Fluid with No Shearing

Stress in Motion The

Bernoullis Equation
Derivation of Bernoullis equations from Newtons 2nd
Law and the constraints
Understanding of stagnation, static, dynamic, and
hydrostatic pressures
Applications of Bernoullis equations
Flow velocity measurement devices using Bernoullis
equations

Newtons 2nd Law

!
!
F=ma

Pressure and gravity

forces (ignore viscous
effect)

Particle mass Particle acceleration

Newtons 2nd Law

If the flow is steady, each successive particle that
passes through a given point will follow the same
path.
The lines that are tangent to the velocity vectors
throughout the flow field are called streamlines.
The motion of a particle (Fig. 3.1(b))
s=s(t), its distance along the streamline => V=ds/dt.
R=R(s), the local radius of curvature of the

streamline=> the shape of the streamline.

The streamlines
The streamline coordinate =>
The acceleration of a particle

(s, n )

!
! dV
a=
dt
The streamwise acceleration, as, along the
streamline

The normal acceleration, an, normal to the

streamline

The streamlines
In general,
The particle speed changes along its path

The particle does not flow in a straight line

To produce particle accleeration, there must be a net,

nonzero force on the fluid particle.

F=ma along a streamline

For steady flow, the component of Newtons 2nd law
along the streamline direction can be written as

The equation is valid for both

compressible and incompressible
flows.

F=ma along a streamline: Forces

acting on the fluid particle
Forces to be considered: (1) gravity force, (2) normal force
(pressure force), (3) shear force (viscous force)
The gravity force along the streamline direction

The pressure force along the streamline direction

F=ma along a streamline

If the fluid is inviscid, we have

A change in fluid particle is accomplished by the

combination of pressure gradient and particle weight
along the streamline.

F=ma along a streamline

sin=dz/ds (from Fig. 3.3)

dV 1 d 2
V
V
=
dS 2 ds
p
p
dp = ds + dn
s
n

( )

Bernoulli equation
We assume that the density is constant (incompressible
flow) then

1
2
p + V + z = constant along a streamline
2
for steady, invisicd, incompressible flows
Bernoulli equation

Example 3.4 Kinetic, Potential,

and Pressure Energy

Consider the flow of water from the syringe

shown in Figure E3.4. A force applied to the
plunger will produce a pressure greater than
atmospheric at point
(1) within the syringe. The water flows from the
needle, point (2), with relatively high velocity and
coasts up to point (3) at the top of its trajectory.
Discuss the energy of the fluid at point (1), (2),
and (3) by using the Bernoulli equation.

Example 3.4 Solution

The sum of the three types of energy (kinetic, potential, and pressure) or
heads (velocity, elevation, and pressure) must remain constant.

1
p + V 2 + z =constant along the streamline
2

The motion results in a change in the magnitude of each type

of energy as the fluid flows from one location to another.
The pressure gradient between (1) and (2)
produces an acceleration to eject the water
form the needle.
Gravity acting on the particle between (2)
and (3) produces a deceleration to cause
the water to come to a momentary stop at
the top of its flight.

F=ma normal to a streamline

The component of Newtons second law in the normal
direction can be written as

The gravity force

The pressure force

F=ma normal to a streamline

Therefore

p V 2
cos
=
n
R
dz
dz p
V2
cos =

=
dn
dn n
R
Indicates that a change in the direction of flow of a fluid
particle (i.e. a curved path) is accomplished by the
combination of pressure gradient and particle weight
normal to streamline.

F=ma normal to a streamline

e.g. consider the tornado, if gravity is neglected

p
V
=
n
R

The pressure gradient balances the centrifugal

acceleration associated with the curved streamlines of
the fluid motion.

F=ma normal to a streamline

Since

p dp
if s is constant, we obtain
=
n dn

Finally

for steady, inviscid, incompressible flows

Example 3.3 Pressure Variation

Normal to a Streamline
Shown in Figure E3.3 (a) and (b) are two flow fields with
circular streamlines. The velocity distributions are
V(r)=C1r

(a)

c2(b)
V (r ) =
r

Assuming the flows are steady, inviscid, and

incompressible with streamlines in the horizontal plane
(dz/dn=0).

Example 3.3 Solution

dz dp V 2

=
dn dn
R

For flow in the horizontal plane (dz/dn=0). The

streamlines are circles /n=-/r The radius of
curvature R=r
p V 2
=
r
r
For case (a) this gives

p
1
2
2
2
= C1 r p = C1 r 2 r0 + p0
r
2

For case (b) this gives

p
1
1
2
2 1
= C1 r p = C1 2 2 + p0
r
2
r0 r

Physical interpretation
p+z+1/2V2=constant along the streamline
The work done on a particle by all forces acting on the
particle is equal to the change of the kinetic energy of
the particle.
The Bernoulli Equation can be written in terms of heights
called heads
p/g+z+V2/(2g)=constant along the streamline

The Bernoulli equation states that the sum of the

pressure head, the velocity head, and the elevation head
is constant along a streamline.

Physical interpretation
When a fluid particle travels along a curved path, a
net force directed toward the center of curvature is
required.
In many instances, the streamlines are nearly straight
(R=) so that centrifugal effects are negligible and
the pressure variation across the streamline is merely
hydrostatic (because of gravity along), even though
the fluid is in motion.

Example 3.5 Pressure Variation in

a Flowing Stream
Consider the inviscid, incompressible, steady flow shown in Figure
E3.5. From section A to B the streamlines are straight, while from C to
D they follow circular paths. Describe the pressure variation between
points (1) and (2)and points(3) and (4)

Example 3.5 Solution1/2

R= , for the portion from A to B
Point (1)~(2)
p + rz = constant
Using p2=0,z1=0,and z2=h2-1
p1 = p2 + r (z2 z1 ) = p2 + rh21
Since the radius of curvature of the streamline is infinite,
the pressure variation in the vertical direction is the
same as if the fluids were stationary.

Example 3.5 Solution2/2

For the portion from C to D

V2
(
p4 +
dz ) + rz4 = p3 + rz3
z3 R
z4

Point (3)~(4)
With p4=0 and z4-z3=h4-3 ,this becomes

V2
p3 = rh43
dz
z3 R
z4

Free jet
A jet of liquid of diameter d flows from the nozzle with velocity V
(1)(2) streamline

(3)(4) streamline

The exit pressure is

constant in the
horizontal direction
(z2=z4, then
p2=p4=0 for gage
pressure)

Examples of use of the

Bernoulli equation
An object dropped from rest through a distance h in a
vacuum will obtain the speed V=(2gh)1/2 The particles
potential energy is converted to kinetic energy. For the
horizontal nozzle of Fig. 3.12V3>V2>V1

Vena Contracta effect

For a sharp edge orifice shown in Fig. 3.13 dj<dh (a vena contracta
effect), the streamlines in the exit plane are curved (R<) The
highest pressure occurs at (2), and the lowest pressure (p1=p3=0) is at
the edge of the jet.
The uniform velocity assumption is valid in the plane of the vena
contracta, section a-a, provided dj<<h.
Fig. 3.14contraction coefficient Cc=Aj/Ah

Confined Flows 1/4

When the fluid is physically constrained within a
device, its pressure cannot be prescribed a
priori as was done for the free jet.
Such cases include nozzle and pipes of
various diameter for which the fluid velocity
changes because the flow area is different from
one section to another.
For such situations, it is necessary to use the
concept of conservation of mass (the continuity
equation) along with the Bernoulli equation.
Tools: Bernoulli equation + Continuity equation

Confined Flows 2/4

vConsider a fluid flowing through a fixed volume that

has one inlet and one outlet.
vConservation of mass requires
1A1V1 = 2 A2V2
vFor incompressible flow, the continuity equation is

A1V1 = A2V2

Q1 = Q2

Example 3.7 Flow From a Tank

Gravity
A stream of water of diameter d = 0.1m flows steadily
from a tank of Diameter D = 1.0m as shown in Figure
E3.7 (a). Determine the flowrate, Q, needed from the
inflow pipe if the water depth remains constant, h = 2.0m.

Example 3.7 Solution1/2 2

V1
V2
p1 +
+ z1 = p 2 +
+ z 2
2
2

The Bernoulli equation applied between points (1)

and (2) 1is
1
2

p1 + V1 + z1 = p2 + V22 + z 2
2
2

(1)

With p1 = p2 = 0, z1 = h, and z2 = 0
1 2
1
V1 + gh = V22
2
2

(2)

For steady and incompressible flow, conservation of

mass requires Q1 = Q2, where Q = AV. Thus, A1V1 =A2V2 ,
or
d
2

V =( ) V
D V1 = d 2 V2
(3)
D
4
4
2

Example 3.7 Solution2/2

Combining Equation 1 and 3
2gh
2(9.81m / s 2 )( 2.0m)
V2 =
=
= 6.26m / s
4
4
1 ( d / D)
1 (0.1m / 1m)

Thus,

Q = A1V1 = A 2 V2 = (0.1m) 2 (6.26m / s) = 0.0492 m3 / s

4
2 gh /[1 (d / D) 4 ]
Q
V2
1
=
=
=
Q0 V2 D =
2 gh
1 ( d / D) 4

V10 (Q) vs. V10 (Q0)

Example 3.8 Flow from a TankPressure

Air flows steadily from a tank, through a hose of
diameter D=0.03m and exits to the atmosphere
from a nozzle of diameter d=0.01m as shown in
Figure E3.8. The pressure in the tank remains
constant at 3.0kPa (gage) and the atmospheric
conditions are standard temperature and
pressure. Determine the flowrate and the
pressure in the hose.

Example 3.8 Solution1/2

For steady, inviscid, and incompressible flow, the Bernoulli equation
along the streamline

1
1 2
1 2
2
p1 + V1 + z1 = p 2 + V2 + z 2 = p3 + V3 + z 3
2
2
2
With z1 =z2 = z3 , V1 = 0, and p3=0

2p1
1
2
(1)
and
p2 = p1 V2

2
The density of the air in the tank is obtained from the perfect gas law
V3 =

p
103 N / kN
2
=
= [( 3.0 + 101)kN / m ]
= 1.26kg / m3
RT1
(286.9 N m / kg K)(15 + 273) K

Example 3.8 Solution2/2

Thus,
2p1
2(3.0 103 N / m2 )
V3 =
=
= 69.0m / s
3

1.26kg / m

or Q = A V = d 2 V = 0.00542m3 / s
3 3
3
4

The pressure within the hose can be obtained from Eq. 1

and the continuity equation

A2V2 = A3V3 Hence , V2 = A3V3 / A2 = 7.67m / s

1
2
3
2 1
p 2 = p1 V2 = 3.0 10 N / m (1.26kg / m3 )(7.67m / s) 2
2
2
= (3000 37.1) N / m 2 = 2963N / m 2

Example 3.9 Flow in a Variable Area

Pipe
Water flows through a pipe reducer as is shown in Figure
E3.9. The static pressures at (1) and (2) are measured by
the inverted U-tube manometer containing oil of specific
gravity, SG, less than one. Determine the manometer
reading, h.

Example 3.9 Solution1/2

For steady, inviscid, incompressible flow, the Bernoulli
equation along the streamline

1 2
1 2
p1 + pV1 + z1 = p 2 + pV2 + z 2
2
2
The continuity equation

Q = A1V1 = A 2 V2
Combining these two equations

1 2
p1 p2 = (z 2 z1 ) + pV2 [1 ( A 2 / A1 ) 2 ]
2

(1)

Example 3.9 Solution2/2

This pressure difference is measured by the manometer
and determine by using the pressure-depth ideas
developed in Chapter 2.
p1 p2 = ( z2 z1 ) + (1 SG)h
or

p1 ( z2 z1 ) ! h + SGh + ! = p2

- +
(2)

1
A
(1 SG)h = pV22 1 2
2
A1

Since V2=Q/A2
2
1

(
A
/
A
)
2
2
1
h = (Q / A2 )
2 g (1 SG )

be independent of