is recommended for maintenance of the haul roads at regular intervals, which
are leading to the mine. The roads must be regularly sprinkled with water to
avoid dust during transportation of ore material through trucks with adequate
tarpaulin. The drainage system is inadequate along the haul roads and it is
suggested that drainage be provided all along the haul roads, to arrest sediment
flow downstream.
24. Green belt development all along the haul roads with avenue tree species such as
Aegle marmelos, Bauhinia racemosa, Boswellia serrata Ficus arnottiana, Cassia fistula
has been recommend to suppress noise and dust pollution
25. There is no green belt available in the safety zone around the mine lease area. It
is recommended for development of green belt i.e. 7.5m width, as stipulated by
MoEF with immediate effect. Species like Albizia lebbeck,
Albizia amara,
Azadirachta indica, Ficus microcarpa, Grewia villosa, Terminalia arjuna, Wrightia

tinctoria are suggested with suitable planting model for tree, shrub and herb
species.
26. Biological measures for management of overburden dumps, sub-grade stock/
dump, mine pit area, refractory sites, mine drainage, surface water, haul road
etc., with reconstruction of suitable techniques to improve the ability and to
support the vegetation growth has been recommended with the application of
organic matter, and use of geo-textile/geo-matting.
27. A biodiversity conservation measure has also been suggested considering the
importance of the forest ecosystem in terms of its environmental services suitable
floral species have been recommended for restoration of the mined out areas for
timber, fodder, fuel wood and medicinal plant to meet the community
requirement and overall ecosystem development.

28. Creation of fauna habitats and corridors during restoration, using logs, stumps
and other natural materials have been suggested. Besides creation of fauna
corridors to connect the nearby forest to encourage smaller species of mammals
and reptiles, which are reluctant to traverse long distances of open ground, to
colonize in the restored areas has been contemplated.
29. Tree hollows are recommended to substitute by providing nest boxes of
appropriate size for the target species in the proposed restored areas. Animals,
particularly invertebrate species, are important in many ecological processes,
such as nutrient cycling, litter decomposition, soil aeration, seed dispersal, seed
predation and plants ability to survive fire or set seed, so that they can reestablish after fire.
30. The ultimate objective of the biological measure is to restore the natural
vegetation occurring in and around the mine area and also to provide a corridor
for free movement of the wildlife. The species selected for establishment is based
on the future land use of the area, soil conditions and climate.
31. For the sustainable and scientific mining recommended by CEC there is a need to
cap the overall ceiling of iron ore production. Therefore feasible production
capacity of the Iron ore has been calculated based on Reserve, Dump and Road.
32. Reserves: As per the last approved scheme of mining the estimated total
mineable reserves are 5.30 Million. Therefore the production of 0.27 million
tonnes per annum could be possible to achieve during the next 20 years.
33. Dump: The additional waste dump that would be accommodated in the defined
area during the next plan period is 0.28 MCM. Therefore the production of 0.032
million tonnes per annum could be possible to achieve during next 5 years.
34. Road: The total ore mined moves towards NH-63 for domestic users, traversing
through 2 different stretches & State Higway-19. Computation is annexed at
HIM-3. The capacity assignable to Hariginadona Mine M.L No 2352 of Allum
Prashant is 0.315 MTPA based on the limit from Road Section R9.
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35. Based on the availability of mineral reserves, dump capacity, volume of traffic
and further planning for the resources an annual production level of 0.032
Million tonnes based on dump capacity is considered as a feasible production
level.
36. Rehabilitation and Reclamation plan will be useful in providing a framework for
various target groups for undertaking scientific rehabilitation and reclamation of
mined out areas. An estimate cost of Rs. 248.17 lakh has been proposed for
excluding R &R Plan including the cost for Biodiversity Management Plan,
Monitoring and Evaluation, Capacity Building, development of common
infrastructure, etc.
37. Regular monitoring of the R&R programme will not only establish valuable
reference data for authorities to ensure and demonstrate compliance with
regulatory requirements but also in subsequent decision-making on operational
parameters needed to ensure better oversight of the entire site specific land use
for sustainable management.
And, the success of the Reclamation and
Rehabilitation plan will depend upon its proper implementation and rigorous
monitoring which can be ensured only through a specialized institution that has
the requisite competence, composite scientific expertise and professionals. The
capacity building of the personals involved in implementation of this plan by an
expert scientific organization is also an essential input for the successful
implementation of this plan.
38. The successful, regional management of Reclamation and Rehabilitation plan
requires strategic integration of a very specialized ecological, taxonomical,
biological and engineering interagency that allows scientists and land managers
to reach a consensus. . In our country there are limited institutions have such
composite expertise and experience for execution and monitoring of such
specialized tasks. Therefore, consortium of institutes headed by ICFRE may be
formulated for effective monitoring and the implementation of the R & R Plan.
vii

39. Further, the task force constituted as per the recommendation made in Chapter-9
of the macro EIA report- ICFRE can ensure proper monitoring and
implementation of R&R plan, EMP and Capacity building of the personal
involved in the implementation of proposed plan. And, these parameters should
be the key indicators while revalidating the mine plan with good mining
practice.
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S. No.
1.
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30.
Abbreviation
Full Form
%
cm
CPCB
CSO
Cum
EIA
EL
FC
Fe
ha
HEMM
km2
m
m2
m3
masl
mg/l
ML
mm
MoEF
MTPA
NAAQS
NMDC
PWD
RET
SPCB
UNDP
UNFC
C
SH
Percentage
Centimeter
Center Pollution Control Board
Central Statistic Office
Cubic meter
Environment Impact Assessment
Elevation
Forest clearance
Iron
Hectare
heavy earth moving machinery
Kilometer square
Meter
Meter square
Meter cube
Meter above sea level
Milligram per Liter
Mining lease
Millimeter
Ministry of Environment and Forest
Metric ton per annum
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
National Mineral Development Corporation
Public Works Department
Rare, Endangered and Threatened
State Pollution Control Board
United Nations Development Programme
United Nations Framework Classification
Degree Centigrade
State Highway
i|P a g e
Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine
ICFRE
Of Allum Prashant, Bellary (Ml No.2352)-
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The Honble Supreme Court of India, considering the severe and significant damage caused
due to unscientific and unregulated mining in Bellary, Chitradurga and Tumkur districts in
Karnataka and based on the macro EIA report submitted by ICFRE directed the Government
of Karnataka to submit a Reclamation and Rehabilitation (R & R) plan for the mine affected
districts within three months. The Government of Karnataka, keeping in view the National
Environmental Standards and the commitment for holistic approach for sustainable
management of the area affected has awarded the study of formulation of R & R plan to
Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education (ICFRE), Dehra Dun, vide letter
No.DMG/MLS/R&R/2011-12 dated 27.12.2011. The Director, Department of Mines and
Geology, Bangalore, vide letter no. DMG/MLS/R&R/2011-12/15179 dated 31.03.2012, called
upon the Director General, ICFRE, Dehra Dun to take up the task of preparation of
Reclamation and Rehabilitation plan for category A mines, with lease area of 50 ha and
above, in the first phase.
The work assigned to ICFRE includes:
Preparation of Reclamation and Rehabilitation Plan for the mining leases found to be
involved in illegal mining.
Preparation of supplementary Environment Management Plan for incorporating

additional environmental safeguards in respect of the leases not found to be involved in
illegal mining.
Preparation of comprehensive environmental plan for Mining Impact Zone (MIZ) for the
areas surrounding the mining leases area including all the leases with and non working
leases with respect to
Short term measures and
Long term measures
ICFRE initiated the R&R study in association with domain experts and in consultation
with district administration and Department of Mines and Geology, Bellary district, for
identifying representative mines. Accordingly, Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of M/s Sri
Allum Prashant with M.L. Number 2352 was taken up for the preparation of R & R Plan,
ICFRE
as the mine was cleared by the Central Empowered Committee (CEC). The main
objectives of the study are as under :
To delineate the level of degradation on various environmental components such as

physical,, biological and sociological aspects due to mining.
To identify suitable site specific model plan for rehabilitation and reclamation.
To provide code of practices and guidelines for pollution reduction, recovery, reuse and
recycle as well as frame work for rehabilitation and reclamation plan.
The team of experts, along with the domain experts and other officials of the Mines and the
officials of the Department of Mines and Geology, Bellary district, undertook a detailed
survey of Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of M/s Sri Allum Prashant on 18.05.2012.
1.2
SCOPE OF THE STUDY
The scopes of the study inter-alia include all the mine related and allied activities. The scope
of the study is briefed below:
Sample iron ore mine, study area indicating their location on the map.
Technology presently used in iron ore mining and pollution control measures adopted.
In-depth study of sample representative mines for formulating R&R plan on the basis of
technology, production, and pollution and CEC approval.
Primary data collection through survey and field visits. Secondary sources of
information were from EIA/EMP reports, documents from the mine owners, CPCB,
SPCB, regional IBM, Department of Mines and Geology with respect to air quality, water
quality, waste, other environmental concerns regarding iron ore mining; relevant
documents collected from stakeholders and State Government Departments.
1.3
METHODOLOGY
The study was basically carried out in two phases. In the first phase, the team of ICFRE held
high level meetings on 08th May, 2012 with the district administration, district officials of the
statutory and regulatory bodies, such as State Pollution Control Board, State Directorate of
Mines and Geology, State Forest Department, State Agriculture Department, stakeholders
and representatives of Federation of Indian Mineral Industries (FIMI) for generation of
various data. The ICFRE team visited, Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of M/s Sri Allum
Prashant on 08.5.2012
suggested by the Director, Mines and Geology, vide letter dated
ICFRE
31.03.2012. In the second phase, in-depth study on sampled mine regarding geology,
geographical location, scale and techniques of mining operations, production capacity, mode
of operation, dump sites, over burden management practices, road, transport mechanism
and environmental management practices followed by the mine lessee were assessed in
depth. Additional data with respect to environmental quality monitoring were collected
from different agencies, such as SPCB, Department of Mines and Geology etc. Opinions
were also sought from the reputed experts in the field of mining across the country and
suitable site specific/best practices elsewhere also referred.
ICFRE
CHAPTER-2
MINE DESCRIPTION
2.1 INTRODUCTION
Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of M/s Sri Allum Prashant (ML No. 2352) has a lease area of
69.60 ha. The entire lease area is non- forest land, which was granted for mining of Yellow
Oxide, initially, for a period of 20 years, from 21.07.2000 to 20.07.2020. The mining
operations in this Mine were started in July 2001. Subsequently, in 2002, fresh lease deed
was issued in co-terminus with original lease period, after inclusion of Iron Ore mineral.
Minimum and maximum temperature is 18C and 45C respectively.
2.2
LOCATION OF MINE
The Mine is located near Haraginadona village of Bellary Taluk, in Bellary District,
Karnataka State. The Mine area comes in Survey of India Topo sheet No. 57A/16 at Latitude
150 08 40.1N to 150 07 43N to and Longitude760 4534.5E to 760 464.5E. The Mine is
situated in the revenue land. The road distance of the Mine area from Bellary town is about
12 km; the nearest sea port and airport are Marmugoa (425 km) and Bangalore (350 km),
respectively.
2.3
MINING PLANS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCES
(A)Approved mining plan/scheme including copy of plan/scheme
submitted to IBM/
pending for approval

(A) Mining plan / Mining scheme: Mining scheme for the period 2011-12 to 2015-16
submitted to IBM, vide letter dated 23.09.2011. However, IBM has returned the document
vide letter dated 29.03.2012 asking the applicant to incorporate details like CEC duly certified
sketch, the details of maximum production of mineral fixed by State Govt.
(B) Environment clearance: Environmental Clearance initially was accorded by MoEF, vide
letter no. J-11015/49/2002-IA.II (M) dated 31.05.2006 for production of 10,000 TPA
(Annexure-1). Subsequently during July, 2007 the Environmental Clearance by MoEF
granted for enhanced capacity of 2.50 lakh TPA, vide letter no. J-11015/165/2007-IA.II (M)
dated July 5, 2007 (Annexure-2).
ICFRE
Consent to operate Karnataka State Pollution Control Board vide combined consent
order no: 601/ KSPCB/RO(BLY) DEO/AEO-1/F-467/2009 dated: 8/12/09(Annexure-3).
Licence for using explosives vide letter no. E/SC/KA/22/321 (E21123) dated:
20/05/2009 (Annexure-4).
Mining lease deed from the Dept. of Mines and Geology, Govt. of Karnataka, dated
21.07.2000 (Annexure-5).
Mining lease deed from the Dept. of Mines and Geology, Govt. of Karnataka, dated
27.04.2002 (Annexure-6).
2.4
MINING METHODOLOGY
Open cast Mining Method is used for the extraction of Iron Ore from the Mine. No proper
benches. as per regulation of MMR1961 has been formed. Drilling (holes of 4 to 5 m are
drilled) and blasting techniques are used to break the ore waste formation; further sorting
and breaking are done manually. ROM is transported to crushing/screening plant to
produce saleable fractions. (-40+10mm). All waste materials are dumped unsystematically in
the area in the mine lease area. Controlled blasting technique is used to control the vibration
and fly rock. Excel shock tube (NONEL) delay detonators are used as shock-tube initiation
system, which give better fragmentation and increase of safety standards in the mine.
ICFRE
Figure-2.1: Key Mining Plan of the Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
ICFRE
Figure-2.2: Google Map of the Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
ICFRE
2.5
MINE PROFILE
2.5.1 Mine machineries

A wheel loader and two trucks are deployed for handling mined out materials. Jack hammer
drills and diesel driven compressors are used for drilling. A crushing/screening plant
already exists to achieve buyers requirement. One water tanker and a jeep are deployed for
spraying and other works.
2.5.2 Mine pits

There is only one working pit in A-block in the northern portion. No systematic benches are
observed in working pit. The length of benches varies from 5 to 48m. Mining pits top RL of
the pit is 620 meters MSL and the bottom RL of 570meters MSL. The angle of mine pit is
about 700. The dimension of the pit is about 150m X80m. Existing land use plan is enclosed
as Fig.3.4
2.5.3 Mine dumps
There are two dumps, one is inactive and another is active.
2.5.3.1 Inactive dump
There is only one inactive (old) dump D-3 is located in block A. Apart of which is falling
outside the CEC lease sketch area (M.L) and its dimensions are given in table no. 2.1
Table No. 2.1: Details of inactive dump
Dump
Inactive dump
Dimensions
(i)
Area
(i) 0.21 ha
(ii)
Height
(ii) 10 m
Gradient of slope
40
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2.5.3.2 Active dump

There is one active dump at the east-northeastern part of the A-block is present and its
dimensions are given in table no. 2.2.
Table No. 2.2: Details of active dump
Dump
Active dump
Dimensions
(iii)
Area
(iii) 2.13 ha
(iv)
Height
(iv) 10 m
Gradient of slope
40
For protection of the mining area and to prevent further degradation of land, and sliding
down of waste material in the down slopes, following measures in the form of construction
of retaining wall, garland drains, settling tanks, gully plugs, masonry check dams have been
taken at different locations both within and outside the ML area.Fig.5.2
Table No. 2.3: Existing engineering measures within in the ML area
Items
Dimension
Area in sq mt.
Volume cumt
Check dam (CD-1)
25mX 2m X 3m
50
150
Check dam (CD-6)
30mX 3m X 3m
90
270
24
19.2
16
12.8
Retaining wall (RW- 30m X 0.8mX 0.8m

2)
Retaining wall (RW- 20m X 0.8mX 0.8m
3)
(source: surface water management plan Figure 5.2)
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Table No. 2.4: Existing engineering measures outside in the ML area

Items
Dimension
Area in sq mt.
Volume cumt
Check dam (CD-2)
14m X 1.0m X 2.0m
14
28
Check dam (CD-3)
12m X 0.5m X 1.0m
06
06
Check dam (CD-4)
08m X 0.5m X 0.5m
04
02
Check dam (CD-5)
08m X 0.5m X 0.5m
04
02
Check dam (CD-7)
70m X 2.5m X 4.0m
175
700
Check dam (CD-8)
25m X 0.5m X 1.5m
12
19
Check dam (CD-9)
65m X 2.5m X 4.0m
163
600
Check dam (CD-10)
20m X 1.0m X 2.0m
10
20
Check dam (CD-11)
50m X 1.5m X 4.0m
75
300
Check dam (CD-12)
10m X 0.5m X 1.5m
05
08
Check dam (CD-13)
10m X 0.5m X 2.0m
05
10
105
300
Check dam (CD-14)
40m X 2.5m X 3.0m
Check dam (CD-15)
18m X 0.5m X 1.5m
09
14
Check dam (CD-16)
12m X 0.5m X 2.0m
06
12
Check dam (CD-17)
15m X 0.5m X 1.5m
08
11
Garland drain
150m X 0.8m X 0.8m
120
96
Retention wall (RW-
95m X 0.8m X 0.8m
76
61
1)
(source: surface water management plan fig. 5.2)
2.5.4 Sub grade ore
Sub grade ore is BHQ of +35% Fe, which is also mined along with iron ore. This is sold to
local steel (pig iron) plants. Proposed year-wise production of sub grade ore is given in
Table 2.5.
Table No. 2.5: Proposed year-wise production of sub grade ore (in tonnes)
YEAR
2011-12
2012-13
2013-14
2014-15
2015-16
Total
Tonnage
20,754
50,975
42,391
37,207
33,260
1,84,587
(Source: EIA and EMP report of Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine of Allum Prasanth)
10
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Apart from above several small heaps of mineral have been observed outside the lease area
in the private land which were spread in very unsystematic manners without taking
preventive measures regarding their spread in the nearby low line areas.
2.6
EXPLORATION
2.6.1 Past exploration

A total of 340 m of drilling in 12 Nos. of boreholes were carried out.
2.6.2 Proposed exploration
As part of exploration programme, apart from the past exploration, 11 Nos. of DTH/Core
drill holes will be made in the current scheme period. Location of the proposed core
boreholes is shown in the Geological plan and year wise proposals in Table No. 2.6
Table No. 2.6: Details of proposed exploration
PBH No.
Section
Co-ordinates
Level
Depth
NORTH
EAST
mRL
(m)
1.
A-A
1541
926
904
60
C-C
1417
976
962
60
F-F
1294
1056
977
60
H-H
1225
1096
982
70
B1-B1
837
801
904
70
B2-B2
870
1111
962
50
C2-C2
1020
483
904
70
C4-C4
856
605
962
60
D2-D2
345
1048
977
50
10
E1-E1
485
1828
556
50
11
E3-E3
318
1942
840
60
TOTAL
2.7
Year
2012-13
2012-13
660
MINE DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCTION
In the mine lease area, about 25.0 ha area is mineralized and mining is proposed in this
portion in first phase. The mine is operated by open-cast manual mining method but
without forming of systematic and regular bench formation. The ore zone in the A-block is
11
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worked and it will be continued by extending the works along the strike direction of northwest to south-east.
On either side of the ore body, ferruginous shale and greenstone exist and they need to be
stripped. It has been proposed to work further in the existing pit and open up the ore body
along the strike in the coming years. The Table 2.7 gives the production figures for each
year.
Table No. 2.7: Year wise production (Quantity in tonnes)
Years
2006-07
2007-08
2008-09
2009-10
2010-11
Total
ROM
12885
97223
39174
65157
20489
234928
Waste
21000
237000
237000
307500
45000
847500
Ore to waste ratio

1.63
2.44
6.05
4.72
2.20
3.61
(Source: Draft scheme of mining for the period 2011-12 to 2015-16 submitted to
IBM, vide letter dated 23.09.2011)
12

Figure-2.3: Map showing the Surface Plan of the Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
13
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2.8
ESTIMATED IRON ORE RESERVE
A draft scheme of mining was submitted to IBM on 23.09.2011 for the period of 2011-12 to
2015-16 however IBM has returned the same on 29.03.2012 therefore, the estimates of the
reserves presented in the scheme has not been taken into account. The reserves estimated of
the earlier approved scheme of mining furnished in the aforesaid draft scheme have been
considered and the geological and minable reserves are furnished bellow in the Table 2.8.
Table No. 2.8: Details of the category wise mineable reserves
Ore (Quantity in Million Tonnes)
Iron Ore
Sub Grade (BHQ) Yellow Oxide Red Oxide
Total
9.51
Geological
1.71
5.97
1.31
0.52
5.53
Mineable
0.94
3.52
0.75
0.32
(Source: the quantum of reserves as on 2006 as mentioned in the draft scheme of mining submitted on
Category
23.09.2011 for the period 2011-12 to 2015-16; Page no. 9)

After the approval of previous scheme a total production of 0.23 Million Tonnes (Tbale No.
2.7) was obtained from 2006-07 to 2010-11 and which has been depleted from the reserves of
5.53 Million Tonnes. The updated and the balanced geological and minable reserves are
given below in the table 2.9.
Table No. 2.9: Details of the updated reserves (Quantity in Million Tonnes)
Category
Geological
Mineable
2.9
As per the previous

approved scheme
9.51
5.53
Updated
9.12
5.30
STRIPPING RATIO
The stripping ratio is 1: 3.61 (Table no. 2.7)

2.10
ROADS
2.10.1 Approach roads

The approach road to the mine is through Bellary - Hariganadona village PWD road. From
the same road, a separate 40 feet broad road is made through agricultural fields of local
village to approach the mine lease. This road is of 1.1 km length, graded and compacted. The
terrain is plain. This road is exclusively used by the lessee for transportation and approach
to mine.
14
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2.10.2 Haulage roads

The mine has haulage road of 2100 m length having width ranging from 6 to 8 meters.
2.11
TRANSPORTATION OF ORE
2.11.1 Existing transportation facility

The ore is transported by road mainly to RBSSN plant, via Veniveerapura towards Hospet
and via Belagalu and Halakundi to Popuri Steels. Some ore is also sent by rail via
Cantonment as well as Bellary railway sidings.
2.11.2 Proposed transportation facility

No new transportation facility is proposed.
2.12
SAFETY ZONE
Safety zone at the northern portion has been partially developed with plantation and
remaining area is to be planted.
2.13 VIOLATION (IF ANY) AND ITS COMPLIANCE

Details of violations pointed out by IBM and DGMS during the last five years are given in
Table No. 2.9.
Table No. 2.10: List of Violations as per IBM and Its Compliance
Sl.No.
Rule No. Violations
13(1)
Compliance
Mining operations are carried out in

contravention
to
the
following
provision of scheme of mining

approved on 26/04/2006
six
nos.
of
To know the ore body
total
behavior and continuity of ore
depth of 560 meters have been
body at depth totally 12 nos. of
proposed
approval
bore holes has been drilled during
scheme of mining but it has not
month of May 2010 to a total
exploratory
bore
is
the
hole
15
ICFRE
depth of 340 meters at different
been implemented.
locations. Actual no. of bore holes

drilled is more than the proposed
depth because of the difficulty in
drilling since the nature of the ore
body
is
friable/powdery.
However, we are going to drill

some more bore holed within the
end of the mining plan period to
know the characteristic of ore
body further. we shall intimate he
result of the same to IMB without
fail
It was proposed to produce
The required production and
total production of 7, 01,600
development program could not
tonnes
be
for
the
year
reached
because
of
the
(comprising of Iron ore and
following mentioned reasons. a)
red ochre ) 2006-07 to 2009-
The iron is enriched from the
10
BHQs and there are small pockets
and
development
of
waste to the time of 2,91,422
of
unleashed
BHQ
tonnes for the year 2006-07
remained here and there in the ore
2009-10. But the lease could
zone where it is reducing the
produce total production of
grade of the ore produced. the
1, 60,550 tone iron ore only,
general nature of body is friable to
which is not accordance with
medium/soft
the proposal given in the
between 52 to 56% fe. b) there was
approved scheme of mining
loss of man days at several time
and not matching with the
for a no. of small temporary
proposals.
stoppages of mining activity for
ore
patches
analyzing
no. of survey works from task

forces, joint task force, Forest
department, Department of Mines
16
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and
Geology,
Revenue
department etc. as the targeted

production could not be achieved
for the reasons explained above
and
it
has
also
effected
in
corresponding
developmental
work.
developmental
Presently
work is in progress to open the ore

body enabling to mine quality ore.
We are hoping to produce the
targeted quantity of ore and its
corresponding waste handling in
the coming years of Mining plan.
Slicing down of the hillock of a
As noticed, work progress was at
block was proposed commencing
level of 590 RL to form the proper
from 610 m RL. But on the day of
benches of 8 meters height. The
inspection mine working were
slicing of working faces are started
found in the middle of the hill
from the 610 meters RL. Two
lock at about 590 m RL resulting
excavators are deployed to rectify
10 m high side walls. Moreover,
the benches of more height. On
selective mining is also observed
the inspection day the machine
on the southern side of the
which supposed to work at 610 RL
hillock.
the
was breakdown and only machine
mineral
which was deployed at 590 RL
This
principles
conservation
is
against
of
and
systematic
development of the deposit.
was
working.
Now
we
are
working with two excavators with

time bound program to rectify
benches.
Photo
of
the
developmental work which is in

progress is enclosed for your kind
ready reference annexure 4. We
are targeting to complete the
17
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rectifying benches with in couple

of weeks and immediately we will
submit the report to IBM for
further needful in the matter.
2
15(2)
Benches in side burden have not Work is in progress to advance the

been sufficiently advanced.
benches of side burden the working

plan shoeing the proposed benches is
shown
in
annexure
the
no.
plan
3a
enclosed
and
3b.
as
Two
excavators have been engaged to

handle the side burden material. After
completion of the work once again
area will be surveyed and the same
will submitted to IBM for information.
3
20(3)
Screening of iron ore is carried out Screening of iron ore has been done
but analysis and account of feed, very occasionally for very meager
product and tailing, are not quantity as production it self is very
maintained in bound book
much limited quantity because of the

reason explained in the above paras.
However, we will keep record in
bound
paged
book
keeping
information of feed, product etc.
27(4)
It is mechanized a category mine. Plan and sections are updated and

But plans and sections are not enclosed.
updated within 3 months.
33(2)
Efforts have not been made for Presently there is one active dump.
and (5)
stabilization of the dumps.
Retention will has been constructed

below dumps. Bottom area of the
dumping site has been planted to
keep the green belt around. After
18
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maturity of first stage dumping when

we start the second stage dumping
over it, the first stage slope of the
dump will be planted with deep
rooted saplings like agava suckers,
and also it is proposed to psread
hemata grass and local bellary jaali
seeds.
6
42(1) b(i) Mining
engineer
has
not
appointed.
been Earlier appointed mining engineer to

this mine and mean time recently the
same person left the job with us. We
are in search of new mining engineer
and as early as possible we will fulfill
the requirement and we will intimate
to your kind selves.
19
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CHAPTER-3
BASELINE STATUS
3.1. STUDY AREA
3.1.1 Climate
Bellary district is part of the northern maiden region with an extensive undulating plateau.
The district is known for hot summer and very dry weather for major part of the year and
the temperature varies between 22C and 43C. The annual rainfall varies from 350 mm to
650 mm with an average of 574.9 mm. The rainfall is mostly (60%) confined to the period
from June to September during south-west monsoon. From October to November are the
months of retreating monsoon (24% rainfall) and another 16% of rainfall occurs as sporadic
in other months of the year. On an average, the district has 39 rainy days in a year. The
rainfall decreases from south-west to north-east.
3.1.2 Physiography of Mine Lease Area
The Mine area is part of NW-SE trending hillocks with valleys running towards north-east
and east directions. There are two major and two minor valleys present here. The lease is
occupying major hillocks and valleys of the area. The elevation of the lease area varies from
560 m to 615 m above MSL. Other information is given in Table No. 3.1.
Table No. 3.1: Physiographical information of the lease area
Features
Details
Altitude (SOI Topo)
675
Village,
Tehsil,
District, Hariganadona
State
village,
Bellary taluk, Bellary district,

Karnataka state.
Nearest highway
NH 63
Nearest railway station
Bellary
Nearest railway junction
Bellary
Nearest village
Hariganadona
Nearest city
Bellary
Nearest forest
Chikkantapur Reserve forest
Historical plakhes
Hampi- 55 KM
20
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3.2
REGIONAL GEOLOGY
Sandur basin is the smallest of the three geological basins of Karnataka and covers an area of
960 km2. It is structurally highly disturbed and squeezed out of shape by the intrusion of
younger granite. Shale facies is confined to the western margin. The basin is characterized
by well-developed mafic magmatism and strong development of manganiferous greywacke,
phyllite and numerous bands of banded magnetite and haematite quartzite. The basin is
known for its rich accumulation of both iron and manganese ore. Basement-cover relations
are obscured because of intense deformation and intrusion by younger granite. Recent study
has recognized the following five formations in the Sandur schist belt for which new names
have been given:
Vibhutigudda Formation: (banded ferruginous chert, greywacke, polymict conglomerate,
acid and basis volcanic).
Taluru formation: (dominated by pillow-structured amphibolites and a thick layered
complex of metagabbro and tremolite-chlorite schist occupying the central part of the belt).
Donimalai Formation: (dominated by banded ferruginous chert with intercalated basaltic
flows, sills dolerite and gabbro).
Ramanamalai Formation: (banded ferruginous chert, amphibolites, and greywacke).
Deogiri Formation: (Dominated by calcareous manganese-rich greywacke with crossbedded quartzite and stromatolite-bearing limestone).
Total thickness of the sequence is estimated to be as much as 15 km which is the result of
thickening by thrusts. The Sandur valley discontinuity is interpreted as a thrust separating
the Raman Malai Formation from overlying Donimalai Formation. Six types of granite have
been identified as intruding the schist belt. All of them are stated to have affinity with IType of granites of collision zones. A 3000 m thick metagabbro and tremolite schist has been
identified as a stratiform layered complex which intruded sediments and extrusive volcanic
rocks of the Taluru Formation. A major acid volcanic breccia is reported 200 m southeast of
Belagallu. This breccias is described as unique which deserve for preservation as a protected
national monument.
The higher metamorphic state of the Sandur belt is attributed to the effect of the regional
high thermal gradient that was associated with the large-scale intrusion of younger granites
(close pet) which engulf the schist belt on all sides. The intrusion of younger granites has
complicated the decipherment of the geological history. The lithological assemblages,
21
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structural configuration and deformation history suggests that the eastern and western
meta-sedimentary belts represent two sub basin spatially separated by central meta basic
unit.
Later compression and shearing have caused the telescoping of the sedimentary
sequences (Radhakrishna and Vaidyanathan, 1997).
3.2.1 Local geology

The Mine area falls in the southernmost part of Belagal Range in Copper Mountain Region
of famous Sandur Schist Belt. The litho units present in the area are as follows:
BAQ Floats/ Soil
Iron ore / Red oxide / Yellow oxide
BHQ (Iron ore)
Shale
Green stone / Schist
22

Figure-3.1: Index Map of District Bellary
23
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3.3
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT
3.3.1 Soil
The soils of the Bellary taluk are derived from Schistose rocks, Granites and Gneisses. The
Sandy loam soil mixed with blakhk and grey soil occurs along the stream beds. These are
originated from gneisses and granites. They are permeable and mildly alkaline in nature.
The thickness of the soil varies from 0.2 to 1.00 m. The Red soil is the major type of soil in the
area due to presence of iron.
3.3.2 Land use pattern of Bellary Taluk

The land use pattern of Bellary taluk is given in Table No. 3.2.
Table No. 3.2: Land use pattern of Bellary taluk
Land category
Area (Acres)
Cultivation land
Dry land Extent
89800.36
Irrigation land Extent
4458.82
Total Extent
94259.18
Government land Particulars

Anadena Extent
8422.53
Gramanatha Extent
1571.81
Buril Land Extent
127.76
Railway Line Extent
617.41
Tank Extent
6305.38
Halla Extent
3897.93
Forest Extent
57537.21
UAW Extent
39551.86
Road Extent
1616.81
Misc. Extent
13178.87
Total Extent
132827.57
Total geographical area 278797.19

24
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Figure-3.2: Map showing the Locations of Environmental Monitoring Stations in Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
25
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Figure-3.3: Map showing the Geological plan of the Haraginadona Iron ore Mine,
26
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ML 2352
3.3.2.1 Land use pattern of Mine Lease Area
The existing land use of the mine area is enclosed in Fig.3.4 and details given in the table
below
Table No. 3.3: land use pattern of the Mine Lease Area.
Land Use
Area in ha
Mining
1.820
Dumping
2.130
Safety zone
1.192
St. Building
0.014
C&S Plant with stock yard
0.680
Roads
0.024
Water catchment area with check dam 0.732

Existing afforestation
1.800
Area untouched
61.208
Total
69.60
27

Figure-3.4: Map showing Existing Land Use Plan in the Mine Lease Area of
Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
28
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3.3.3 Air environment

The impacts on air environment from the mining activity depend on various factors like
production capacity, machinery involved, control measures adopted, operation and
maintenance of various equipments and vehicles. Apart from these, there will be other
activities associated viz., transportation of ore and waste, stocking facilities and dump
management within the mine lease area that may contribute to pollution.
The air quality details recorded by the lessee for four stations located near the Mine are
provided in Table No. 3.4.
Table No. 3.4: Air quality data
Date
Station
Haraginadoni
Tumati
SO2 NOx SPM RPM SO2 NOx SPM
RPM
2.03.11
11
14
191
58
13
20
196
62
3.03.11
11
13
190
62
11
16
195
66
7.03.11
15
22
187
60
06
19
192
64
8.03.11
16
15
188
55
14
10
193
59
16.12.11
16
18
185
54
08
15
190
58
17.03.11
12
12
182
52
12
13
187
56
26.03.11
14
15
174
51
16
12
179
55
27.03.11
09
16
189
52
09
21
194
56
3.04.11
12
14
185
51
11
14
190
55
4.04.11
14
10
182
54
09
14
187
58
9.04.11
13
11
184
58
18
15
185
50
10.04.11
10
10
192
65
19
17
178
57
17.04.11
11
17
186
63
09
22
175
55
18.04.11
10
10
183
61
16
16
184
53
26.04.11
12
19
143
51
13
21
187
43
27.04.11
10
14
179
62
14
20
172
54
Minimum
10
143
51
10
172
43
22
192
65
19
22
196
66
Maximum 16
Average
12.3 14.4 182.5 56.8 12.4 16.6 186.5 56.3
Standard
80
80
200
100
80
80
200
100
29
ICFRE

Date
Station
Avinamodgu
Antapur
SO2 NOx
SPM
RPM SO2 NOx
SPM
RPM
2.03.11
18
13
180
63
13
21
191
56
3.03.11
14
17
173
70
17
10
199
63
7.03.11
09
22
170
68
11
17
193
61
8.03.11
12
11
179
66
10
23
190
59
16.12.11
13
21
182
56
18
19
150
49
17.03.11
14
20
167
67
10
14
186
60
26.03.11
11
09
160
58
08
24
179
51
27.03.11
12
12
177
67
16
11
193
60
3.04.11
15
15
164
68
11
22
183
61
4.04.11
08
19
181
67
12
14
186
60
9.04.11
14
20
199
46
14
14
188
47
10.04.11
11
16
198
50
11
16
187
51
17.04.11
06
22
195
48
13
22
184
49
18.04.11
07
10
196
43
16
22
185
44
26.04.11
08
18
193
42
08
18
182
43
27.04.11
12
13
190
40
12
13
179
41
Minimum
160
40
10
150
41
Maximum 18
22
199
70
18
24
199
63
Average
11.5
16.1
181.5 57.4
12.5
17.5
184.7 53.4
Standard
80
80
200
80
80
200
100
100
3.3.4 Noise environment
The noise levels are dependent upon the deployment of mining machinery and heavyduty vehicles in the area. Noise is produced due to movement of machinery, drilling,
blasting etc., but the pronounced effect of noise is felt only near the active working area.
The main sources of noise in the mine are classified as follows:
Stationary Mining Equipment
Mobile Mining Equipment
Transportation Vehicles
30
ICFRE

Noise survey was carried out at 4 locations by the lessee and it was observed that the
noise levels are within the prescribed standard, vide Table No. 3.5.
Table No. 3.5: Noise level data carried out in 4 different locations.
Sampling Location
Date
Noise level [dB(A) Leq]

Daytime
Night time
Standard Result Standard Result

Working area
12.04.2011 75
68
70
66
Haraginadoni
12.04.11
55
58
45
43
Tumati
12.04.11
55
55
45
41
Avinamodgu
12.04.11
55
52
45
46
Antapur
12.04.11
55
50
45
42
3.3.5 Water environment
The Mining operation has been done on the top portions of the hill range and there are
no perennial streams or Nallas. Water courses are seasonal and observed in monsoon
season only. Hence, the descent of rainwater from the hills needs to be controlled by
constructing structures like gully checks, gully plugs and check dams.
3.3.5.1 Basin characteristics

The seasonal Nallas around the mine area contribute to ground water recharging and the
nalla flows down to village stream. A check dam constructed in the Nalla flowing
through the middle portion of A block of the lease area arrests water flow. In the mine
pit, no water accumulation takes plakhe as it is a slope.
3.3.5.2 Water bodies

No water bodies available in the lease area.
3.3.5.3 Drainage pattern

The Mine lease area is on sloppy terrains with a few seasonal streams /drains running
along the valleys. The drainage pattern of the area is sub dendritic in nature.
31
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3.3.5.4 Ground water quality

The data provided by the lessee on the analysis of ground water from the bore wells
located at four stations are given in Table No. 3.6.
Table No. 3.6: Showing ground water quality data of four different locations.
Sl. No.
Parameter
Unit
Haraginado
ni
Bore well
Physical Parameters
1
Color
2
3
4
Hazen
Odour
Taste
pH
Conductivit
y
mhos/cm
5
Total
Dissolved
6
Solids
mg/l
7
Turbidity
NTU
Chemical Parameters
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
4
Unobjection
able
Tumati
Bore
well
Antapur
Avinamodg
u
Bore well
Bore well
4
Unobjectio
nable
5
Unobjectiona
ble
Agreeable
7.92
4
Unobject
ionable
Agreeabl
e
7.86
Agreeable
8.11
Agreeable
7.45
1128
651
800
475
902
<5
521
<5
640
<5
380
<5
Total
Alkalinity
as CaCO3
mg/l
320
80
165
198
Total
Hardness
as CaCO3
mg/l
342
115
322
389
Calcium
mg/l
12.0
14.0
15.0
15.0
Magnesium mg/l
32.0
12.0
27.0
35.0
Chloride
mg/l
255.0
50.0
125.0
180.0
Sulfate
mg/l
130
20.00
55.00
112.00
Nitrate
mg/l
8.50
4.90
7.00
14.50
Fluoride
mg/l
0.95
0.65
0.80
0.65
Sodium
mg/l
13.0
10.0
930.0
8.0
Potassium
mg/l
3.00
1.00
1.00
1.00
32

3.4. BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT

3.4.1 Flora
Natural vegetation
The vegetation occurring in the area belongs to Southern tropical thorny/scrub forests
consisting of Deciduous, low thorny trees and xerophytes. In this type of forests canopy
is more or less broken (Champion and Seth, 1968). According to the classification made
by Legris and Pascal (1982) the area falls under Deciduous climax forests and
degradation group. Under this group the area can be grouped under Dry deciduous
Scrub forests. Saldanha (Flora of Karnataka, 1984) groups these types of areas under
Upland thorn and Scrub type. These consists of armed trees with tiny leaflets such as
Prosopis juliflora and species of Acacia especially Acacia chundra, Acacia horrida etc.
The dominant tree species found in the area are Acacia chundra , Acacia horrida,
Dichrostachys cinerea. Shrubs like Cassia auriculata is found commonly.
Cassia
auriculiformis, Carissa spinarum and Canthium parvfiflorum are occasionally seen. Prosopis
juliflora can be seen colonising open spaces. Xerophytes like Opuntia stricta, Euphorbia
stricta, Euphorbia tirucalli,Euphorbia tortilis are common. Climbers like Pergularia daemia,
Cocculus hirsutus are also found, but sparsely. Ground flora consists of Mimosa pudica,
Achyranthes aspera, Acalypha indica, Caralluma umbellata, Vicoa indica etc. Grass species like
Heteropogon contortus, Aristida setacea, Apluda mutica are frequently seen (Tables 3.7 and
3.8)
Table No. 3.7: List of plants occurring in outside the lease area
Sl.
Botanical name
No.
Local/
kannada Family
Habit
name
1.
Acacia chundra
2.
Acacia horrida
3.
Aerva javanica
4.
Kempu jaali
Mimosaceae
Tree
Mimosaceae
Shrub
Dodda hindi gida
Amaranthaceae
Herb
Aristida hystrix
Bili unagada hullu
Poaceae
Grass
5.
Azadirachta indica
Bevu
Meliaceae
Tree
6.
Calotropis procera
Bili ekka
Asclepiadaceae
Shrub
7.
Canthium
Rubiaceae
Shrub
33
ICFRE

parvfiflorum
Canthium
Kaare mullu
Rubiaceae
Shrub
Chikka kavali
Apocynaceae
Shrub
10. Cassia auriculata
Aavarike
Caesalpiniaceae
Shrub
11. Cassia fistula
Kakke
Caesalpiniaceae
Tree
12. Chromalaena odorata
Communist kale
Asteraceae
Shrub
13. Chrysopogon fulvus
Ganjigarike
Poaceae
Grass
14. Croton
Milgunari
Euphorbiaceae
Herb
Vadavaarada gida
Mimosaceae
Tree
16. Dodonaea viscosa
Bandarike
Sapindaceae
Shrub
17. Euphorbia tirucalli
Kolu kalli
Euphorbiaceae
Tree
18. Euphorbia hirta
Kempunene akki
Euphorbiaceae
Herb
19. Fagonia cretica
Mullu muddu gida
Zygophyllakheae Herb
20. Grewia hirsuta
Chikkudippe
Tiliaceae
Shrub
21. Heteropogon
Oobina hullu
Poaceae
Grass
22. Hyptis suaveolens
Ganga thulasi
Lamiaceae
Herb
23. Lepidagathis cristata
Gantukaalu gedde
Acanthaceae
Herb
24. Maytenus
Thandraasi
Celastraceae
Shrub
25. Mimosa pudica
Muttidare muni
Mimosaceae
Herb
26. Pergularia daemia
Haalu koratige
Asclepiadaceae
Climber
Mimosaceae
Shrub
8.
parviflorum
9.
Carissa spinarum
bonplandianus
15. Dichrostachys
cinerea
contortus
emarginata
27. Prosopis juliflora

28. Rhus mysorensis
Salabe
29. Scutia myrtina
Kurudi
Anacardiaceae
hannina Rhamnaceae
Shrub(straggler)
gida
30. Sehima nervosum
Chikka saadi hullu
Poaceae
Grass
31. Tephrosia purpurea
Koggi
Fabaceae
Herb
34
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32. Tribulus terrestris
Neggilu
Zygophyllakheae Herb
33. Tridax procumbens
Gabbu shaavathi
Asteraceae
Herb
34. Ziziphus mauritiana
Bore,
Rhamncaeae
Tree
yalakhhihannu
Table No. 3.8: List of plants occurring inside the lease area:
Sl.
Botanical name
Local/ kannada name
Family
Habit
No.
1.
Acacia auriculiformis
Mimosaceae
Tree
2.
Acacia horrida
Mimosaceae
Shrub
3.
Acalypha indica
Kuppi gida
Euphorbiaceae
Herb
4.
Achyranthes aspera
Uttaraani
Amaranthaceae
Herb
5.
Aerva javanica
Dodda hindi gida
Amaranthaceae
Herb
6.
Azadirachta indica
bevu
Meliaceae
Tree
7.
Barleria prionitis
Mullu goranti
Acanthaceae
Herb
8.
Boerhavia diffusa
Adakaputtana gida
Nyctaginaceae
Herb
9.
Calotropis gigantea
ekka
Asclepiadaceae
Shrub
10.
Canthium parviflorum
Kaare mullu
Rubiaceae
Shrub
11.
Cassia auriculata
aavarike
Caesalpiniaceae
Shrub
12.
Cassia fistula
Kakke
Caesalpiniaceae
Tree
13.
Chrysopogon fulvus
Ganjigarike
Poaceae
Grass
14.
Cocculus hirsutus
Garudapaathaala
Menispermaceae
Climber
15.
Dichrostachys cinearea
Vadavaarada gida
Mimosaceae
Tree
16.
Dodonaea viscosa
Bandarike
Sapindaceae
Shrub
17.
Echinops echinatus
Brahma dande
Asteraceae
Herb
18.
Heteropogon contortus
Oobina hullu
Poaceae
Grass
19.
Maytenus emarginata
Thandraasi
Celastraceae
Shrub
20.
Merremia tridentata
Ili kii soppuv
Convolvulakhea
Herb(Twining)
e
21.
Mimosa pudica
Muttidare muni
Mimosaceae
Herb
22.
Opuntia stricta
Paapasu kalli
Cactaceae
Shrub
35

23.
Pongamia pinnata
24.
Prosopis juliflora
25.
Rhus mysorensis
Salabe
Anacardiaceae
26.
Sehima nervosum
Chikka saadi hullu
Poaceae
Grass
27.
Solanum trilobatum
Habbu sunde
Solancaeae
Herb
28.
Vicoa indica
Mooguthi soppu
Asteraceae
Herb
Honge
Fabacaeae
Tree
Mimosaceae
Shrub
3.4.2 Fauna
The information on the species presence in the study area was assessed using the
published research papers, research reports, and report of the Macro level EIA study
conducted by ICFRE in Bellary District of Karnataka during 2011. The secondary
information was collected after interviewing the local peoples and which was later on
authenticated while interating with the Forest Department, Bellary personals. The
conservation status of the faunal species reported to be present or distributed in the study
area was given as per various schedules of Wildlife Protection Act of India 1972, and as
per the IUCN 2000 and CAMP 1998 criteria. The mine lease area falls within the reserved
forest. During the study, it was revealed that 29 mammalian species belonging to 18
families were reported to be present in the study area (Table 3.14); 32 species of reptiles
belonging to 14 families (Table 3.11); 7 species of amphibians belong to 4 families (Table
3.11); 80 species of butterflies belong to 5 families (Table 3.9) and 17 families of aquatic
birds comprising of 63 speices (Table 3.13) and 191 species and 36 families of birds
(Table No. 3.12) were reported to be present as per the secoundary data sources and the
primery study survey conducted during the study. In view of the fact that there is no
perrineal stream flowing across the ML area no fishes or other aquatic microflora and
macrofauna were observed. However, the inventory of the fishes observed at Daroji lake
20 km away from the
Table No. 3.9: List of butterflies recorded in the three study regions based on direct
observations, present study and the secondary information
S.N
o
Species name
Common
name
Conservation Status
IUCN
2000
Hesperiidae (Skippers)
36
WPA
ICFRE

S.N
o
Species name
Common
name
Conservation Status
IUCN
2000
Hasora chromus
Common
Banded Awl
Spialia galba
Indian
Skipper
Caprona agama
Spotted
Angle
Sarangesa
purendra
Spotted
Small Flat
Telicota ancilla
Dark
Dart
Pelopidas
mahtias
Small
Branded
Swift
Sancus fuligo
Coon
Papilionidae (Swallowtails)
Graphium
Common
sarpedon
Bluebottle
8
9
10
11
Graphium
agamemnon
Papilio polytes
form romulus &
stichius
Papilio
polymnestor
WPA
Palm
Tailed Jay
Common
Mormon
Blue
Mormon
12
Papilio
demoleus
Lime
Butterfly
13
Papilio parts
Paris
Peacock
14
Papilio crino
Common
Banded
Peacock
15
Atrophaneura
aristolochiae
Common
Rose
16
Atrophaneura
hector
Crimson
Rose
17
Troides minos
Southern
37
Sch.I
ICFRE

S.N
o
Species name
Common
name
Conservation Status
IUCN
2000
Birdwing
3
18
Pieridae (Whites & Yellows)

Eurema
One
Spot
andersoni
Grass Yellow
19
Eurema brigitta
Small Grass
Yellow
20
Eurema hecabe
Common
Grass Yellow
21
Eurema laeta
Spotless
Grass Yellow
22
Catopsilia
pomona
Common
Emigrant
23
Catopsilia
pyranthe
Mottled
Emigrant
24
Colotis danae
Crimson Tip
25
Colotis eucharis
Plain Orange
Tip
26
Colotis fausta
Large
Salmon Arab
27
Ixias Marianne
White
Orange Tip
28
Ixias pyrene
Yellow
Orange Tip
29
Hebomoia
glaucippe
Great
Orange Tip
30
Pareronia
valeria
Common
Wanderer
31
Appias albina
Common
Albatross
32
Pieris canidia
Indian
Cabbage
White
33
Cepora nerissa
Common
Gull
34
Delias eucharis
Common
Jezebel
38
WPA
ICFRE

S.N
o
Species name
Common
name
Conservation Status
IUCN
2000
35
Leptosia nina
Psyche
36
Belenois aurota
Pioneer
Lycaenidae (Blues)
Loxura atymnus Yamfly
37
38
Castalius
rosimon
Common
Pierrot
39
Leptotes plinius
Zebra Blue
40
Jamides celeno
Common
Cerulean
41
Jemides bochus
Dark
Cerulean
42
Lampides
boeticus
Tarucus nara
Pea Blue
44
Zizeeria
Karsandra
45
Pseudozizeeria
maha
46
47
Freyeria
trochylus
Zizina otis
Dark Grass
Blue
Pale
Grass
Blue
Grass Jewel
48
Zizula hylax
49
Azanus uranus
50
Neopithecops
zalmora
Megisba
Malaya
Euchrysops
cnejus
Celastrina
lavendularis
43
51
52
53
54
Celatoxia
albidisca
Rounded
Pierrot
Lesser Grass
Blue
Tiny Grass
Blue
Dull Babul
Blue
Quaker
Malayan
Gram Blue
Plain Hedge
blue
White-disc
Hedge Blue
39
WPA
ICFRE

S.N
o
Species name
Common
name
Conservation Status
IUCN
2000
55
5
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
Chilades
Plains Cupid
pandava
Nymphalidae (Brush-footed
Butterflies)
Tirumala
Blue Tiger
limniace
Danaus genutia Striped Tiger
Danaus
Plain Tiger
chrysippus
Parantica aglea Glassy Tiger
Euploea
Doublesylvester
branded
Crow
Euploea core
Common
Crow
Polyura
Common
athamas
Nawab
Melanitis leda
Common
Evening
Brown
Mycalesis
Common
perseus
Bushbrown
Mycalesis visala Long-brand
Bushbrown
Ypthima
Common
asterope
Threering
Acraea violae
Tawny
Coster
Phalanta
Common
phalantha
Leopard
Neptis hylas
Common
Sailer
Euthalia
Common
aconthea
Baron
Euthalia nais
Baronet
Ariadne ariadne Angled
Castor
Ariadne
Common
40
WPA
ICFRE

S.N
o
Species name
Common
name
Conservation Status
IUCN
2000
74
75
merione
Junonia orithiya
Junonia hierta
76
Junonia iphita
77
Junonia almana
78
Junonia
lemonias
79
Hypolimnas
bolina
Hypolimnas
misippus
80
Castor
Blue Pansy
Yellow
Pansy
Chocolate
Pansy
Peacock
Pansy
Lemon
Pansy
Great Eggfly
Danaid
Eggfly
41
WPA
ICFRE

Table No. 3.10: List of fish species of Daroji Lake of Hospet, Bellary District
S.No
Scientific Name
Common Name
1
Cyprinus carpie communis
Gonoproktepterus kolus
2
3
Garra getyla sternorhynchus
Nemacheilus anguilla
Clarias batrachus
Poecilia reticulates
Glossogobius giuris giuris
Esomus danricus
Puntius sopore
10
Puntius dorsalis
Long-snouted Barb
11
Puntius sarana sarana
Sarana Barb
12
Puntius amphibius
Scarlet Banded Barb
13
Puntius choln
Swamp Barb
14
Puntius ticto
Tieto Barb
15
Salmostoma clupeoides
Minnow Carp
16
Cirrhinus reba
Reba Carp
17
Ompok bimaculatus
Butter Catfish
18
Mystus vittatus
Striped Dwarf Catfish
19
Catla catla
Catla
20
Danio aequipinnatus
Giant Danio
21
Mastacembelus armatus
Spiny Eel
22
Labeo calbasu
Orange-fin Labeo
23
Lepidocephalus thermalis
Common Spiny Loach
24
Salmestoma acinaces
Silver Razor-belly Minnow
25
Amblypharyngodon mola
Mola Carplet
26
Cirrhinus mrigala
Mrigal
27
Mystus cavasius
Gangetic Mystus
28
Aplocheilus lineatus
Striped Panchas
29
Rasbora daniconius
Slender Rasbora
30
Labea rahita
Rohu
31
Channa orientalis
Asiatic Snakehead
32
Channa marulius
Giant Snakehead
33
Channa striatus
Sol
34
Barilius barilia
Barred-billed Trout
Barb
42
ICFRE

Table No. 3.11: Status of Herpetofauna in the study area

Species name
Common
and
Conservation
Vernacular Names
CAMP 1998
WPA
IUCN 2000
AMPHIBIANS
Bufonidae
Bufo melanostictus
Common Indian Toad
_
Bufo stomaticus
Marbled Toad
Bufo holoius
Malabar Toad
Microhylidae
Microhyla ornata
Microhyla rubra
Ranidae
S.No
A
1
LR-nt
Ornate Frog
LR-lc
Euphlyctis cyanophlyctis
Skittering Frog
LR-nt
Sch-IV
Euphlyctis hexadactylus
Indian Pond or Cricket

Frog
VU
Sch-IV
Rhacophoridae
Polypedates maculatus
Common tree frog
B
5
9
REPTILES
Boidae
Erix conicus
Common sand boa
LR-nt
Sch-IV
10
Eryx johnii
Red Sand Boa (Italqi

Hvoo)
LR-lc
Sch-IV
11
Python molurus
Indian rock python

( Hebba havoo)
LR-nt
Sch-I
Colubridae
Ahaetulla nasuta
12
Common Vine Snake ()
13
Coelognathus
Helena
helena Copper-headed Trinket

Snake
14
Lycodan aulicus
Common wolf snake
15
Oligodon arnensis
Banded Kukri Snake
16
Ptyas mucosa
17
Xenochrophis piscator
7
18
Elapidae
Bungarus caeruleus
19
Naja naja
Sch IV
LR-nt
Sch-IV
LR-lc
Sch-IV
Indian rat snake (Kere)
LR-nt
Sch-II
Checkered
Water Snake
keelback
LR-lc
Sch-II
Indian
(Kadambale)
Krait
Spectacled
(Nagara havu)
cobra
43
Sch IV
LR-nt
Sch-II
ICFRE

S.No
Species name
Common
and
Vernacular Names
20
Typhlopidae
Ramphotyplops braminus
Braminy Blind Snake
21
Typhlops jerdoni
Jerdons Blind Snake
9
22
Viperidae
Echis carinatus
23
10
Conservation
CAMP 1998
WPA
IUCN 2000
LR-nt
Sch-IV
Saw-scaled Viper
LR-nt
Sch-IV
Daboia russelii
Russells Viper
LR-nt
Sch-II
24
Agamidae
Calotes rouxii
Rouxs Forest Lizard
25
Callotes elliotii
Elliots Forest Lizard
26
Calotes versicolar
Indian garden
(Vothi)
lizard
LR-nt
27
Psammophilus dorsalis
South
Indian
Agama
Rock
28
Sitana ponticeriana
Fan-throated lizard
LR-lc
11
Chamaeleonidae
Chamaeleo zeylanicus
Indian Chamaeleaon
VU
30
Gekkonidae
Cnemaspis indica
Indian Day Gecko
31
Hemidactylus brookii
Brooks gecko
LR-lc
32
Hemidactylus flaviviridis
Yellow-green
gecko
LR-lc
33
Hemidactylus frenatus
Asian House Gecko
34
Hemidactylus maculatus
Spotted Rock gecko
35
Hemidactylus reticulatus
Reticulated Gecko
36
Hemidactylus triedrus
Termite-hill Gecko
37
Hemidactylus gigantieus
Giant Gecko
13
Lakhertidae
Acanthodactylus cantoris
29
12
38
14
Indian
Lizard
house
Fringe-toed
39
Scincidae
Lygosoma punctatus
Spotted Supple skink
LR-lc
40
Eutropis carinata
Keeled grass skink
LR-nt
41
Eutropis macularia
Bronze Grass Skink
LR-lc
15
Varanidae
42
Varanus bengalensis
VU
Sch-II
Bengal
(Oodoombu)
44
Monitor
ICFRE

S.No
Species name
16
Crocodylidae
43
Crocodylus palustris
17
Testudinidae
44
Geochelone elegans
18
Trionychidae
45
Lissemys punctata
Common
and
Vernacular Names
Mugger
or
Crocodile
Marsh
Indian Star tortoise

Indian flapshell turtle
45
Conservation
CAMP 1998
WPA
IUCN 2000
VU
Sch-I
VU
Sch-II
LR-nt
Sch-I
ICFRE

Table No. 3.12: List of terrestrial birds recorded in the three study ranges of the study
area
S.No
Scientific Name
Common Name
Conservation
Status
WPA
IUCN
1
Phasianidae
1
Calloperdix lunulata
Painted Spurfowl (R)
Calloperdix spadicea
Red Spurfowl (R)
IV
Francolinus pondicerianus
Grey Francolin* (R)
IV
Francolinus pictus
Painted Francolin (R )
Pavo cristatus
Indian Peafowl* (R)
Gallus sonneratiti
Grey Junglefowl (R)
Coturnix coromandelica
Rain Quail (R)
Coturnix coturnix
Common Quail (M)
Perdicula asiatica
Jungle Bush-Quail (R)
10
Perdicula aegoondab
Rock Bush Quail (R)
Turnicidae
11
Turnix sylvatica
Small Buttonquail (R)
IV
12
Turnix suscitator
Barred Buttonquail* (R)
IV
Picidae
13
Jynx torquilla
Eurasian Wryneck (M)
14
IV
Woodpecker
IV
Dendrocopos maharattensis
Yellow-crowned
(R)
15
Dinopium benghalense
Blakhk-rumped Flameback* (R)
IV
16
Dinopium javanense
Common Flameback (R)
17
Chrysocolaptes festivus
White-naped Woodpecker (R)
Megalaimidae
18
Megalaima zeylanica
Brown-headed Barbet (R)
19
Megalaima viridis
White-cheeked Barbet (R)
20
Megalaima haemacephala
Coppersmith Barbet* (R)
Bucerotidae
21
Ocyceros birostris
Upupidae
22
Upupa epops
Coraciidae
23
Ciracias benghalensis
Alcedinidae
24
Alcedo Hercules
Dacelonidae
IV
Indian Grey Hornbill (R)

Common Hoopoe* (M)
Indian Roller* (R )
Common Kingfisher (R)
46
IV
ICFRE

S.No
Scientific Name
25
Halcyon smyrnensis
10
Cerylidae
26
Ceryle rudis
Common Name
Conservation
Status
WPA
IUCN
White-throated Kingfisher* (R)

Pied Kingfisher (R)
11
Meropidae
27
Merops orientalis
Green Bee-eater* (R )
28
Merops Philippinus
Blue-tailed Bee-eater (M)
12
Cuculidae
29
Eudynamys scolopacea
Asian Koel* (R)
IV
30
Clamator jacobinus
Pied Cuckoo (M )
IV
31
Phaenicophaeus viridirostris
Blue-faced Malkoha (R)
32
Phaenicophaeus leschenaultii Sirkeer Malkhoha (R)
IV
Common Hawk Cuckoo

(R )
33
Hierococcyx varius
13
Centropodidae
34
Centropus sinensis
14
Psittacidae
35
Psittacula keupatria
Alexandrine Parakeet (R)
36
Psittacula krameri
Rose-ringed Parakeet* (R)
IV
37
Psittacula cyanocephala
Plum-headed Parakeet (R)
IV
15
Apodidae
38
Collocalia unicolar
Indian Swiftlet (R)
39
Cypsiurus halasiensis
Asian Palm Swift* (R)
40
House Swift (R)
41
Apus affinis
Hemipronce coronata
16
Strigidae
42
Bubo bubo
Eurasian Eagle-Owl (R)
IV
43
Brown Fish-Owl (R)
IV
44
Ketupa zeylonensis
Tyto alba
Barn Owl (R)
IV
45
Otus bukkamoena
Collared Scops Owl (R)
46
Otus scops
Eurasian Scops Owl (R)
47
Glaucidium radiatum
Jungle Owlet (R)
48
Athene brama
Spotted Owlet* (R))
IV
17
Caprimulgidae
49
Caprimulgus asiaticus
Indian Nightjar *(R)
IV
50
Caprimulgus indicus
Grey Nightjar (R)
18
Columbidae
Greater Coucal* (R )
IV
Crested Tree-swift (R)
47
ICFRE

S.No
Scientific Name
Common Name
Conservation
Status
WPA
IUCN
51
Columba livia
Rock Pigeon* (R)
52
Streptopelia chinensis
Spotted- Dove* (R)
IV
53
Streptopelia senegalensis
Laughing Dove* (R)
IV
Streptopelia decaocto
Eurasian Collared Dove*

(R)
IV
54
55
Streptopelia tranquebarica
Red collared Dove (R)
IV
56
Streptopelia orientalis
Oriental Turtle Dove (M)
57
Chalcophaps indica
Emerald Dove (R)
58
Treron phoenicoptera
Yellow-legged Green- Pigeon

(R)
19
Pteroclidae
IV
59
Pterocles exustus
Chestnut-bellied
(R)
Sandgrouse
60
Pterocles indicus
Painted Sandgrouse (R)
IV
20
Charadridae
IV
61
Vanellus malarbaricus
Yellow-wattled Lapwing*
(R)
62
Vanellus indicus
Red-wattled Lapwing* (R)
21
Accipitridae
63
Pernis ptilorhyncus
Oriental Honey-Buzzard (R)
64
Butastur leesa
White-eyed Buzzard (R)
65
Sarcogyps calvus
Red-headed Vulture (R)
66
Neophron percnopterus
Egyptian Vulture (R)
IV
67
Gyps bengalensis
White-rumped Vulture (R)
IV
68
Circus macrourus
Pallid Harrier (M)
69
Circus aeruginosus
Eurasian Marsh Harrier (M)
70
Circus pygargus
Montagus Harrier (M)
71
Haliastur indus
Brahminy Kite* (R)
72
Milvus migrans
Blakhk Kite* (R )
73
Elanus caerulus
Blakhk-shouldered Kite* (R )
74
Accipiter badius
Shikhra* (R )
75
Circaetus gallicus
Short-toed Snake Eagle

(R )
76
Accipiter nisus
Eurasian Sparrow hawk (R)
77
Aquila rapax
Twany Eagle (R)
78
Hieraaetus pennatus
Booted Eagle (R)
48
NT
IV
IV
ICFRE

S.No
Scientific Name
Common Name
79
Spizaetus cirrhatus
Changeable Hawk-Eagle (R)
80
Hieraaetus fasciatus
Bonellis (Hawk) Eagle (R)
81
Spilornis cheela
Crested Serpent Eagle (R)
Conservation
Status
WPA
IUCN
22
Falconidae
82
Falco jugger
Laggar Falcon (R)
83
Falco peregrinus
Peregrine Falcon (R)
84
Falco tinnunculus
Common Kestrel (R)
23
Lanidae
85
Lanius meridionalis
Southern Grey Shrike (R)
86
Lanius excubitor
Great Grey Shrike (R)
87
Lanius cristatus
Brown Shrike (M)
88
Lanius vittatus
Bay-backed Shrike (M)
89
Lanius schach
Long-tailed Shrike* (M)
24
Corvidae
90
Dendrocitta vagabunda
Rufous Treepie* (R)
91
Corvus macrorhynchos
Large-billed Crow* (R)
92
Corvus splendens
House Crow* (R)
IV
93
Pericrocotus cinnamomeus
Small Minivet (R )
94
Oriolus oriolus
Eurasian Golden Oriole (R)
IV
95
Oriolus xanthornus
Pitta brachyura
Blakhk-hooded Oriole (R)
Coracina macei
Coracina melanoptera
Large Cuckoo-shrike (R)
99
Hypothymis azurea
Blakhk-naped Monarch (R)
100
Rhipidura aureola
White-browed Fantail (R)
101
Rhipidura albicollis
White-throated Fantail (R)
102
Dicrurus macrocercus
Blakhk Drongo* (R )
IV
IV
103
Dicrurus paradiseus
Greater Racket-tailed Drongo

(R)
104
Dicrurus leucophaeus
Ashy Drongo (M)
105
Dicrurus caerulescens
White-bellied Drongo (R)
IV
106
Terpsiphone paradise
Asian Paradise Flycatcher (M)
IV
107
Aegithina tiphia
Common Iora (R)
IV
108
Chloropsis aurifrons
Gold-fronted Leafbird (R)
IV
109
Chloropsis cochinchinensis
Blue-winged Leafbird (R)
96
97
98
IV
Indian Pitta (M)

Blakhk-headed Cuckoo-shrike
(R)
49
ICFRE

S.No
Scientific Name
110
Tephrodornis pondicerianus
Common Name
Conservation
Status
WPA
IUCN
Common Woodshrike (R)
25
Muscicapidae
111
Muscicapa dauurica
Asian Brown Flycatcher (M)
112
Muscicapa muttui
Red-throated Flycatcher (M)
113
Ficedula superciliaris
Ultramarine Flycatcher (M)
114
Cyornis tickelliae
Tickell's Blue-Flycatcher (R)
115
Culicicapa ceylonensis
Grey-headed Canary Flycatcher

(M)
116
Eumyias thalassina
Verditer Flycatcher (M)
117
Saxicoloides fulicata
Indian Robin* (R)
118
Copsychus saularis
Oriental Magpie Robin (R)
119
Phoenicurus onchruros
Blakhk Redstart (M)
120
Saxicola torquata
Common Stonechat (M)
121
Saxicola caprata
Pied Bushchat (M)
122
Monticola solitaries
Blue Rock-Thrush (R)
123
Zoothera citrina
Orange-headed Thrush (M)
26
Sturnidae
124
Sternus roseus
Rosy Starling (M)
IV
125
Sturnus pagodarus
Brahminy Starling* (R)
IV
126
Sturnus erythropygius
Chestnut-tailled Starling (R)
127
Acridotheres tristis
Common Myna* (R)
IV
27
Paridae
128
Parus major
Great Tit (R)
IV
28
Hirundinidae
129
Hirundo concolor
Dusky crag-Martin (R)
130
Hirundo rustica
Barn Swallow* (R )
131
Hirundo smithii
Wire-tailed Swallow* (R)
132
Hirundo daurica
Red-rumped Swallow (R))
133
Hirundo fluvicola
Streak-throated Swallow (R)
Artamus fuscus
Ashy Woodswallow
IV
IV
IV
IV
29
Pycnonotidae
134
Pycnonotus Xantholaemus
Yellow-throated Bulbul (R)
135
Pycnonotus cafer
Red-vented Bulbul* (R)
IV
136
Pycnonotus jocosus
Red-Whiskered Bulbul (R)
IV
137
Pycnonotus luteolus
White-browed Bulbul (R)
30
Cysticolidae
50
ICFRE

S.No
Scientific Name
Common Name
Conservation
Status
WPA
IUCN
138
Prinia hodgsonii
Grey-breasted Prinia (R )
139
Prinia buchanani
Rufous-fronted Prinia (R)
140
Prinia inornata
Plain Prinia* (R)
141
Prinia sylvatica
Jungle Prinia (R)
142
Prinia socialis
Ashy Prinia* (R)
143
Cisticola juncidis
Zitting Cisticolq* (R)
IV
31
Zosteropidae
144
Zosterops palpebrosus
Oriental White-eye (R)
IV
IV
32
Sylvidae
145
Sylvia curruca
Lesser Whitethroat (R)
IV
146
Orthotomus sutorius
Common Tailorbird* (R )
IV
147
Phylloscopus collybita
Common Chiffchaff (R)
148
Phylloscopus trochiloides
Greenish Warbler (M)
149
Acrocephalus dumetorum
Blyths Reed Warbler (M)
150
Hippolais caligata
Booted Warbler (M)
151
Acrocephalus stentoreus
Clamorous Reed Warbler (M)
152
Acrocephalus agricola
Paddyfield Warbler (R)
153
Pellorneum tickelli
Buff-breasted Babbler (R)
154
Turdoides caudatus
Common Babbler (R)
IV
155
Turdoides subrufus
Jungle Babbler (R)
IV
156
Turdoides malcolmi
Large Grey Babbler* (R )
157
Turdoides affinis
Yellow-billed Babbler (R)
158
Dumetia hyperythra
Tawny-bellied Babbler (R)
159
Chrysomma sinense
Yellow-eyed Babbler
33
Alaudidae
160
Mirafra erythroptera
Red winged Bush-lark (R)
161
Ammomanes phoenicurus
Rufous-tailed Lark (R)
162
Mirafra cantillans
Singing Bush Lark (R)
163
Mirafra erythroptera
Indian Bush Lark (R)
IV
164
Galerida deva
Sykess Lark (R)
IV
165
Alauda gulgula
Oriental Skylark (R)

IV
166
Eremopterix grisea
Ashy-crowned Sparrow Lark*

(R)
34
Nectarinidae
167
Nectarinia asiatica
Purple Sunbird (R )
IV
168
Nectarinia zeylonica
Purple-rumped Sunbird* (R)
IV
51
IV
ICFRE

S.No
Scientific Name
Common Name
169
Dicaeum agile
Thick-billed Flowerpecker (R)
170
Dicaeum erythrorhynchos
Pale-billed Flowerpecker *(R)
Conservation
Status
WPA
IUCN
IV
IV
35
Passeridae
171
Passer domesticus
House Sparrow* (R)
172
Petronia xanthocollis
Chestnut-shouldered
(R)
173
Anthus hodgsoni
Olive-backed Pipit (M)
174
Anthus rufulus
Paddyfield Pipit (R)
175
Anthus campustris
Tawny Pipit (R)
176
Anthus similes
Long-billed Pipit (R)
177
Ploceus philippinus
Baya Weaver* (R)
178
Ploceus manyar
Streaked Weaver (R)
179
Amadava amandava
Red Avadavat (M)
180
Lonchura malabarica
Indian Silverbill* (R)
IV
181
Lonchura punctulata
Scaly-breasted Munia* (R)
IV
182
Lanchura malakhca
Blakhk-headed Munia (R)
183
Motacilla maderaspatensis
White-browed Wagtail* (R)
184
Motacilla cinerea
Grey Wagtail (M )
185
Motacilla alba
White Wagtail (M)
186
Motacilla flava
Yellow Wagtail (M)
187
Motacilla citreola
Citrine Wagtail (M)
36
Fringillidae
188
Carpodacus nipalensis
Common Rosefinch (M)
189
Emberiza melanocephala
Blakhk-headed Bunting (M)
190
Emberiza bruniceps
Red-headed Bunting (M)
191
Emberiza buchanai
Grey-necked Bunting (M)
52
Petronia
IV
IV
IV
ICFRE

Table No.3.13: List of aquatic birds recorded and reported from the wetlands
S.N
Scientific Name
Common Name
WPA
o
Schedule
1
Anatidae
1
Anser indicus
Bar-headed Goose (M)
Tadorna ferruginea
Ruddy Shelduck (M)
IV
Sarkidiornis melanotus
Comb Duck (R)
IV
Anas poecilorhyncha
Spot billed Duck (R)
IV
Anas crecca
Common (Green winged)

Teal (M)
IV
Anas acuta
Northern Pintail (M)
IV
Anas querquedula
Garganey (M)
IV
Anas clypeata
Northern Shoveler (M)
IV
Anas Penelope
Eurasian Wigeon (M)
IV
10
Cotton Pygmy Duck ((M)
IV
11
Nettapus
coromandelianus
Aythya ferina
Dendrocygnidae
12
Dendrocygna javanica
Gruidae
13
Grus virgo
Rallidae
14
Gallirallus striatus
Slaty-breasted Rail (M)
15
Gallinula chloropus
Common Moorhen (R)
16
Porphyrio porphyrio
Purple Swamphen (R)
IV
17
Fulica atra
Common Coot (R)
IV
18
Amaurornis phoenicurus
White-breasted Waterhen (R)
19
Amaurornis akool
Brown Crake (R)
Scolopacidae
20
Numenius arquata
Eurasian Curlew (M)
IV
21
Tringa totanus
Common Redshank (M)
IV
22
Tringa nebularia
Common Greenshank (M)
23
Tranga glareola
Wood Sandpiper (R)
IV
24
Actitis hypoleucos
Common Sandpiper (R)
IV
25
Tringa ochropus
Green Sandpiper (R)
IV
26
Calidris minuta
Little Stint (M)
27
Gallinaga gallinaga
Common Snipe (R)
Rostratulidae
28
Rostratula benghalensis
Common Pochard (M)

Lesser Whistling-Duck (R)
IV
Demoiselle Crane (M)
IV
Greater Painted-snipe (R)
53
ICFRE

S.N
o
6
Scientific Name
Common Name
WPA
Schedule
Jacanidae
30
Hydrophasianus
chirurgus
Metopidius indicus
Burhinidae
31
Burhinus oedicnemus
Eurasian Thick-knee (R)
IV
32
Esacus recurvirostris
Great Thick-knee (R)
IV
Charadriidae
33
Himantopus himantopus
Blakhk- winged Stilt (R)
IV
34
Charadrius dubius
Little ringed Plover (R)
IV
Laridae
35
Larus brunnicephalus
Brown-headed Gull (R)
36
Chlidonias hybridus
Whiskered Tern (R)
37
Sterna acuticauda
Blakhk-bellied Tern (R)
38
Sterna aurantia
River Tern (R)
10
Podicipedidae
39
Tachypaptus ruficollis
11
Anhingidae
40
Anhinga melanogaster
12
Phalakhrocoracidae
41
Phalakhrocorax niger
Little Cormorant (R)
42
Indian Cormorant (R)
43
Phalakhrocorax
fuscicollis
Phalakhrocorax carbo
13
Ardeidae
44
Butorides striatus
Little Heron (R)
IV
45
Ardeola grayii
Indian Pond Heron (R)
IV
46
Bubulcus ibis
Cattle Egret (R)
IV
47
Egretta garzetta
Little Egret (R)
IV
48
Mesophoyx intermedia
Median (intermediate) Egret

(R)
IV
49
Cosmerodius albus
Great Egret (R)
50
Ardea cinerea
Grey Heron (M)
IV
51
Nycticorax nycticorax
Blakhk-crowned Night
Heron (R)
IV
14
Phoenicopteridae
52
Phoenicopterus ruber
29
Pheasant-tailed Jacana (R)

Bronze-winged Jacana (R)
Little Grebe (R)

Darter (R)
IV
IV/NT
IV
Great Cormorant (R)
Greater Flamingo (M)
54
ICFRE

S.N
o
15
Scientific Name
Common Name
WPA
Schedule
Threskiornithidae
53
Pseudibis papillosa
Blakhk Ibis (R)
IV
54
Plegadis falcinellus
Glossy Ibis (R)
IV
55
Blakhk-headed Ibis (R)
IV
56
Threskiornis
melanocephalus
Platalea leucorodia
Eurasian Spoonbill (R)
16
Pelecanidae
57
Pelecanus philippensis
17
Ciconiidae
58
Mycteria leucocephala
Painted Stork (R)
IV
59
Anastomus oscitans
Asian Openbill (R)
IV
60
Blakhk-necked Stork (M)
61
Ephippiorhynchus
asiaticus
Ciconia episcopus
62
Ciconia ciconia
White Stork (M)
63
Leptoptilos javanicus
Lesser Adjutant (M)
Spot-billed Pelican (M)
Woolly-necked Stork (R)
55
ICFRE
ICFRE
Table No. 3.14: List of mammals

Species name
Common name
S.No
Conservation Status
CAMP 1998 Anon
IUCN 2000
1972
Cercopithecidae
Macaca radiata
Bonnet Macaque
LR
Sch.II
Semnopithecus entellus
Hanuman Langur
LR
Sch.II
2
3
Cervidae
Muntiacus muntjak
Indian Muntjac
LR
Sch.III
Axis axis
Spotted Deer
LR
Sch.II
3
5
Bovidae
Tetracerus quardicornis
Four-horned Antelope
VU
Sch.I
Antilope cervicapra
Blakhk buck
VU
Sch.I
Suidae
Sus scrofa
Wild Pig
LR-
Sch.III
Ursidae
Melursus ursinus
Sloth Bear
VU
Sch.I
Canidae
Canis lupus
Indian Wolf
LR-nt
Sch.I
10
Canis aureus
Jackal
LR-lc
Sch.II
11
Vulpes bengalensis
Indian Fox
LR
Sch.II
Hyaenidae
Hyaena hyaena
Striped Hyaena
LR
Sch.III
13
Felidae
Panthera pardus
Common Leopard
LR
Sch.I
14
Felis chaus
Jungle Cat
LR-nt
Sch-II
Mustelidae
Mellivora capensis
Ratel
LR-nt
Sch.I
16
Viverridae
Viverricula indica
Small Indian Civet
LR-nt
Sch.II
17
Paradoxurus hermaphroditus
Common Palm Civet
LR
Sch.II
11
18
Herpestidae
Herpestes edwardsii
LR-lc
Sch.IV
19
Herpestes javanicus
Small Indian Mongoose
12
Manidae
Manis crassicaudata
Indian Pangolin
LR
Sch.I
Leporidae
Lepus nigricollis
Indian
LR-lc
Sch.IV
7
5
8
6
12
8
15
10
20
13
21
Common
Mongoose
56
Grey
Hare
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S.No
Species name
Common name
Conservation Status
CAMP 1998 Anon
IUCN 2000
1972
(Blakhknaped)
14
22
15
23
16
24
17
Soricidae
Suncus murinus
Hystricidae
Hystrix indica
Sciuridae
Funambulus palmarum
House or Grey Musk

Shrew
LR-lc
Indian Porcupine
LR-lc
Sch.IV
LR-lc
Sch.IV
LR-lc
Sch.IV
Three striped
Squirrel
Palm
25
Muridae
Tatera indica
Indian Gerbil
26
Rattus rattus
Rock/House Rat
27
Mus musculus
House Mouse
18
28
Pteropodidae
Pteropus giganteus
Indian Flying Fox
LR-nt
29
Cynopterus sphinx
Short-nosed Fruit Bat
LR-nt
3.5
SOCIAL ENVIRONMENT
3.5.1 Demographic status of the Mine affected villages

The demographic status of 13 villages situated in the buffer zone of the Mine lease area, is
shown in Table 3.9.
Table No. 3.15: Showing demographic details of the mine affected villages
within 10 km radius
Description
Numbers
Demography
Total Villages
13
Total no. of House Hold
5453
Total Population
30041
Total Male Population
15375
Total Female Population
14666
57

Total SC Population
8729
Total SC Male Population
4420
Total SC Female Population 4309

Total ST Population
4302
Literacy Level
Total Literate Population
12277
Employment Pattern
Cultivators
4967
Agricultural Labour
3708
House Hold Workers
207
Other Workers
2792
Total Main Workers
12368
Total Marginal Workers
1839
Total Non Workers
15834
58
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3.5.2
Land use pattern of villages/towns in Buffer Zone

Table No. 3.16: Showing landuse pattern of villages/town in Buffer zone.
Sl.
No
Name
of Area in
Village
Hectare
Antapura
Uncultivable
Uncultivable
Forest
Irrigated
Unirrigated
1140
206.29
0.00
688.10
28.38
217.05
Avinamadugu
1330
518.61
96.32
439.04
0.00
275.57
Chikkantapur
1473
369.85
1.60
671.65
0.00
430.27
Gangalapur
348
153.74
12.95
163.13
17.81
0.81
Gundlahalli
687
0.00
0.00
561.38
17.48
108.12
Kodalu
2138
151.65
4.66
561.71
2.20
1417.81
Metriki
1218
541.50
0.00
558.11
39.03
79.57
waste
59

CHAPTER-4
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT
4.1. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OPEN CAST IRON ORE MINING
The open cast iron mining has several environmental impacts and the details are
summarized as below:
4.1.1 Impact on Landscape
The landscape of the terrain has been modified to a large extent due to mining activities
since the year 2001. The disposal of waste material has been carried out in the mine lease
area in an unscientific manner, without proper measures for stabilization, resulting in
erosion of the waste dumps. Some of the natural streams/ Nallas which are seasonal
were cut off, resulting in hindrance to their smooth flow downwards.
Erosion from OB dumps results in significant loading of sediments (including chemical
pollutants) to nearby water-bodies, especially during rainy season. Erosion/sediment
loading has been observed from mining areas such as open pit areas, waste rock and
overburden piles, haul roads and access roads, ore stockpiles, exploration areas and
reclamation areas.
4.1.2 Impact on Ecology

The Mine lease area is located in the revenue (non-forest land), but there are adjoining
scrub jungles, the ecology of which will be much affected due to mining activities and
transportation of mined out materials. Therefore, reclamation of the mined out area and
proper afforestation plan using native species are to be taken up to restore the ecology.
4.1.3 Impact on Air Quality

The impacts on air environment from a mining activity depend on various factors like
production capacity, machinery involved, control measures adopted, operation and
maintenance of various equipments and vehicles. Apart from these, there are other
activities associated viz., transportation of ore and waste, stocking facilities and dump
management within the mine lease area will contribute to pollution.
60
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4.1.4 Impact of Noise and Vibration

Mining machinery and heavy-duty vehicles in the area cause noise pollution and effect of
noise is much pronounced near the active working areas. The main sources of noise are
from stationary mining equipment, mobile mining equipment and transportation
vehicles. The location of the Mine is near to human habitations and agricultural lands and
therefore, there will be lot of negative impacts of noise and vibration on the human
beings.
4.1.5 Impact on Water Quality
Mining activities cause adverse impact due to mine drainage and siltation through storm
water. The mine workings are above the ground water table therefore impact on ground
water regime are minimal. No perennial rivers / Nallas are present in this area. But, there
are many seasonal streams, which are draining into small streams and they may carry
much polluted water from the Mine area.
4.1.6 Impact on Soil Fertility

The run-off water directly going to nearby agricultural fields changes the nutrient
contents of soil and subsoil layers, thereby reducing the fertility of the land. This
manifests itself in the form of loss of yield of crop. As the mining activity disturbs the
topsoil, which contains the nutrients and beneficial microbes, the soil fertility will be
completely lost.
4.1.7 Impact on Aquatic Life
There are no water bodies inside the mine lease area and in the buffer zone found two
tanks namely Kudithini and Haraganadoni
4.1.8 Impact on Society

The villagers in the buffer zone are mainly dependent on agriculture for their livelihood.
The mining activities provide them employment opportunities and improved standard of
living. However, the people who get employment in mine related activities lose interest
in agricultural works which indirectly affects the food production. Occupational health
61
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hazards like noise induced hearing loss and occupational lung diseases due to inhalation
of silica dust and fine iron ore particles are the major problems encountered.
62
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CHAPTER-5
REHABILITATION AND RECLAMATION PLAN
5.1 INTRODUCTION
In the process of opencast mining, several changes occur in the physical, chemical,
biological and microbial properties of the environment (Kundu and Ghose, 1998; Singh
and Singh, 2006; Padmavathiamma and Li, 2007, Sheoran et al., 2009; Sheoran et al., 2010;)
Degradation level depends on climatic conditions and various other factors. If the
biological reclamation is not done well in time, leaching will remove the nutrients due to
the rainwater erosion, the nutrient cycle will break down, and the soil will ultimately
become biologically unproductive. The objective of the study is to assess the
deterioration due to mining and allied activities and to evolve restoration techniques for
the renewal of the damaged land for its sustainable and beneficial use.
The mine rehabilitation plan should aim:
To stabilize loose over burden (OB) dumps and mined out areas
To check soil erosion and sediment loss
To ameliorate substratum in terms of:

Soil moisture retention
Nutrient retention
Microbial biomass
To enhance diversity of plants, animal and micro-organisms
To regulate natural process of ecosystem, namely,

Productivity
Nutrient cycling
Water recharging
Soil protection
Sheltering and providing conditions to plant and animal species
To cater the need of local people for their daily needs
To develop visual and aesthetic view of the area
The successful Reclamation and Rehabilitation plan for the mine will primarily depend
on following considerations:
1.
Rehabilitation and Reclamation of Encroached Areas.
2.
Loose OB dumps and their stabilization
63
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3.
Mining pits, their back filling and stabilization
4.
Nalla/Stream courses and their stabilization
5. Development of vegetation on non-mineralized areas

6. Safety zone and Greenbelt Development
7. Avenue plantation all along mine haul roads
8. Regular monitoring by an independent scientific agency
5.2 REHABILITATION AND RECLAMATION MEASURES

The measures contemplated under the R and R plan are broadly categorized under the
following heads:
1. R and R measures for areas considered under encroachment.
2. Stabilization of Dumps
3. Surface Water Management
4. Afforestation/ Plantation
5. Green Belt Development
6. Supplementary Environment Safeguard Plans (SESP) for the areas impacting the
environment within and outside the mine lease areas
5.2.1 Reclamation and Rehabilitation Plan for Area under Encroachment

The areas observed and considered as encroachment by the Joint Team, constituted for
the purpose by the CEC, in respect of ML 2352 is delineated in Fig. 5.1. The total extent of
the area outside the CEC lease sketch is 0.21 ha which is spatially located towards west
boundary covered between the grids N 1674300 to 1674100 and E 689500 to 689300 The
encroachment is categorised as overburden dump (0.21 ha). The encroached dump is
completely un-stabilized and engineering measures like strengthening of the dump toe
wall and garland drain is required to check the siltation in the adjacent area of the lease.
The cost of rehabilitation and reclamation measures are enumerated in Table 5.1.
64
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Table-5.1: Estimate for R and R plan of the encroached areas

Sl.
No.
Particulars
No
L (m)
B (m)
Retaining walls at toe of waste dump

1
(i) R-R dry stone 1
297
2
masonry
Garland drain (1 1
300
2
m bottom width,
2 m top width
2
and 1 m deep in
all terraces)
Providing
and
fixing geo-textile
on outer surface
3
of slope of waste
dump
Plantation over 1
4
waste dump area
TOTAL
5.2.2
H
(m)
Qty.
m3
Rate (Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.
Lakh)
1782
520/m3
9.26
600
520/m3
3.12
0.21ha
10 lakh/ ha
2.10
0.21 ha
1.74lakh/ha
0.37
14.85
Stabilization of Dumps
Control of erosion is important both during mining and post mining rehabilitation
program. A major objective of rehabilitation is to establish an adequate cover of
vegetation to stabilize the site and prevent or control erosion.
5.2.2.1 Waste dump
Only one waste dump located in North-East portion of the lease area over an extent of
2.13 ha has been envisaged. The height of the waste dump varies from 16 m to 8 m and
the angle of the dump varies from 320o to 35 o. At present, the waste is being dumped in
2.13 ha area. Till now 18450 cum waste material has been filled in this active dump.
During the conceptual plan period the average slope angle of this dump will be 30 o and
the average height will be 30 m. Based on the cross section taken on the portion of the
dump where the dumping is proposed for next plan period in over an area of 2.27 ha
with further dumping capacity of 1.76 Lakh cum or 0.18 M cum.
65
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5.2.2.2 Engineering measures

The waste dump has to be properly maintained such that any subsidence or slide of the
material disposed out of the dump could not take plakhe. Therefore, it has to be
stabilised and strengthened by taking various engineering protective measures such as,
well designed stone masonry retaining wall at toe and garland drain of size 1 m bottom
width, 2 m top width, 1 m height with 1:2 side slopes in front of it. At lower RL two stage
settling tanks SP1 and SP2 having dimensions 30 m x 15m x 3 m is proposed along with
the garland drain for checking up the siltation. Along this dump one retaining wall of
length 320 m and a garland drain of length 320 m is proposed. The proposed Engineering
measures is enclosed as Fig.5.2
Table-5.2: Estimate for Dump Management Plan
Sl.
No.
Particulars
No
L (m)
B (m)
H (m)
Qty.m3
Rate (Rs.)
Amount
(Rs.
Lakh)
Retaining walls at toe of waste dump

1a
2a
(i). R-R dry stone

masonry (RW-1)
(ii). R-R dry stone
masonry (RW-2)
Garland drain (1 m
bottom width, 2 m
top width and 1 m
deep in all terraces)
GD-1
GD-2
320
1920
520/m3
9.98
297
1782
520/m3
9.27
1
1
320
300
2
2
1
1
640
600
520/m3
520/m3
3.32
3.12
0.09ha
10lakh/ha
0.90
2.27 ha
1.74lakh/ha
3.94
Providing
and
fixing
geo-textile
on outer surface of
3
slope
of
waste
dump
Plantation
over
5
waste dump area
TOTAL
30.53
5.2.2.3 Sub Grade Stack/Fine Ore Stack

The sub grade material is not found anywhere within this lease area. In future the sub
grade ore will be blended with the saleable ore as per the market demand. Hence, no
sub-grade dump is proposed within this lease.
66

5.2.3 Surface Water Management

The run-off resulting from rainfall on the surface of the ML area if not allowed to flow
through natural streams shall result in heavy erosion in the form of sheet and gullies
erosion. This will result in land degradation and detachment of soil particles which in
turn increase the turbidity of flowing water and thus impairing its quality. The rainwater
should be channelized and controlled through various engineering structures like
retaining wall, gully plugs, check dams, garland drains and settling tanks depending
upon the field conditions to prevent the further land degradation and rolling down the
soil/waste material to the down slope. Details of the engineering and biological
measures are discussed below. The surface water management plan is enclosed as
Fig.5.2.
5.2.3.1 Gully Plugs
Gullies are mainly formed on account of physiography, soil type and heavy biotic
pressure in an area. The scouring of streams at their peak flows and sediment laden runoff
cause
gullies.
The
gullies
would
be
required
to
be
treated
with
engineering/mechanical methods. The mine owner has not constructed any gully plug
outside the mine lease area to control the sediment flow and erosion in stream. Ten gully
plugs are now being proposed outside the ML area across the seasonal drainage flowing
from the mining area to down slopes. The proposed dimensions are 10 m x 3 m x 3 m.
5.2.3.2 Check dams
Check dams would be constructed in some of the areas outside the ML to promote
growth of vegetation to arrest flow of water and consequently to lead the stabilization of
slopes/area and further prevention of deepening of gullies and erosion. Different types
of check dams such as masonry and rock filled have been proposed to be constructed at
vital portion across the streams. Though the mine owner has constructed 2 masonry
check dams inside the lease area and 15 were constructed outside the mine lease area by
state government of Karnataka and 4 masonry check dams of dimensions 20 m x 4 m x
2.5mand 13 rock filled check dams of dimensions 20 m x 2 m x 3 m have been proposed
outside the mine lease area.
67
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5.2.3.3 Settling tanks

One settling tanks of 30m x 15m x 3m have been proposed each inside and outside the
lease area. These are connected to garland drains to slow down the flow of water and to
arrest the loose sediments from the waste dumps and also to store water for watering the
green belt. The settling tanks should be constructed in stone masonry in cement sand
mortar 1:5 and shall be plastered from inside.
5.2.3.4 Culvert
A major stream passing through the two mine lease blocks of the mine lease area and the
ore is being transported over the stream through trucks. To stabilize the stream from
erosion and from obstruction due to transport, a culvert was proposed across the stream.
The dimension of the culvert 11.70m X 9.00m X 3.35m by providing 3 hume pipes. An
approximate cost has been proposed to construct the culver is Rs 4.05 lakh.
5.2.4 Cost estimate for Surface water management
The following individual engineering measures are needed to be constructed, such as
settling tanks, check dams, gully plugs, rock filled dams and culverts within and outside
the mine lease area for surface water management. The number of engineering structures
to be required for the entire area was assessed and accordingly the financial provisions
have been made. The overall cost of the surface management plan is shown in Table-5.3
and the cost has been worked out to be Rs. 84.79 lakh +4.05 lakh (culvert cost ) = Rs.
88.84 lakh
68
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Table-5.3: Proposed Costs of Surface Water Management Plan

Sl.
No.
Amount
Particulars
L (m)
B (m)
H (m)
Qty.m3
Rate (Rs.)
(Rs.
lakh)
Gully Plug
Masonry
2
No
Check
10
10
900
520/m3
4.68
20
2.5
80
40,000/running
32.00
Running
Dam
m
3
Rock
Check
13
20
1560
520/m3
30
15
2700
20
8.11
Dam
Stone
fill
masonry
settling tank (30m

x 15 m x 3 m) 2
Nos.
RR Stone masonry
1:5 Cement mortar
approximately
(in long walls)
for each tank
Cement plaster in
ii
lakh
30
15
2700
30
15
2700
40.0
1:4 in cement sand

mortar
(inside
tank)
Cement plaster in
iii
1:4 in cement sand

mortar
(top
of
tank)
TOTAL
84.79
69

Figure-5.1: Existing Dump Plan of Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
70
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Fig.5.2 Surface Water Management Plan of Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
71
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Fig.5.3: Dump Management Plan of Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352
72
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5.3. BIOLOGICAL MEASURES

Engineering and biological measures in restoration of ecology and its functioning in
mined areas are important parameters. Mechanical measures aid in restoration of
physical features while biological measure help in reclamation of living and biodiversity
components of ecology. Biological measures must be drafted and implemented with
immediate effect. While attempting to restore a native ecosystem, effort is to establish a
self-sustaining system, so that succession processes lead to the desired floral and faunal
complexes. The seasonal distribution and reliability of rainfall determines the best time
to establish vegetation. Biological measures, if implemented successfully will result in the
establishment of self sustaining ecosystem. All the preparatory works must be completed
before the time when seeds are most likely to experience the conditions that they need to
germinate and survive, i.e. adequate rainfall and suitable temperatures. The biological
measures will employ the identification and selection of suitable plant species adaptable
to the existing climatic and sub-stratum conditions, collection of planting materials
(seeds, rhizomes, bulbs, cuttings etc.), raising these planting stocks in nursery or directly
sowing on the OB dumps/mined out areas depending on the species characteristics and
availability of planting resource. The elevation of mine site varies between 560 m to 615
m above msl.
5.3.1 Species selection and plantation
The ultimate objective of the biological measure is to restore the natural vegetation
occurring in and around the mine area and also to provide a corridor for free movement
of the wildlife. The species selected for establishment is based on the future land use of
the area, soil conditions and climate.
Species which have similar growth forms as compared to the original vegetation,
and thrive in areas with comparable soil types, drainage status, aspect and
climate, are most appropriate.
The native species which occur in the natural vegetation area are the best
candidates for restoration purpose.
Care must be taken to avoid introducing a species which could become an
unacceptable fire hazard, invade surrounding areas of native vegetation, or
become a weed.
73
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Suitable leguminous species should be selected to improve fertility of the mine

disturbed substratum.
Species having a good canopy cover should be selected and used where a quick
cover for erosion control is required.
The grasses and herbaceous species available locally in abundance can be used
for management of OB dumps.
When establishing native plants with a cover crop, a compromise must be
reached between the densities of the cover crop needed to provide rapid erosion
control, and the tendency of the cover crop to suppress or smother the native
species.
Depending upon the plant characteristic, seed size the species can be propagated by
various methods i.e., seed broadcast, seed mixed with soil, hydro-seeding, seedlings,
rhizomes, bulbs, slips, root stocks.
a) Seed broadcasting: Seeds can be sown directly by broadcasting them over the
selected areas.
b) Seed mixed with soil: Seeds are mixed in soil and made into small balls which
are then broadcasted over the selected sites. This practice is applied in those
species whose seeds are very minute like grasses. The earthen balls are made by
mixing soil, farm yard manure (FYM), seeds and required quantity of water.
c) Hydro-seeding: Inaccessible areas like steep slopes hydro seeding technique can
be applied. In this technique a slurry of appropriate consistency and quantity is
to be prepared consisting of water, FYM, and seeds. This slurry is sprinkled over
the selected sites with the help of either hydro-seeders or manually sprinkling
with a jug or such containers.
d) Planting rhizomes, bulbs, slips, root stocks: These stocking materials are planted
by simply digging holes of appropriate depth.
e) Planting seedlings: In this method a pit of an appropriate size, depending on the
site conditions and size of the poly-bag, is dug out and stones are removed. Pits
are filled back with the mixture of good quality soil (preferably from the silting
tanks/top soil preserved) and FYM. In this dressed pit the seedlings are planted.
74
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Reconnaissance survey was made to assess the present status of biological components of
the adjoining areas of mined lands for identification and selection of plant species to be
used in restoration process.
5.4 OVER BURDEN DUMPS MANAGEMENT
The mine has several dumps all along mine haul road, one active dump over an area of
2.27ha which has not been maintained properly. The existing dump has no terraces, The
proposed dump will have 4 stages and 3 terraces with about similar dimensions. The
lessee has not done any afforestation efforts on the proposed dump. However some
sporadic planting of Acacia auriculiformis, Agave americana, (bordering the dump),
Pongamia pinnata, Azadirachta indica and Hardwickia binata plantation has been maintained
properly. But monoculture method has been followed, which should be discontinued
hereafter. No plantation work has been undertaken by the lessee on the overburden.
The species used in restoration process should be in proper combination of all plant
forms such as grasses, herbs, shrubs and trees as recorded in the natural forests. In
addition, the aim of restoration should be on protection of soil erosion from loose
overburden dumps, soil moisture retention as well as enrichment of soil fertility.
Before initiation for biological restoration, the OB dumps should be made into
recommended benches and terraces with appropriate angle. The steep OB dump slopes
being unstable and having loose material may get disturbed immediately by rains which
may result in soil erosion and formation of gullies. Furthermore direct exposure to
sunlight may also result in loss of soil moisture and increase of substratum temperature
which may hamper the growth and establishment of vegetation. To overcome these
problems geo textile/coir mats may be used followed by the seed broadcasting and
planting of suitable plant species over geo textile or coir mat. Seed broadcasting has to be
taken up by using hydroseeder or by spreading slurry manually. The species
recommended for hydroseeding on mine OB dumps and fragile unstable surfaces are
Apluda mutica, Bothriochloa pertusa, Cassia auriculata, Cassia occidentalis, C. tora, Crotalaria
juncea, C. albida, Cymbopogon flexuosus, C. martinii, C. nardus, Dactyloctenium aegyptium,
Dichanthium annulatum, Heteropogon contortus, Stylosanthes fruticosa, Tephrosia purpurea etc.
(Table-5.4). These species will get established in due course of time and cover the
disturbed areas. In addition to hydroseeding planting of suitable shrubs, creepers and
trees have to be done on slopes by making holes in geo textile/coir mat.
75
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On the slopes and terraces where no geo matting/coir mat is used, contour trenches
should be made on the slopes for giving proper anchorage and support to the seeds and
other planting stock, especially grasses. The distance between two adjoining contours
should be about one meter. For stabilization of steep slopes rows of grasses, which are
known drought tolerant, fast colonizers in low nutrient soil and best soil binders, are to
be planted. Grasses to be planted should be raised in the nurseries and then planted on
the slopes of OB dumps and any other areas. In the absence of sufficient stock of grasses
in the nurseries, clumps of grasses can also be collected from adjacent areas without
disturbing the natural vegetation cover of the area.
Table-5.4: Species Recommended for Hydro seeding (HS)
Sl. No. Species
Local Name
Family
A. Herbs and Grasses

1.
Bothriochloa pertusa
Aanekattu hullu
Poaceae
2.
Caasia senna
Nelavarike
Fabaceae
3.
Cassia occidentalis
Dodda thagase
Caesalpiniaceae
4.
Cassia tora
Gunduthagase
Caesalpiniaceae
5.
Crotalaria albida
Giligili gida
Fabaceae
6.
Crotalaria juncea
Sanna senabu
Fabaceae
7.
Cymbopogon flexuosus
Anthibale hullu
Poaceae
8.
Cymbopogon nardus
Ganda hanchi hullu
Poaceae
9.
Cynodon dactylon
Garike hullu
Poaceae
10.
Dactyloctenium aegyptium Kaadu raagi hullu
11.
Dichanthium annulatum
Ganjala garike hullu Poaceae
12.
Ooobina hullu
Poaceae
13.
Stylosanthes fruticosa
Hamata grass
Fabaceae
14.
Tephrosia purpurea
Kaadu thogari
Fabaceae
Poaceae
B. Shrubs
15.
Calotropis gigantea
Ekka
Asclepiadaceae
16.
Calotropis procera
Kempuekka
Asclepiadaceae
17.
Cassia auriculata
Aavarike
Caesalpiniaceae
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Grasses
The important grass species to be planted on exposed slopes and terraces are: Bothriochloa
pertusa, Chrysopogon fulvus, Cymbopogon flexuosus, C. nardus, Cynodon dactylon,
Dichanthium annulatum, Heteropogon contortus, etc., These species have been suggested for
planting in the form of slips, seed broadcast, earthen balls, and hydro-seeding as given in
Tables-5.5.
The grass species are available in plenty around the area. It is strongly recommended that
the above grasses may be grown and multiplied in the nursery for their plantation in the
mined areas. Different species of grasses should be planted on slopes as slips at distance
of about 30 cm from plant to plant.
Table 5.5.Grasses and bamboos (Family: Poaceae) recommended for stabilization of
the OB dumps
Sl. No. Species
Local Name
Method of Propagation*
Aanekattu hullu
EB, HS
Chrysopogon fulvus
Ganjigarike
EB, HS, S
Anthibale hullu
HS, S
Cymbopogon nardus
Ganda hanchi hullu
HS, S
Cynodon dactylon
Garike hullu
HS, EB
Dichanthium annulatum Ganjala garike hullu EB, HS
Eleusine indica
Hechhulli hullu
EB, HS
Ooobina hullu
EB, HS
*EB-Earthen balls, HS-Hydro-seeding, Rh-Rhizome, S-Slips

Leguminous species
In addition to the grass species preference for leguminous should also be given in order
to enrich the soil fertility. The legumes play an important role in increasing the soil
nitrogen for they have symboitic nitrogen fixing bacteria. Seeds of following species
suggested for mined out areas and OB dumps can be collected from adjacent forest area
or purchased from the recognized private nurseries/forest department: Cassia senna,
Crotalaria albida, C. juncea, C. retusa, C. verrucosa, Mimosa pudica, Stylosanthes fruticosa,
Tephrosia purpurea, etc., (Table-5.6).
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Table-5.6: Species Recommended for Nitrogen Enrichment of Mine Areas

Sl.
Species
Local Name
Family
No.
Method
Propagation*
A.Herbs
1.
Cassia mimosoides
Nelathangadi
Caesalpiniaceae
HS, SB
2.
Cassia occidentalis
Dodda thagase
Caesalpiniaceae
HS, SB
3.
Cassia senna
Nelaavarike
Fabaceae
SB
4.
Cassia tora
Ganduthagase
Caesalpiniaceae
HS, SB
5.
Crotalaria albida
Giligili gida
Fabaceae
HS, SB
6.
Crotalaria juncea
Sanna senabu
Fabaceae
SB
7.
Crotalaria retusa
Gejje gida
Fabaceae
SB
8.
Crotalaria verrucosa
Gijigiji gida
Fabaceae
HS, SB
9.
Mimosa pudica
Muttidare muni
Mimosaceae
EB, SB
10.
Fabaceae
EB, SB
11.
Tephrosia purpurea
Fabaceae
EB, SB
12.
Tephrosia villosa
Fabaceae
EB, SB3
Kaadu thogari
B.Shrubs
13
Cassia auriculata
Aavarike
Caesalpiniaceae HS, SB
14
Cassia hirsuta
Ganduthagase
Caesalpiniaceae HS, SB
*EB-earthen balls, HS-Hydro-seeding, SB-Seed broadcast

Trees
After the establishment of the grasses and shrubs on the slopes and terraces of the OB
dumps the planting of indigenous tree species should be taken up within one years of
grass plantation. Plant to plant spacing of tree on the terraces should be in 3m x 3m
distance. Similarly on slopes spacing should be 2m x 2m. Species composition should be
mixed as recorded in the natural forest around the mine. The detail of tree species to be
planted is given in Table-5.7.
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Table-5.7: Plant Species suitable for OB Dump and Mine Pit Stabilization
Sl.
Plant species
Local names
Family
No.
Method
propagation*
A. Herbs and Grasses

1
Aanekattu hullu
Poaceae
Cassia senna
Nelavarike
Fabaceae
Chrysopogon fulvus
Ganjigarike
Poaceae
EB, HS, S
Cymbopogon
Poaceae
HS, S
EB, HS
flexuosus
5
Cymbopogon nardus
Ganda hanchi hullu
Poaceae
HS, S
Ganjala garike hullu
Poaceae
EB, HS
Fagonia cretica
Muddu
mullina Zygophyllakhe
gida
ae
Ooobina hullu
Poaceae
EB, HS
Hamata grass
Fabaceae
HS, SB
B. Shrubs
10
Agave americana
Aane Katthaale
Agavaceae
11
Agave sisalana
Boodu Katthaale
Agavaceae
12
Calotropis gigantea
Ekka
Asclepiadaceae
EB, HS
13
Calotropis procera
Kempuekka
Asclepiadaceae
EB, HS
14
Canthium parviflorum
Kaare mullu
Rubiaceae
SL
15
Cassia auriculata
Aavarike
Caesalpiniaceae
HS, SB
16
Dodonaea viscosa
Bandarike
Sapindaceae
SB, SL
17
Maytenus emarginata
Thandraasi
Celastraceae
SB
18
Rhus mysorensis
Salabe
Anacardiaceae
SL
19
Vitex negundo
Lakki
Verbenaceae
BC
C. Trees
20
Acacia catechu
Kaachu
Mimosaceae
SL
21
Acacia chundra
Kaachu
Mimosaceae
SL
22
Acacia ferruginea
Banni mara
Mimosaceae
SL
23
Acacia horrida
Aane gobli
Mimosaceae
SL
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of

24
Acacia nilotica
Kari gobbali
Mimosaceae
SL
25
Albizia lebbeck
Baage
Mimosaceae
SL
26
Albizia odoratissima
Bilvaara
Mimosaceae
SL
27
Albizia amara
Bilibaage
Mimosaceae
SL
28
Annona squamosa
Seethaphala
Annonaceae
SL
29
Anogeissus latifolia
Dindiga
Combretaceae
SL
30
Azadirachta indica
Bevu
Meliaceae
SL
31
Bauhinia racemosa
Kaadu mandaara
Caesalpiniaceae
SL
32
Cassia fistula
Kakke
Caesalpiniaceae
SL
33
Dalbergia sissoo
Shishta baage
Fabaceae
RS, SL
34
Diospyros melanoxylon
Beedi yele mara
Ebenaceae
SL
35
Euphorbia tirucalli
Kolukalli
Euphorbiaceae
BC
36
Ficus religiosa
Arali
Moraceae
SL
37
Givotia rottleriformis
Bili poliku
Euphorbiaceae
SL
38
Gmelina arborea
Shivane mara
Verbenaceae
SL
39
Grewia tiliifolia
Sannudippe
Tiliaceae
SL
40
Hardwickia binata
Asanagurgi
Caesalpiniaceae
SL
41
Holoptelea integrifolia
Tapasimara
Ulmaceae
SL
42
Lagerstroemia parviflora
Holedaasavaala
Lythraceae
SL
43
Limonia acidissima
Baelada mara
Rutaceae
SL
44
Morinda pubescens
Haladi paavate
Rubiaceae
SL
45
Phyllanthus emblica
Nelli
Euphorbiaceae
SL
46
Pithecelobium dulce
Seeme hunise
Mimosaceae
SL
47
Pongamia pinnata
Honge
Fabaceae
SL
48
Tamarindus indica
Hunise
Caesalpiniaceae
SL
49
Wrightia tinctoria
Kodseege, Beppaale
Rubiaceae
SL
50
Ziziphus mauritiana
Bore
Rhamnaceae
SL
*Bulb/Bulbills, BC-Branch cutting, HS-Hydro-seeding, EB-earthen balls, Rh-Rhizome,

RS-Root stock, S-Slips, SB-Seed broadcast, , SL-seedling
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5.4.1 Other points to be for OB dump management.

In addition to the engineering and biological measures other points of consideration for
OB dump management are as follows:
The overburdens are to be dumped as per the specifications of IBM and MoEF
stipulated conditions and the overall slope of the dump are to be maintained at
not more than 28 angle.
The topsoil collected and stacked during the initial stages of mining should be
used in plantation programme.
The over burdens have to be dumped in benches made for the purpose of
stabilization, and it should be ensured that no over burden crosses out of the nalas
under any circumstances.
All along the slope of the OB dumps, garland drains with bottom width of 2.0 m,
top width 1 m with side slope 1:2 and 5 m height should be constructed and
connected to natural drain/nala. Regular de-silting has to be carried out, i.e.,
before and after monsoon season and the silt material can be used for plantation
purpose.
The over burden should be filled back in such a way that the water drains out into
the streams in the same ratio as it is flowing naturally. Therefore, provision
should be made to flow down the rainwater gradually in all natural streams
equally. The direction of course of flow should not be changed or modified.
5.4.2 Mine pit management and rehabilitation

After extraction of iron ore, all hard overburden/wastes generated during mining
operations should be used in back filling of mine pits or dumped in the worked out area
of the mine so as to maintain and bring back the original shape of the terrain as far as
possible. The mine pits have to be leveled after extraction of the ore to match the contour
of the area. The stacked top soil has to be spread over on compacted back filled area in
order to facilitate the re-vegetation process, which in turn controls silt flow towards the
downstream. The construction of channels all along the boundary of the mine pit has to
be made to help in arresting runoff and preventing soil erosion.
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5.4.3 Management of refractory sites

The areas which lakhk any nutrient containing soil can be planted with Agave americana,
A. sisalana, Dodonaea viscosa, Euphorbia tirucalli, E. tortilis, Sterculia urens which have been
proved successful in extreme conditions (Table 5.8).
Table No. 5.8: Plant Species suitable for stabilization of Refractory Sties
5.4.4
Sl. No.
Plant species
Local Name
Family
Habit
Agave americana
Aane Katthaale
Agavaceae
Shrub
Agave sisalana
Boodu Katthaale
Agavaceae
Shrub
Dodonaea viscosa
Bandarike
Sapindaceae
Shrub
Euphorbia tirucalli
Kolu kalli
Euphorbiaceae
Shrub
Euphorbia tortilis
Thirugu kalli
Euphorbiaceae
Shrub
Sterculia urens
Kempu dale
Sterculiaceae
Tree
Mine Drainage Management and Rehabilitation
The drainage management and rehabilitation plan for this mine is recommended as
follows:
a) Provide proper gradient and drainage arrangement at the mine benches and over
burden dumping area
b) After trapping the suspended solids in garland drains just below the over burden
dumps, the water has to be allowed to flow down the dump slopes to join natural
streams/nallas through settling tank with filtration arrangements, so that all the
suspended solids and sediments will be arrested.
c) Plantation of indigenous and other economically important trees, shrubs, herbs
and grasses at the point of discharge, where the mine outlet will pass through bioengineering structures and on OB dumps has to be taken up, so that the
sediment/silt flow will be arrested from the site and soil moisture can be
maintained.
d)
The drain/nallas bunds shall be planted with suitable grasses, herbs, shrubs and
trees, namely, Acacia nilotica, Agave americana, A. sisalana, Bambusa arundinacea,
Calotropis gigantea, Calotropis procera, Cassia auriculata, Chrysopogon fulvus,
Cymbopogon flexuosus, C. martinii, C. nardus, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dichanthium
annulatum, Ficus racemosa, Heteropogon contortus, Indigofera cassioides,
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spontaneum, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia arjuna, Vitex negundo etc. (Table-5.9). At

steep slopes necessary engineering and biological measures have to be
undertaken to prevent soil erosion.
Table 5.9. Plant Species suitable for Stabilization of Nalla/Drain Courses
Sl. No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15
16
17
18
5.4.5
Plant species
Acacia nilotica
Agave americana
Agave sisalana
Calotropis gigantea
Calotropis procera
Cassia auriculata
Chrysopogon fulvus
Cymbopogon nardus
Vitex negundo
Azdirachta indica
Albizia odorattisima
Dalbergia paniculata
Ficus religiosa
Morinda pubescens
Pongamia pinnata
Local/kannada name
Kari gobbali
Aane Katthaale
Boodu Katthaale
Ekka
Bili ekka
Aavarike
Ganjigarike
Anthibale hullu
Ganda hanchi hullu
Ganjala Garike hullu
Ooobina hullu
Lakki
Neem/Bibu
Family
Mimosaceae
Agavaceae
Agavaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Asclepiadaceae
Caesalpiniaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Poaceae
Verbenaceae
Meliaceae
Mimosaceae
Fabaceae
Moraceae
Rubiaceae
Fabaceae
Habit
Tree
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Shrub
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Herb
Shrub
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Tree
Management of haul roads
The present condition of haul roads, which are leading to the mine should be
maintained at regular intervals. The roads must be regularly sprinkled with water to
avoid dust spreading during transportation of ore material through trucks.
Tarpaulin covering during the transportation of iron ore is a must. The drainage system
is inadequate along the haul roads and it is suggested that drainage has to be provided
to arrest sediment flow towards downstream.
All along the haul roads following fast growing avenue tree species should be planted
to suppress the noise and dust pollution (Table-5.10): Albizia lebbeck, A. odoratissima,
Azadirachta indica, Cassia fistula, Ficus benghalensis, Gmelina arborea,Grewia tiliifolia ,
Pongamia pinnata, Tamarindus indica, Thespesia populnea and Terminalia catappa (three rows
on either side at a distance of 2.5 m apart)
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Table-5.10: Plant Species Recommended for Avenue Plantation along Mine Haul
Roads
Sl. No.
Plant species
Local names
Family
Acacia horrida
Aanegobli
Mimosaceae
Acacia nilotica
Kari gobli
Mimosaceae
Albizia amara
Chigare
Mimosaceae
Albizia lebbeck
Baage
Mimosaceae
Albizia odoratissima
Bilvaara
Mimosaceae
Azadirachta indica
Ishwari
Meliaceae
Cassia fistula
kakke
Caesalpiniaceae
Dalbergia latifolia
Beete mara
Fabaceae
Ficus benghalensis
Aalada mara
Moraceae
10
Ficus religiosa
Aralimara
Moraceae
11
Grewia tiliifolia
Sannudippe
Tiliaceae
12
Hardwickia binata
13
Tapasimara
Ulmaceae
14
Pongamia pinnata
Honge
Fabaceae
15
Tamarindus indica
Hunise
Caesalpiniaceae
16
Thespesia populnea
Hoovarasi mara
Malvaceae
17
Trema orientalis
Gorklu mara
Ulmaceae
Caesalpinaceae
5.5 AFFORESTATION
Afforestation of the mined out and other available areas which are not fragmented but
are degraded due to mining activity is the main component of re-vegetation process to
mitigate the negative impacts of the mining on environment. By afforestation, restoration
of the ecosystem as closely to the pre-mining is possible and accomplished.
In the context of the mines under study the mine lease area though not fully mined out,
an afforestation plan has been formulated considering the conceptual closure plan of the
mines. After excluding the area finally classified under green belt, plantations and over
burden dumps, the area to be afforested in ML-2352 has been worked out to be 64.338
ha. [lease area 69.60 ha (OB dump 2.27 ha + Green belt 1.192 ha + plantations 1.80 ha)].
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The afforestation covering 1000 trees and 2500 shrubs per ha, inclusive of maintenance
for five year has been worked out as per the norms of State Forest Department,
Karnataka. The total cost for afforestation in 64.338 ha @ Rs. 1.74 Lakh/ha has been
worked to be Rs 111.94 Lakhs. It is recommended that the work of afforestation should
be entrusted to the State Forest Department, Karnataka and the periodical monitoring
shall be assigned to a national specialized scientific institution.
Afforestation shall be made through:
Propagates (seeds, tubers, corms, bulbs, rhizomes and roots) stored in top
soil.
Planting nursery-raised seedlings
By seed dibbling
Transplants of individuals from natural areas
It is usually more economical to establish plants by direct seeding than by planting
seedlings. Planting nursery-raised seedlings is most appropriate when the particular
species cannot be established in suitable numbers through seeding or topsoil return. It
may be possible to propagate these species from seed, cuttings, bulbs, rhizomes and
grow them on in containers in a nursery and then plant them as a part of the restoration
process. Planting seedlings may also be appropriate where the restoration objectives
require a systematic layout of plants, as in the case of establishing a plantation.
5.5.1 Multipurpose plant species
The multipurpose plant species recommended for eco-rehabilitation and reclamation of
mine areas are presented in Table 5.11.
Table No. 5.11. Multipurpose plant species recommended for eco-reclamation and ecorehabilitation of mine areas
Sl. No. Plant species
Local name
Family
Uses
A. Grasses and Herbs

1
Abutilon indicum
Shrimudre
Malvaceae
Acacia nilotica
Karigobli
Mimosaceae
Aristida setacea
Doddahanchihullu
Poaceae
Aanekattu hullu
Poaceae
Cassia occidentalis
Doddathagase
Caesalpiniaceae M
Cassia senna
Nelavarike
Caesalpiniaceae M
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Cassia tora
Gundu thagase
Caesalpiniaceae M
Chrysopogon fulvus
Ganjigarike
Poaceae
Crotalaria juncea
Sanna senabu
Fabaceae
10
Anthibale hullu
Poaceae
11
Cymbopogon nardus
Ganda hanchi hullu
Poaceae
12
Cynodon dactylon
Garike hullu
Poaceae
13
Dactyloctenium aegyptium
Kaadu raagi hullu
Poaceae
14
Ganjala garike hullu
Poaceae
15
Ooobina hullu
Poaceae
16
Mimosa pudica
Muttidare muni
Mimosaceae
17
Tephrosia purpurea
Koggi
Fabaceae
B. Climbers and Shrubs

18
Agave americana
Aane Kaththaale
Agavaceae
19
Agave sisalana
Boodu Katthaale
Agavaceae
20
Calotropis gigantea
Ekka
Asclepiadaceae
21
Calotropis procera
Kempu ekka
Asclepiadaceae
22
Cassia auriculata
Aavarike
Caesalpiniaceae M
23
Euphorbia tirucalli
Atthimara
Euphorbiaceae
24
Jatropha curcas
Dodda haralu
Euphorbiaceae
M, C
25
Vitex negundo
Lakki
Verbenaceae
26
Aegle marmelos
Bilva patre
Rutaceae
27
Alangium salvifolium
Ankole
Alangiaceae
M,T
28
Ceiba pentandra
Booruga
Bombaceae
29
Dalbergia latifolia
Beete mara
Fabaceae
30
Dalbergia paniculata
Pachari mara
Fabaceae
31
Dalbergia sissoo
Shishta bage, Britimara Fabaceae
32
Ficus benghalensis
Arali
Moraceae
M, T, F
33
Ficus religiosa
Shivani
Moraceae
M,F
34
Givotia rottleriformis
Hetthaega
Euphorbiaceae
35
Grewia tiliifolia
Sannudippe
Tiliaceae
C. Trees
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36
Hardwickia binata
Asanagurgi
Caesalpiniaceae T
37
Tapasimara
Ulmaceae
38
Limonia acidissima
Rutaceae
M, E, C
39
Morinda pubescens
Rubiaceae
40
Phyllanthus emblica
Nelli
Euphorbiaceae
M,C
41
Pithecelobium dulce
Seemehunise mara
Mimosaceae
E, F
42
Pongamia pinnata
Honge
Fabaceae
M, C
43
Syzygium cumini
Nerale
Myrtaceae
T, E,C
44
Tamarindus indica
Hunise
Caesalpiniaceae T, E,C
45
Wrightia tinctoria
46
Ziziphus mauritiana
47
Combretaceae
Haale
Rubiaceae
Acacia catechu
Bore
Rhamnaceae
E,C
48
Acacia nilotica
Kaachu
Mimosaceae
49
Aegle marmelos
Kare Jaali
Mimosaceae
50
Albizia amara
Dodda mara
Simaroubaceae
51
Albizia lebbeck
Chujjulu
Mimosaceae
52
Annona squamosa
Baage
Mimosaceae
53
Anogeissus latifolia
Seethaphala
Annonaceae
M,E,C
54
Azadirachta indica
Dindiga
Combretaceae
55
Cassia fistula
Maddi mara
Burseraceae
M, C
M=Medicinal; T=Timber; E=Edible; F=Fodder; C=Commercial

5.5.2 Establishment of Nursery:
The lessee has not established any nursery for undertaking plantations.
Following
suggestions are made to establish a nursery.
Minimum of two acres of land must be allotted for setting up the nursery.
Efforts should be made to employ local people familiar with the local flora.
Seeds of the species prescribed for various purposes should be procured for
raising the seedlings.
A separate
area should be earmarked for establishing Medicinal plant nursery.
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Unemployed youth and women should be employed in the nursery. They should
be given adequate training in nursery technique.
The programme of raising seedling by the local women should be encouraged

and buy back system may be introduced.
5.6 GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN

In order to minimize the impact of mining on environmental components outside the
mine lease area, greenbelt zone of 7.5m width should be established in safety zone inside
mine lease area. The establishment of Green belt will help wildlife movement, and also
human health. The greenbelt will act as a barrier to trap the suspended dust particles and
also suppresses noise and air pollutants. It is also important to create a green belt with
tall seedlings (>1 m height) of fast growing species to hasten the process of greening the
area. Green belt available in the safety zone of this mine has been partly planted. It is
suggested that the areas which are not planted should be planted with the species
specified in this report at the earliest.
5.6.1 Cost of Developing Green Belt
The greenbelt area has to be developed along total 1.192 ha along the periphery within
the Mine Lease Area- 2352. Based on the per hectare cost of Rupees 2.57 Lakhs the cost of
developing green belt in safety zone of Mine Lease Areas works out to Rs. 3.06 Lakhs as
given in Table-5.12.
Table-5.12: Cost Estimate for Developing Green Belt
Sl.
MI area
Area of Green Belt (ha) Rate/ha(Rs. in lakhs) Amount(Rs. in lakhs)
No.
1
ML-2352
1.192
2.57
Total
3.06
3.06
5.6.2 Recommended Plant Species

The important tree species, namely, Albizia amara, A. lebbeck,
Azadirachta indica, Cassia
fistula, Ficus benghalensis, F. religiosa, Hardwickia binata, Holoptelea integrifolia, Lagerstroemia

parviflora, Phyllanthus emblica, Pithecelobium dulce, Pongamia pinnata, and Tectona grandis
have been recommended for greenbelt plantation around the mine lease area in four rows
(2.5mx2.5m spacing) as given in Table-5.13.
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Table-5.13: Tree Species recommended for Greenbelt Development around the mine
lease area.
Sl. No. Botanical name
Local name
Family
1.
Acacia nilotica
Karigobli
Mimosaceae
2.
Alangium salvfolium
Ankole
Alangiaceae
3.
Albizia amara
Chujjulu
Mimosaceae
4.
Albizia lebbeck
Baage
Mimosaceae
5.
Azadirachta indica
Bevu
Meliaceae
6.
Cassia fistula
Kakke
Caesalpiniaceae
7.
Dalbergia latifolia
Beete mara
Fabaceae
8.
Ficus benghalensis
Aaladamara
Moraceae
9.
Ficus religiosa
Aralimara
Moraceae
10.
Hardwickia binata
Asanagurgi
Caesalpiniaceae
11.
Tapasimara
Ulmaceae
12.
Lagerstroemia parviflora Holedasawala
13.
Phyllanthus emblica
Bettada nellikai Euphorbiaceae
14.
Pongamia pinnata
Hongemara
Fabaceae
15.
Morinda pubescens
Haladi paavate
Rubiaceae
16.
Prosopis spicigera
Perumbe
Mimosaceae
Lythraceae
5.7 BIODIVERSITY CONSERVATION PLAN

The zone in which the present mine under study has comparatively very poor in
vegetation especially in the zones adjoining the mine lease area.
5.7.1 Flora
Considering the importance of the forest ecosystem in terms of its environmental services
suitable floral species have been recommended for restoration of the mined out areas for
timber, fodder, fuel wood and medicinal plant to meet the community requirement and
overall ecosystem development
5.7.2 Fauna
Following suggestions are made in this plan to improve the faunal population:
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5.7.3 Habitat protection

The diversity of animal species and their abundance is largely dependent on the
availability of suitable habitats. All measures as suggested in Biological measures must be
followed to achieve success in Biodiversity Conservation plan. No natural materials (Both
physical and biological) should be displakhed from the natural habitat. The natural
habitat area outside the mining lease area should be declared as non human interference
area.
5.7.4 Providing a corridor for the dwelling and movement of Herpetofauna

A corridor must be created among the fragmented habitat by planting trees, shrubs,
herbs and grasses to allow the movement of Herpetofauna.
5.7.5 Creation of Habitat for Avifauna

Fruit, fodder and shelter providing tree species like Aegle marmelos, Annona squamosa,
Alangium
salvifolium,
racemosa,Limonia
Azadirachta
indica,,Ficus
acidissima,Madhuca
benghalensis,
Ficus
longifolia,Pithecellobium
religiosa,
Ficus
dulce,Phyllanthus
emblica,Syzigium cumini Tamarindus indica, Ziziphus mauritiana etc.should
be planted to
attract birds and other wildlife..

5.7.6 Reducing anthropogenic pressure
No mining activity should be allowed after 6 pm to 6am
Bright lights should not be used after 6 pm.
Vehicular traffic should be banned 6pm and 6am.
5.7.7 Aquatic Fauna

Two major nallas exist in the mine lease area. One on the North- eastern side and another
on South-western side. Both the nallas join together on the north-eastern side and get
drained into Kuduthini tank which considered as a big tank catering the needs of
Kudithini villagers. The watercourses within and adjoining areas are formed during
monsoon to drain off as surface water. Such precipitation water originating from the
mine areas may contaminate the freshwater sources and increased flow of suspended
mine solids and sediments into the streams and nallas. Hence, this water is proposed to
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be let out through a series of biological and engineering measures as suggested in the
earlier chapters of the present report.
The bio-engineering measures such as plantation of grasses along slopes, contour drains,
mine boundaries and back fill areas and gabion structure; check dams, rock fill dams as
recommended in section 5.1 should be adopted to regulate sediment flow and water runoff. Further, it is also suggested that during mining operations, localized pits should be
created to collect mine water, which should be pumped out through peripheral drains of
the mine. All the existing drains arising from the mine area should be well connected to
natural streams/nallas only after passing through bio-engineering structures. Garland
trenches should be provided all along the OB dumps, Ore and sub grade ore dumps of
mine area to prevent soil erosion which may result in siltation of the streams. By
adopting the above measures, the aquatic faunal diversity may not get affected from the
mining activity.
5.8 SOIL MANAGEMENT PLAN

Development projects in any region must learn to respect the ecological integrity and the
priority of conserving biodiversity of the region for long-term sustainability of the
mineral extraction initiatives, for economic development and dependent human wellbeings. It is therefore important to reclaim and rehabilitate the mining areas, conservation
of flora and fauna including beneficial microbes. The microbes play an important role in
maintaining the biological equilibrium of the ecosystem. Among different microbes, there
is a symbiotic group of fungi called mycorrhizae. They are extremely important as they
help in transport of phosphorous and other essential elements to the plant system from
the soil. These mycorrhizal fungi also protect the plants against soil borne and root borne
diseases. Other than mycorrhizal fungi, the beneficial microbes such as Plant Growth
Promoting
Rhizobcteria
(PGPR)
viz.,
Azotobacter,
Azospirillum,
Rhizobium
and
Phosphobactreria (species of Bacillus and Pseudomonas) involved in breakdown of organic

matter, N2 fixation, secretion of plant growth hormones and increase of available mineral
nutrients in soil. They are also helpful to build up other beneficial micro-flora and in turn
improve soil health (Mohan and Karthkeyan, 2011). These beneficial microbes are
considered as bio-inoculants or bio-fertilizers and they improve the growth and quality
of the seedlings in nursery and also help the plants for better survival and establishment
91
ICFRE
ICFRE
in problematic areas like mined areas and maintain soil structure. The type of biofertilizers and the application rate will vary according to the site, soil type and postmining land use.
Furthermore, most of the restoration programme will include application of organic
fertilizers like farmyard manure (FYM), green/leaf manure and vermi compost. Initial
applications of these organic fertilizers have been shown to increase species numbers, plant
density and growth rates. Various organic wastes can also have value as both fertilizers
and soil amendments based on the availability.
The most practical way to increase the nitrogen capital of ecosystems is to establish
nitrogen-fixing plants, usually legumes, which can quickly increase the nitrogen levels in
the system. The easiest method is to broadcast large quantity of seeds of Horse gram
(Macrotyloma uniflorum) immediately after first showers. Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal
(VAM) fungi and Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) can be applied along
with fully composted farmyard manure and vermi compost to increase the growth of the
plants as well as fertility of the soil. The appropriate cost of soil amendment will be Rs.
3.00 lakh.
The following measures in respect of soil management can be adopted in reclamation and
rehabilitation of mined areas:
Beneficial microbes are present in the top soil of mining areas. Hence, the top soil
must be removed at the time of mining and dumped separately at a
predetermined area as per the mine land use plan and be used for reclamation
and rehabilitation of mined areas.
Necessary precautions has to be taken to preserve the fertility and shelf life of the
micro flora in the top soil by adopting suitable height of the top soil dumps and
preventing losses due to erosion during the phase of temporary storage.
The top soil containing beneficial micro flora of the site must be spread over the
mined out areas including OB dumps and back filled areas during the process of
mined land rehabilitation.
In addition, adopting the following management techniques with the use and application
of beneficial microorganisms as bio-inoculants (bio-fertilizers) along with organic
fertilizers will be very effective during the mine spoil reclamation and rehabilitation
programme:
92

The beneficial microorganisms can be introduced as bio-fertilizers during

afforestation in the overburden dumps and other mined out areas through
planting of suitable fast growing native plant species (inoculated with biofertilizers and organic fertilizers) like grasses, herbs, shrubs and trees.
The seedlings can be inoculated with Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (VAM)
fungi and other beneficial microorganisms like PGPRs (Azotobacter, Azospirillum,
Phosphobacterium, Rhizobium) along with the bio-manures/ organic manures like
fully composted farmyard manure, vermi-compost, leaf compost in the nursery.
The bio-fertilizer inoculated seedlings/saplings should be planted during the
process of rehabilitation of mined areas.
The pits dug out for planting of saplings for afforetation should be filled with the
mixture of biofertilizers and organic manures (preferably 15 gm biofertilizers +
750gm to 1kg organic manure per pit).
5.9 PRODUCTION CAPACITY BASED ON RESERVE, DUMP AND ROAD

CAPACITY
5.9.1
Permissible production capacity based on reserves
Annual capacity of the mine has been estimated considering total reserves under proved
(111) & probable (121/122) categories of reserves. As per the decision taken in CEC
meeting dated 26.04.2012 the 50% of proved and probable reserves or the actual possible
reserves whichever is less are also considered as possible reserves, in this case category
wise reserves has not been estimated in the approved scheme of mining 2006-07 to 201011. The reserves estimated in the earlier approved scheme of mining have been
considered and the category as well as grade wise reserves are furnished bellow in the
table.
Table No. 5.14: Details of the category wise mineable reserves
Ore (Quantity in Million Tonnes)
Iron Ore
Sub Grade (BHQ) Yellow Oxide Red Oxide
Total
9.51
Geological
1.71
5.97
1.31
0.52
5.53
Mineable
0.94
3.52
0.75
0.32
(Source: Draft scheme of mining submitted on 23.09.2011 for the period 2011-12 to 2015-16;
Category
Page no. 9)
93
ICFRE

After the approval of previous scheme a total production of 0.23 Million Tonnes was
obtained from 2007-08 to 2010-11 and which has been depleted from the reserves of 5.53
Million Tonnes. The updated and the balanced geological and minable reserves are given
below in the Table 5.15.
Table No. 5.15: Details of the updated reserves (Quantity in Million Tonnes)
As per the previous
Updated
approved scheme
9.12
Geological
9.51
5.30
Mineable
5.53
Based on these reserves, the production of about 0.265 or say 0.27 (of iron ore red/Yellow
Category
Ochre and BHQ) Million Tonnes per annum could be permissible during the next 20
years.
5.9.2
Permissible Production capacity based on Dump
The additional volume of the waste material that could be accommodated in the active
dump during next plan period has been estimated approximately at 2.75 lakh cum
(Figure no. 5.3) The details of production based on this dump capacity are as per
following.
Total additional waste that would be accommodated in the defined area for dump
D1 during next plan period = 2.75 lakh cum. =0.28 MCM
Given average ore to waste material ration (Stripping ratio) = 1: 3.6 (Table- 2.7)
Therefore, quantum of waste material corresponding to this volume = 0.28 X 2
(bulk density of waste) = 0.56 MT.
Therefore, the quantity of ore that can be produced corresponding to 0.56 Million
Tonnes of waste at stripping ratio of ore to waste of 1: 3.61 of waste material =
0.56/ 3.61 = 0.155 or say 0.16 Million Tonnes
Hence, the annual production capacity = 0.16/5 = 0.032 MT/annum.
5.9.3 Permissible Production Capacity based on Road

The total ore mined moves towards NH-63 for domestic users, traversing through 2
different stretches & State Higway-19. Computation is annexed at HIM-3. The capacity
assignable to Hariginadona Mine M.L No 2352 of Allum Prashant is 0.315 MTPA based
on the limit from Road Section R9. The summary of various sections of Road Capacity
and Hariginadona mine production capacity is provided below
94
ICFRE
ICFRE
Road
Sectio
n No.
Road Section
Type of Road
(% distribution of (%
distribution
mine traffic)
assigned to mine
corresponding to
road capacity)
Road
Capacit
y
(MTPA)
Road
Capacity
assigned to
mine ML.
No. 2352
Production
Capacity
corresponding
to
road
capacity
R1
HARIGINADONA Private Road

Mine
head
to
Stockyard
0.336
0.336
0.336
R2
Mines to PWD road
Private road
0.378
0.378
0.378
Public road (80%)
0.375
0.300
0.500
NH (10%)
5.17
0.517
0.862
Public road (20%)
3.6
0.720
3.6
Public road (70% 1.8

to mines) & from
that 70% (90 %
TBAPL ML2293 &
10% ML 2352
0.126
0.315
1.8
0.18
0.45
1.44
0.288
0.72
R3
PWD road to NH63 joining (60 %)

R4, 5, National highway
6, 7
63(60 %)
R8
Cantonment
to
Cant
Railway
siding (20%)
R9
PWD
road
to
Belagallu
cross
(40%)
R10
R11
Belagallu cross to NH-63

NH63
SH-19 (40%)
SH (20%)
Thus, the road capacity is not a constraint for this mines production level.
Considering the currently available information or facilities, the annual
production limit of 0.032 Million Tonnes based on dumps may be considered, which is
minimum among the three criteria. Detail of capacity for all criteria is given in the Table5.16.
Table-5.16: Criteria for Estimation of Permissible Production limit for, ML- 2352
Sl. No.
Criteria
Permissible Production Limit
(Million Tonnes)
1
Reserves
0.27
0.032
2
Dump Capacity
3
Road Capacity
0.315
95

5.9.4
Additional measures if any

Following additional measures are proposed as listed below: -
A. Dust Control Measures

a. Water sprinkling to be carried out to wet the ore / waste before loading into trucks /
dumpers
b. Trucks carrying finished product outside the lease area should be kept in good
condition at all times to prevent spillages on the roads, should be covered with good
quality tarpaulins to avoid spillages and prevent entry of water, and should not be
overloaded beyond the registered capacity of trucks
B.
Mining technology and exploration -
a. Detailed exploration should be carried out in the lease area for proper assessment of
reserves & resources and to plan scientific mining, grade segregation and
beneficiation, dumping/backfilling etc.
b. Mining should be carried out in a systematic manner and by farming of systematic

benches as per MMR61.
c. Worked our area of float ore should be backfilled and reclaimed unless it is within the
Ultimate Pit Limit.
C.
General Conditions:
a. All the conditions stipulated by various statutory agencies, viz., MoEF, SPCB, IBM,
DGMS, DMG, etc. in their various approvals except to the extent modified as
mentioned in (I) and (II) above, should be strictly complied with.
5.10
OBSERVATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS.

Inactive dump not stabilized (towards western side) with plantation, Over all
height of the dump is 25 m, no benches or terraces on the slope of the dump, no
retaining wall, dump angle is about 55o
Inactive dump height is 15 m and angle more than 55o
No garland drain and green belt
Mining is unscientific and the mine benches are not systematic. The whole mine
pit is like a trench.
96
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5.11 IMPLEMENTATION AND MONITORING

Rehabilitation is the principal process used to mitigate the long-term impacts of mining on
the environment. The main objective of the proposed rehabilitation plan is to restore the
pre-mining conditions as closely as possible in order to ensure the future sustainability of
the site. The proposed Reclamation and Rehabilitation plan has been aimed for
topographic reconstruction with engineering and biological measures for erosion control
and re-vegetation with adequate soil amendments including application of beneficial
microbes (bio-fertilizers) such as mycorrhizal fungi, PGPRs etc for re-establishment of
nutrient cycle for sustainability of restoration. Also, encouraging the native fauna to return
to areas cleared for mining is the integrated aim of this restoration programme which aims
to restore a natural ecosystem. The recommended provisions are to be implemented by the
mine owner in consonance with the macro-level EIA report of ICFRE submitted to Honble
Supreme Court of India.
Therefore, the findings of macro-level EIA report and recommendations made in the
chapter nine of the report Scientific Mining in Bellary District, Karnataka - The Way
Ahead and the direction on it by the Honble Supreme Court of India to protect further
environmental degradation may be corroborated with the current Reclamation and
Rehabilitation plan and common infrastructure proposed.
Another important aspect is the regular monitoring of the implementation of the proposed
measures of the current Reclamation and Rehabilitation Plan in order to ensure
rehabilitation of the mine affected areas as envisaged in the plan. Monitoring provides a
method of measuring progress against an objective. In addition, site surveillance may be
necessary to demonstrate that the mine site remains safe and poses no environmental or
health risks. Regular monitoring also allows for a proactive response where the
rehabilitation process is found to be lakhking in the desired results. Therefore, it would be
essential that the monitoring is done by a body having competent and composite scientific
expertise as it would need to be conducted using transparent and scientifically rigorous
procedures. These programs need to combine cost-effectiveness with credibility to
regulators, local communities and other interested parties. The objective assessment of the
mine site should be consistent with the adaptive management technique (do-monitorevaluate-revise).
97
ICFRE
Monitoring a landscapes health over time in response to environmental, management or

regulatory drivers is important for land managers, ranging from individuals to
governments, especially when the monitoring output has direct relevance for management
decision-making. Monitoring may be seeking to look for evidence of landscape
degradation or of rehabilitation progress and the procedure needs to have equal facility in
dealing with these scenarios. Therefore, it is also essential that the skills of both, the mine
owners and the managers, should be upgraded through professionally designed refresher
courses. This training would equip them to:
Respond to environmental impacts
Develop plans to address impacts
To implement the plans and evaluate the results, and
Report and record on results
In order to achieve these objectives, it is recommended that suitable refresher courses
should be designed and conducted by some competent organization which has the
scientific expertise and experience in the field of mine rehabilitation.
5.12 COST SUMMARY OF THE PROPOSED PLAN

The cost estimated for the engineering and biological measure for Reclamation and
Rehabilitation Plan is approx. Rs.248.17 lakhs (Rupees Two Crores forty eight Lakhs and
seventeen Thousand only). The cost for implementation of Social Management Plan
(SMP), Biodiversity Management Plan, Monitoring and implementation of Reclamation
and Rehabilitation Plan, capacity building of the personal involved, infrastructure etc.,
shall be met from allocating of 10% of the annual sale proceeds from the mines, in respect
of Category: A mine, may be transferred to SPV for the purpose of taking up various
ameliorative and mitigative measures in district Chitradurga or as decided by task force
to be constituted as per the recommendation of Macro-level EIA report and the direction
of Honble Supreme Court of India for implementation of R&R plan and EMP. The
breakup of the cost estimate is given below in Table 5.14.
98

Table-5.17: Cost Summary of the Proposed Plan

Sl.
No.
1
Item of work
Amount in Lakh Rs.
Reclamation and rehabilitation for

encroached area
Estimate for dump management
plan
Surface
water
14.85
30.53
management
through Construction of Gully

3
Plug, Check Dam and Settling
84.79
tanks.
Green belt
3.06
Soil amendments
3.00
Afforestation
111.94
10% of the annual sale proceeds
from the mines, in respect of
Category:A
mine,
may
be
transferred to SPV for the purpose
Social Management Plan (SMP),
of taking up various ameliorative
Biodiversity
Plan,
and mitigative majors in district
Monitoring and implementation of
Bellary or as decided by task force
R&R
to
plan,
Management
capacity
building,
be
constituted
recommendation
infrastructure etc.
of
as
per
the
Macro-level
EIA report and the direction of

honorable Supreme Court of India
for implementation of R&R plan
and EMP
Rs. 248.17 lakh excluding the cost
of items as proposed at Sl.No. 7
Total
above.
99
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5.13 TIME SCHEDULE

IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE OF MITIGATION / ENGINEERING MEASURES FOR ALLUM PRASHANT, M.L.No. 2352,
Descriptio
n
Qty.
Work
to be
done
1st
2nd
3rd
4th
5th
6th
7th
8th
9th
10th
11th
12th
13th
R AND R PLAN FOR THE ENCROACHED AREAS

1782
m3
Rs.520
rate/m3
Garland
600
Rs.520
rate/m3
Drain
m3
R-R dry
stone
masonary
Providing
and fixing
geo textile
on outer
0.21
ha
Rs.10
lakh/h
a
surface of
slope of
100
14th
15th
16th
17th
18th
19th
20th
ICFRE
waste
dump
Plantation
over waste
dump area
0.21
ha
Rs.1074
lakh/h
a
DUMP MANAGEMNET PLAN

RETAINING WALLS AT TOE OG WASTE DUMP
R-R dry
stone
1920
masonary
m3
Rs.520/
m3
(RW-1)
R-R dry
stone
masonary
1782
m3
Rs.520/
m3
(RW-1)
Garland
drain
(GD-1)
640
m3
Rs.520/
m3
101
ICFRE
(GD-2)
600
m3
Rs.520/
m3
Providing
and fixing
geo-textile
on outer
0.09
surface of
ha
Rs. 10
lakh/h
a
slope of
waste
dump
Plantation
over waste
dump area
2.27
ha
Rs.1.74
lakh/h
a
SURFACE WATER MANAGEMNET PLAN

Gully
900
plugs(10)
m3
Masonary
80
Rs.520/
m3
40,000/
102

Check
runni
runnin
Dam (4)
ng m
gm
Rock fill
1560
Rs.520/
m3
check dam
m3
Green Belt
developm
ent on
safety
2.57 ha
zone area
Afforested
Area
Plantation
on Dumps
Strentheni
103
ICFRE

ng & Gap
Plantation
Environm
ental
Monitorin
g & watch
- Ward
after
closure
104
ICFRE

5.14 BIBLIOGRAPHY
Champion, H.G. and Seth, S.K. 1968. A revised Survey of the Forest types of India. Govt.
of India Publications. New Delhi.
Legris and Pascal, 1982. Explanatory booklet on the map of South India. French Institute
Pondicherry.
Kundu, N.K. and Ghose, M.K. 1998. Studies on the Exisiting Plant Communities in
Easterns Coal Field Areas with a view to Reclamation of Mined Outlands. Journal
of Environmental Biology. 19 (1): 83-89.
V. Mohan and A. Karthikeyan. 2011. Biofertilizers and Biomanures (Techniques for
Production, Maintenance and Application). Institute of Forest Genetics and Tree
Breeding, Coimbatore - 641 002., Tamil Nadu, India pp.1-44.
Padmavathiamma,
P.K.
and
Li,
L.Y.
2007.
Phytoremediation
Technology:
Hyperaccumulation Metals in Plants. Water Air Soil Pollution 184(1-4): 105-126.

Sheoran, V., Sheoran, A.S. and Poonia, P. 2009. Phytomining: A Review. Minerals
Engineering. 22(12): 10071019.
Sheoran, V., Sheoran, A.S. and Poonia, P. 2010. Soil Reclamation of Abandoned Mine
Land by Revegetation: A Review. International Journal of Soil, Sediment and Water:
3(2): Article 13.
Singh, A.N. and Singh, J.S. 2006. Experiments on Ecological Restoration of Coal Mine
Spoil using Native Trees in a Dry Tropical Environment, India: A Synthesis ,"
New Forests, vol. 31, no. 1, pp. 25-39.
105
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PLATES
PLATE 1
UNSCIENTIFIC MINE BENCHES

PLATE-2
AGRICULTURAL LAND NEAR THE BOUNDARY OF MINE LEASE
106
ICFRE

PLATE-3
BROKEN CHECK DAM

PLATE-4
OB DUMP ADJACENT TO THE AGRICULTURAL LAND
107
ICFRE

PLATE-5
SUNGRADE ORE DUMP ON THE PATTA LAND

PLATE-6
UNSCIENTIFIC MINE PIT
108
ICFRE

PLATE-7
UNSCIENTIFIC OB DUMP
109
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ANNEXURES:
ANNEXURE-I
110
ICFRE

111
ICFRE

112
ICFRE

113
ICFRE

114
ICFRE

ANNEXURE-2
115
ICFRE

116
ICFRE

117
ICFRE

118
ICFRE

119
ICFRE

120
ICFRE

ANNEXURE-3
121
ICFRE

122
ICFRE

123
ICFRE

124
ICFRE

125
ICFRE

126
ICFRE

ANNEXURE-4
127
ICFRE

128
ICFRE

129
ICFRE

130
ICFRE

ANNEXURE-5
131
ICFRE

132
ICFRE

133
ICFRE

134
ICFRE

135
ICFRE

136
ICFRE

137
ICFRE

138
ICFRE

139
ICFRE

140
ICFRE

141
ICFRE

142
ICFRE

143
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144
ICFRE

145
ICFRE

146
ICFRE

147
ICFRE

148
ICFRE

149
ICFRE

150
ICFRE

ANNEXURE-6
151
ICFRE

152
ICFRE

153
ICFRE

154
ICFRE

155
ICFRE

156
ICFRE

157
ICFRE

158
ICFRE

159
ICFRE

160
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161
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162
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163
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164
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165
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R and R Plan of Allum Prashanth ML 2352

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Draft

Reclamation and Rehabilitation Plan

ENVIRONMENT MANAGEMENT DIVISION

P.O.-New Forest, Dehradun-248006 (UK)

Details of inactive dump

Details of active dump

Details of the category wise mineable reserves

Details of the updated reserves (Quantity in Million Tonnes)

Cost Estimate for Developing Green Belt

Google Map of the Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352

Index Map of District Bellary

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine ICFRE

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine ICFRE

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine ICFRE

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine ICFRE

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine ICFRE

to have adequate engineering measures further. 4 masonary check dams 10 gully

Azadirachta indica, Ficus microcarpa, Grewia villosa, Terminalia arjuna, Wrightia

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine ICFRE

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine ICFRE

And, the success of the Reclamation and

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine ICFRE

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine ICFRE

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine

Of Allum Prashant, Bellary (Ml No.2352)-

Preparation of supplementary Environment Management Plan for incorporating

Short term measures and

Long term measures

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine

Of Allum Prashant, Bellary (Ml No.2352)-

To delineate the level of degradation on various environmental components such as

SCOPE OF THE STUDY

suggested by the Director, Mines and Geology, vide letter dated

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine

Of Allum Prashant, Bellary (Ml No.2352)-

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine

Of Allum Prashant, Bellary (Ml No.2352)-

MINING PLANS AND ENVIRONMENTAL CLEARANCES

(A)Approved mining plan/scheme including copy of plan/scheme

pending for approval

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine

Of Allum Prashant, Bellary (Ml No.2352)-

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine

Of Allum Prashant, Bellary (Ml No.2352)-

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine

Of Allum Prashant, Bellary (Ml No.2352)-

Figure-2.2: Google Map of the Haraginadona Iron ore Mine, ML 2352

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine

Of Allum Prashant, Bellary (Ml No.2352)-

2.5.1 Mine machineries

2.5.2 Mine pits

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine

Of Allum Prashant, Bellary (Ml No.2352)-

2.5.3.2 Active dump

Table No. 2.2: Details of active dump

Table No. 2.3: Existing engineering measures within in the ML area

Check dam (CD-1)

Check dam (CD-6)

Retaining wall (RW- 30m X 0.8mX 0.8m

(source: surface water management plan Figure 5.2)

Reclamation And Rehabilitation Plan Haraginadona Iron Ore Mine

Of Allum Prashant, Bellary (Ml No.2352)-

Table No. 2.4: Existing engineering measures outside in the ML area

Check dam (CD-2)