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REINFORCEMENT
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The
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level than
level than organs.
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REINFORCEMENT
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cell
cell
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REINFORCEMENT
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REINFORCEMENT
AND EXTENSION
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SCIENTIFIC ANALYSIS
The origin of eukaryotic cells
unit, the
unit
organisms
such as bacteria,
such as those in human beings.
d. A tissue is a group of
c. A pronucleus is formed.
Endosymbiosis with spirochete
bacteria could be the origin of
flagella.
e. A group of different tissues that work together to perform
a specific function is called an
f. An
Date:
e. Association with a
photosynthetic prokaryote could
be the origin of chloroplasts.
.
is a group
systems.
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REINFORCEMENT
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SUMMARY
Levels of organization
In order of increasing complexity, the different levels into which matter is organized are:
or organic, such as
Examples of organic biomolecules are:
The structure of human cells
All eukaryotic cells have three structures:
A cell membrane:
Cytoplasm:
Nucleus:
The main organelles are:
Tissue
The four types of tissue are:
Epithelial:
Connective:
Muscle:
Nervous:
Organs and organ systems
Organs are structures made up of
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REINFORCEMENT
Muscle cell
Neuron
Epithelial cell
Blood cell
Connective cell
ACTIVITIES
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COOPERATIVE PROJECT
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EXTENSION
PROJECT OBJECTIVE
Find out who was the first person to
observe microscopic organisms.
Leeuwenhoek microscope
Hooke microscope
Binocular microscope
Compound
microscope
PROCEDURE
Recommended research topics:
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SHEET
EXTENSION
Osseous or bone tissue. The basic unit called the osteon is visible in a transverse
section. In the centre of each osteon is the Haversian or central canal. Concentric
layers of bone matrix surround the canal. The osteocytes within the bone matrix are
organized around the central canal. Osteocytes have cytoplasmic extensions that
connect them to other osteocytes to obtain nutrients. Osteocytes are enclosed in small
cavities within the mineralized bone matrix.
Adipose tissue. Adipose cells (adipocytes) are spherical when isolated, but polygonal
when close together. They vary in size from about 50 to 150 microns. The nucleus
appears flat and is not always visible because it is pushed to one side of the cell by the
large vacuole of lipids (fats). A thin outer layer surrounds each cell. The extracellular
matrix is made up of reticular fibres (type III collagen).
Smooth muscle tissue. Long fibres (cells) are visible. The cytoplasm is abundant and
pink. Many cells have no visible nucleus. When visible, nuclei are elongated and
centrally located.
Skeletal muscle tissue. A longitudinal section shows long parallel fibres (cells) and
alternating light and dark bands (striations). During embryonic development, each
skeletal muscle cell is formed by the fusion of many stem cells. In adults, skeletal
muscle fibres (cells) are actually syncytia containing many nuclei. Each cell is
surrounded by an outer layer: a cell membrane (sarcolemma). The cytoplasm of a
muscle fibre is called sarcoplasm.
Cardiac muscle tissue. Cells appear elliptical in a transverse section. In a longitudinal
section, the branching fibres (cells) and nuclei are visible. Cells have a central nucleus.
Between cells there are thick fibrocollagenous membranes. Desmosomes are
structures that hold the cells together.
Nervous tissue (cerebral cortex). Neuron cell bodies are visible including some
axons and dentrites. Neurons vary in size and shape according to their function. In
most of the cerebral cortex, there are six layers with different types of cells. Capillaries
are abundant. The darkly stained circles are the nuclei of glial cells; oligodendrocytes
are the most visible. The background is a network of neuronal and glial cell processes
(axons and dendrites).
ACTIVITIES
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ASSESSMENT
Name:
Class:
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f. Bacterial cells.
Make pairs of related concepts: use these words. Explain why they are related.
Glucose Protein DNA Polysaccharide RNA Amino acids Glycerol Fatty acid
Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. Are the following reactions anabolic or catabolic?
a. amino acids + energy proteins
b. glucose inorganic molecules + energy
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What is the relationship between the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus and secretory vesicles?
Tissue function
What are the differences between tissues and organs? And between organs and organ systems? Give examples.
Epidermis
Connective
Smooth muscle
Nervous
Cartilaginous
Name the organ systems involved in nutrition. Name two parts or organs in each system and their function.
10
Identify the following micrographs and describe what you see. What type of microscope was used
for each observation?
a.
b.
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