SISTEM INDERA KHUSUS

SKIN
Observe the entire integument on these slides: epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis (if present). Recall
that two locations exist where skin is different in both gross and histological preparation: the palms of
the hands and soles of the feet are examples of thick skin and elsewhere the integument is made up
of thin skin. Thick skin has a thicker epidermal layer that includes the stratum lucidum and thick skin
lacks hair follicles.
Slide 43 Skin, sole of the foot.
This slide is an example of thick skin.
EPIDERMIS . Observe the layers of the epidermis : the stratum corneum (outermost), stratum lucidum
(limited to thick skin), stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Recall that the
cells of the stratum spinosum are mechanically attached by desmosomes. Keratohyaline granules
give the stratum granulosum its dark appearance. The stratum basale is the germinal layer of the
epidermis and often shows mitotic figures.
DERMIS . The dermis is composed of two layers: the papillary layer and reticular layer . The papillary
layer is closest to the epidermis. Connective tissue here is less dense than in the reticular layer. There
are numerous sections of blood vessels (arterioles, venules, and capillaries) in the dermis.
ECCRINE SWEAT GLANDS . Look in the deeper part of the dermis for these glands. Observe the
simple cuboidal or columnar cells of the secretory portion lying on a distinct basement membrane.
Find a myoepithelial cell (with elongated nuclei, located between the basement membrane and the
base of the secretory cells). Secretory portions usually stain lighter than ducts in H&E preparations.
Ducts are made of stratified cuboidal epithelium (a rare type). The ducts project through the dermis to
enter the epidermis and open to the surface. Find the ducts as they travel through the dermis.
Supplemental Slide 133 Skin.
Use this slide to locate Pacinian corpuscles (pressure receptors) in the deeper parts of the dermis.
These are very large with an onion skin pattern.
Slide 92 Finger, monkey.
Another example of thick skin. Observe the layers and structures mentioned in Slide 43. This slide
should have many Meissner's corpuscles (fine touch receptors); look for a horizontal or spiral
arrangement of tissue within the dermal papillae.
Slide 44 Scalp.
This slide demonstrates thin skin. Note that the various layers of the epidermis are not as clearly seen
in thin skin. Find the pigment in the region of the stratum basale. This pigment comes from the
melanin producing melanocytes within the stratum basale, which synthesize melanin and transfer it to
the regular epithelial cells of the stratum basale and stratum spinosum. The melanocytes are not

attached to neighboring cells by desmosomes and so tend to shrink away with preparation and
appear to be surrounded by a clear space. You may also see the gold-brown pigment in the epithelial
cells.
Also observe hair follicles and hair shafts with associated sebaceous glands . The hair follicle (an
invagination of the epidermis) has a terminal dilation, the hair bulb , composed of matrix cells and the
dermal papilla. The outermost layer of the follicle is composed of a connective tissue sheath with the
underlying external root sheath The external root sheath is continuous with the epithelium. Inside the
external root sheath is the internal root sheath which is composed of Henle's layer , Huxley's layer ,
and a cuticle . Each hair shaft is composed of a cuticle , cortex , and medulla . Find the arrector pili
muscle , smooth muscle that attaches to the connective tissue sheath of the hair follicle and erects the
hair upon contraction.
Supplemental Slide 101 Skin of palm, human.
This slide is sectioned very thin (1.5 mm) and stained with H&E. Observe the layers of the epidermis
and try to find Meissner's corpuscles within the dermal papillae.

ORAL CAVITY
Slide 95 Lip.
Note the skin of the face , the red margin of the lip, and the oral mucosa surfaces of this slide. The
skin of the face is a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium with hair follicles, while red margin of
the lip lacks hair follicles or glandular tissue. The oral mucosa is nonkeratinzed stratified squamous
epithelium with the labial minor salivary glands present beneath the epithelium. Observe the acini of
these seromucous glands. Note the transition between the red margin and oral mucosa.
Supplemental Slide 126 Tongue.
This slide is representative of the posterior region of the tongue. The epithelium of the dorsal tongue
is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium . Note the cornified layer of cells may have been lost in
preparation of this slide. Remember, most of the dorsal tongue is covered with papillae, of which there
are four principal kinds: Filiform, Fungiform, Circumvallate, and Foliate papillae.
The posterior region is where the circumvallate papillae are located and these are present in this
slide. Observe the minor salivary glands of the lamina propria and submucosa (continuous in the
tongue). Von Ebner's glands are specialized minor serous salivary glands that drain into the trench
around the circumvallate papillae. Taste buds are embedded within the epithelium of fungiform, foliate,
and circumvallate papillae. In this slide, look for taste buds on the lateral walls of the circumvallate
papillae. Note the skeletal muscle and its relationship to the glands.
Slide 63 Tongue.
This slide demonstrates filiform papillae mainly and skeletal muscle .

NASAL CAVITY

Slide 11 Nasal Mucosa, cat.

Find typical respiratory epithelium of the nasal mucosa and the modified epithelium that comprises the
olfactory epithelium . Compare the respiratory epithelium with the olfactory epithelium. Note the large
nerve bundles beneath the olfactory epithelium that eventually will make their way to the olfactory
bulbs via the cribriform plate. These are called filia olfactoria (axons of bipolar olfactory neurons).
Note also the Bowman's glands in the mucosa. 6