STUDY QUESTIONS

Urinary System
Answers are provided below each question
1. Most reabsorption of substances from the glomerular filtrate occurs in the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

glomerulus
collecting tubule
proximal convoluted tubule
ureter
distal convoluted tubule.

2. Under normal circumstances, the kidneys produce about _____ liters of

glomerular filtrate per day.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

1,000
180
110
7.5
1 to 2.

3. As the renal artery approaches the kidney, it branches to supply the renal
glomeruli. Place the following in the correct sequence starting from the renal
artery.
1)
2)
3)
4)
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

arcuate artery
interlobular artery
interlobar artery
afferent arteriole

(2,1,3,4)
(2,3, 1,4)
(1,3,4,2)
(4,3,1,2)
(3,1,2,4)

4. ADH is produced in the:

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

Juxtaglomerular cells
anterior pituitary gland
adrenal cortex
hypothalamus
posterior pituitary gland.

5. When ADH levels in the blood are high, the collecting ducts are:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

very
very
very
very
none

impermeable to water
permeable to protein molecules
permeable to water
permeable to sodium and chloride ions
of the preceding.

6. Given the following conditions:

Capsular hydrostatic pressure = 15 mm Hg
Glomerular plasma osmotic pressure = 25 mm
Glomerular hydrostatic pressure = 75 mm Hg
What is the NET FILTRATION RATE?
A.
B.
C.
D.

35 mm Hg
85 mm Hg
65 mm Hg
115 mm Hg

7. The renal cortex contains:

A.
B.
C.
D.

renal pyramids
papillae
calyces
none of the preceding.

MATCHING: Match the following structures (Items A through D) and descriptions.

A.
B.
C.
D.

proximal convoluted tubule

descending limb of the nephron loop
collecting duct
ascending limb of the nephron loop.

8. Active transport of sodium; water follows passively

9. Active transport of sodium; impermeable to water
10. passively permeable to water
11. passively permeable to water under ADH stimulation.
a, d, b, c

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the best answer.

12. The appearance of glucose in the urine:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

occurs normally
is a result of overproduction of angiotensin II
is a result of hypoglycemia
occurs when the transport carriers for glucose become saturated
two of the above.

13. The urinary bladder:

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

has bundles of skeletal muscle in its wall

is connected to the exterior by the ureter
is innervated by the cranial accessory nerve (XI)
is located posterior to the pubic symphysis
all of the above.

14. In the proximal convoluted tubule, chloride ions are reabsorbed because of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

active transport
their involvement in calcium retention
the electrical attraction of sodium ions
the high osmotic gradient
all of the preceding.

15. Which of the following promotes sodium retention and potassium loss from the
blood across: the wall of the wall of the distal convoluted tubule?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
c

renin
angiotensin II
aldosterone
angiotensin I
ADH.

16. The process of micturition or urination:

A.
B.
C.
D.

involves relaxation of the detrusor muscle

requires contraction of the external urethral muscle
is a reflex involving sacral segments of the spinal cord
all of the above.

17. Granular (juxtaglomerular cells) secrete _____ when there is a fall in _____
ion concentration.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.

renin / chloride
carbonic anhydrase / sodium
ATPase / potassium
renin / sodium
carbonic anhydrase / carbon dioxide.

MATCHING. What type of epithelium forms the lining of the following structures?
(Note: Items A through E may be used more than once or not at all.)
A)
B)
C)
D)
E)
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.

stratified squamous epithelium

transitional epithelium
simple ciliated columnar epithelium
simple cuboidal epithelium
simple squamous epithelium.

Urinary bladder
Vagina
Uterine (fallopian) tube
Renal pelvis
Ureter
Proximal convoluted tubule
Renal calyces

b, a, c, b, b. d, b

TRUE OR FALSE: True = A; False = B

25. The region of the distal convoluted tubule in contact with the granular cells of
the afferent arteriole is called the macula dense
26. Within each kidney, the interlobar veins empty their blood into the renal vein
27. In the female urinary system, the urethral orifice is situated posterior to the
vaginal orifice

28. Natriuretic hormone is produced by cells in the kidneys.

29. Incontinence refers to the inability to control micturition
30. The term cystitis refers to an infection of the urinary bladder
31. The apical membrane of the proximal convoluted tubule cells is impermeable to
bicarbonate ions.
a, a, b, b, a, a, a

MULTIPLE CHOICE
+

1. If you took a drug that inhibited the reabsorbtion of Na in the PCT, you
would:
a. Have an increased urine output
b. Have a decreased urine output
c. Have a decreased plasma [bilirubin] and become jaundiced
d. Have decreased absorption of fats and have grey-white feces
a

2. Podocytes make up
a. Visceral layer
b. Visceral layer
c. Visceral layer
d. Visceral layer

the:
of the
of the
of the
of the

nephron
glomerulus
renal capsule
Bowman's Capsule

1. Glucose is:
a. Filtered,
b. Filtered,
c. Filtered,
d. Filtered,

reabsorbed, and secreted

and reabsorbed, but not secreted
and secreted, but not reabsorbed
and neither secreted nor reabsorbed

1. If MAP increased from 120 mmHg to 210 mmHg, GFR would most likely
____________.
Look here for the answer
+

1. Typically, as GFR increases, the [Na ] of the filtrate reaching the DCT will
______________.
Increase

1. What would happen to the GFR if the hydrostatic pressure exerted by the
fluid in the capsular space increased?
a. GFR would increase
b. GFR would decrease

c. GFR would not change

b

1. Place the following in the correct sequence from the initial formation of urine
to its elimination from the body.
1. Major calyx
2. Minor calyx
3. Nephron
4. Urethra
5. Ureter
6. Collecting duct
3,6,2,1,5,4

1. While the kidneys process about 180L of blood-derived fluids per day, the
amount that actually leaves the body is:
a. 50%, or 90L
b. 100%, or 180L
c. 10%, or 18L
d. 1%, or 1.8L
d

1. The ____________ artery sits on the boundary between the cortex and the
medulla of the kidney.
a. Lobar
b. Interlobar
c. Arcuate
d. Segmental
c

1. The fluid in the capsular space is similar to plasma except that it does not
contain a significant amount of:
a. Glucose
b. Sodium
+

c. H
d. Albumin
d

1. True or False: Angiotensin II is a substance made by the body to lower blood

pressure during stress.
False

1. True or False: Glomerular filtration is an ATP-driven process.

False

1. Aldosterone causes:
+

a. Decreased K in the urine

+

b. Increased Na in the urine

c. Increased urine output
d. Decreased urine output
d

1. Creatinine is a:
a. Chemical that is typically not secreted
b. Substance typically found in greater amounts in renal arteries than in
renal veins
c. Building block for complex carbohydrates
d. 2 of the above are correct
b
+

1. During reabsorption, Na crosses the apical walls of the proximal tubule cells
into the interstitial fluid principally by means of:
a. Phagocytosis
b. Receptor-mediated endocytosis
c. Simple diffusion
d. Active transport
d

1. Which of the following is not one of the 3 external coverings of the kidney?
a. Renal capsule
b. Adipose capsule
c. Renal fascia
d. Renal adventitia
d

3. The micturition center is located in the:

a. Pons
b. Medulla
c. Cerebellum
d. Basal Ganglia
a

4. The vasa recta creates the osmotic gradient in the kidney's medulla.
a. This statement is true
b. This statement is false because the PCT creates the gradient
c. This statement is false because the DCT creates the gradient

d. This statement is false because the loop of Henle creates the gradient
d

1. True or False. The significant presence of red blood cells in the urine is
normal and healthy
False

1. The main solute component of urine is:

a. Urea
b. Glucose
c. Agglutin
d. Urobilinogen
a

1. Which of the following is INCORRECT?

a. Aldosterone stimulates the reabsorption of Na+
b. Aldosterone stimulates the secretion of K+
c. Aldosterone affects water reabsorption
d. Aldosterone is made in the hypothalamus and released from the anterior
pituitary
d

1. The majority of reabsorption occurs in the:

a. Renal capsule
b. Proximal convoluted tubule
c. Collecting duct
d. Ascending limb of the loop of Henle
b

1. Which of the following is found in the renal medulla?

a. Renal pacemaker cells
b. Islets of Langerhans
c. DCT
d. Loop of Henle
d

1. Which of the following would NOT be secreted from the ISF into the
filtrate?
a. Organic acids
b. Amino acids
c. Organic bases
d. Creatinine
b

1. Urine with a high concentration of C6H12O6 is:

a. Normal because this compound is filtered and secreted but not
reabsorbed
b. Normal because this compound is filtered and reabsorbed but not
secreted
c. Abnormal because this compound is filtered and secreted but not
reabsorbed
d. Abnormal because this compound is filtered and reabsorbed but not
secreted
d

1. Which of the following is incorrect concerning ADH?

a. Its production is regulated by plasma osmolarity
b. Its activity is affected by alcohol
c. It acts on the collecting duct and decreases its permeability to water
d. It is stored in the posterior pituitary
c

1. Which of the following is NOT a unit of the nephron?

a. Bowman's capsule
b. PCT
c. DCT
d. Medullary papilla
d

1. Consider the following structures:

1)
2)
3)
4)
5)

Bowman's capsule
Collecting duct
PCT
DCT
Loop of Henle

What is the order filtrate follows as it flows through the nephron?

1,3,5,4,2

1. The kidneys are located:

a. Retroperitoneally
b. Only within the epigastric region
c. Superior to the liver
d. 2 of the above
e. All of the above

1. Which of the following is a function of the kidneys?

a. Release of hormones
b. Maintenance of plasma pH
c. Maintenance of plasma [electrolyte]
d. Gluconeogenesis
e. All of the above
f. 2 of the above
e

1. Which of the following is part of the renal corpuscle?

a. Glomerulus
b. PCT
c. DCT
d. Collecting duct
a

1. The functional unit of the kidney is the ____________.

Nephron

1. Which of the following is NOT a stage in urine formation?

a. Glomerular filtration
b. Glomerular secretion
c. Tubular reabsorption
d. Tubular secretion
b

1. Which of the following is not a means of regulating GFR?

a. Regulation via skeletal muscle
b. Regulation via smooth muscle
c. Hormonal regulation
d. Neuronal regulation
a

1. Increased sympathetic stimulation of afferent arterioles results in:

a. Increased filtrate volume per unit time
b. Decreased filtrate volume per unit time
c. Increased GFR
d. Decreased ANP release by macula densa cells
b

1. Renin is produced by the:

a.
b.
c.
d.

Mesangial cells
Macula densa
Principal cells ofhe DCT
Juxtaglomerular cells

1. The nephron is:

a. the site of urine storage
b. the functional unit of the kidney
c. the site where ADH is produced
d. also called the "Bowman's capsule"
b

2. Which of the following is NOT a stage of urine formation:

a. glomerular filtration
b. glomerular secretion
c. tubular secretion
d. tubular reabsorption
b

3. Which of the following is NOTa means of regulating glomerular filtration:

a. muscular regulation
b. renal autoregulation
c. hormonal regulation
d. neuronal regulation
a

4. Increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation of afferent arterioles

results in:
a. decreased filtrate production
b. increased filtrate production
c. no change in filtration rate
d. increased kidney function
a

5. Renin is produced by:

a. the glomerulus
b. macula densa
c. proximal convuluted tubule
d. juxtaglomerular cells

6. The function of the macula densa cells is to:

a. prevent water reabsorption in the ascending loop of Henle
b. add bicarbonate ions to the tubular filtrate
c. secrete renin in response to decreased afferent arteriole pressure
d. monitor NaCl concentration in the filtrate
e. reabsorb Na+ ions into blood from the filtrate
d

7. Atrial naturiuretic peptide works to:

a. increase afferent arteriole pressure
b. increase blood flow to the kidney
c. enhance the effects of ADH
d. inhibit the effects of aldosterone
e. increase blood volume
d

8. If the
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.

level of aldosterone in the blood increases, then:

less sodium is excreted in the urine
less potassium is excreted in the urine
systemic blood pressure will decrease
glomerular filtration will decrease
both c and d

9. The most important function of the juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) is to:

a. secrete water and sodium into the filtrate
b. reabsorb sodium
c. generate bicarbonate ions in response to decreased blood pH
d. secrete renin in response to decreased renal blood pressure or blood
flow
e. constrict the afferent arterioles and decrease sodium reabsorption
d

10. If the diameter of the afferent arteriole is smaller than the diameter of the
efferent arteriole, then:
a. the net filtration pressure will decrease
b. blood pressure in the glomerulus will decrease
c. GFR will increase

d. a and b only
e. a, b and c
d

11. From the distal convoluted tubule, filtrate will then be carried to the:
a. renal corpuscle
b. collecting duct
c. nephron loop
d. proximal convoluted tubule
e. glomerular (Bowman's) capsule
b

12. In a patient who is dehydrated from vomiting and diarrhea, which is likely to
be higher than normal in blood:
a. ADH only
b. aldosterone only
c. ANP only
d. both ADH and aldosterone
e. both ADH and ANP
d

13. All of the following are normally found in urine except:

a. glucose
b. sodium ions
c. uric acid
d. urea
e. creatinine
a

14. In some autoimmune diseases, capillaries may become damaged resulting in

and high levels of albumin proteins and blood cells appearing in the urine.
Which region of the nephron contains capillaries that, when damaged, could
cause this appearance in urine:
a. renal glomerulus
b. proximal convoluted tubule
c. nephron loop
d. distal tubule
a

82) The outermost covering of the kidney is the _____.

A)cortex
B)medulla
C)pelvis
D)capsule
d

83) The kidneys are located in the _____ space.

A)pelvic cavity
B)peritoneal cavity
C)abdominal
D)retroperitoneal
d

84) The entrance into the kidney is called the _____.

A)sinus
B)renal column
C)hilum
D)pyramid
c

85) Which structure is the first to collect the urine?

A)pelvis
B)calyx
C)ureter
D)urethra
b

86) Each minor calyx receives urine from the _____.

A)renal papillae
B)pelvis
C)ureter
D)columns
a

87) The renal pyramids are located within the _____.

A)column
B)cortex
C)medulla
D)pelvis
c

88) The striated appearance of the pyramids is caused by _____.

A)parallel blood vessels
B)microtubules
C)connective tissue
D)nerve fibers
b

89) What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?

A)alveolus
B)renal pyramid
C)renal pelvis
D)nephron
d

90) The kidney secretes _____ for the purpose of stimulating bone marrow
activity.
A)renin
B)aldosterone
C)erythropoietin
D)somatomedin
c

91) The kidney secretes _____, which is an enzyme-hormone that raises

blood pressure.
A)aldosterone
B)renin
C)angiotensinogen
D)angiotensin II
b

92) What is the function of the renal system?

A)maintain blood pH
B)regulate blood pressure
C)control blood concentration
D)all of these
d

93) How much of the cardiac output passes through the kidneys?
A)10%
B)25%
C)50%

D)65%
b

94) Which blood vessel delivers blood to the cortex?

A)interlobular artery
B)arcuate artery
C)interlobar artery
D)efferent arteriole
a

95) The renal corpuscle is comprised of a glomerulus and _____.

A)proximal convoluted tubule
B)Bowman's capsule
C)loop of Henle
D)distal convoluted tubule
b

96) Which section of the nephron is after the ascending limb of the loop of
Henle?
A)descending limb of the loop
B)proximal convoluted tubule
C)distal convoluted tubule
D)collecting duct
c

97) The last part of a nephron is the _____.

A)collecting duct
B)renal papilla
C)distal convoluted tubule
D)glomerulus
a

98) Which area actually secretes renin into the blood?

A)macula densa
B)juxtaglomerular apparatus
C)juxtaglomerular cells
D)cortical nephron
c

99) Which blood vessel conveys blood out of the nephron?

A)efferent arteriole

B)vasa recta
C)peritubular capillary
D)interlobular vein
d

100) Which blood vessels surround the loops of Henle?

A)vasa recta
B)peritubular capillaries
C)interlobular arteries
D)efferent arterioles
a

101) Which process is most affected by blood pressure?

A)tubular secretion
B)tubular reabsorption
C)glomerular filtration
D)loop of Henle diffusion
c

102) Which of the following are not found in the glomerular filtrate?
A)glucose
B)protein
C)uric acid
D)creatinine
b

103) Which muscle metabolism waste product is eliminated by the kidneys?

A)urea
B)uric acid
C)creatine
D)creatinine
d

104) Which of these has the highest concentration in the urine?

A)glucose
B)sodium
C)uric acid
D)phosphate
Look here for the answer

105) Which ion is reabsorbed in exchange for sodium?

A)chloride
B)potassium
C)calcium
D)magnesium
b

106) What is the average glomerular filtration rate?

A)10L per day
B)180L per day
C)1,500 ml per day
D)1 ml per minute
b

107) Which of the following is usually not found in the urine?

A)magnesium
B)urea
C)uric acid
D)glucose
d

108) How much urine is formed in 24 hours?

A)12 liters
B)100 ml
C)1.5L
D)3,000cc
c

109) Renin acts on _____ to convert it to angiotensin I.

A)angiotensin II
B)angiotensinogen
C)ACE
D)aldosterone
b

110) The targets of angiotensin II are blood vessels and _____.

A)nerves
B)adrenal cortex
C)adrenal medulla
D)kidney nephron
b

111) Tubular reabsorption occurs from the nephron tubules into the _____.
A)loop of Henle
B)peritubular capillaries
C)renal corpuscle
D)renal pyramid
b

112) Most tubular reabsorption occurs at the _____.

A)loop of Henle
B)distal convoluted tubule
C)proximal convoluted tubule
D)glomerulus
c

113) Where are most microvilli found?

A)loop of Henle
B)distal convoluted tubule
C)loop of Henle
D)proximal convoluted tubule
d

114) Which of the following occurred by active transport?

A)albumin in the urine
B)creatine in the urine
C)reabsorption of water at the proximal tubule
D)reabsorption of amino acids
d

115) Which of these does not operate under a renal threshold mechanism?
A)creatine
B)ascorbic acid
C)sodium
D)citric acid
c

116) The action of aldosterone is to increase _____.

A)sodium elimination
B)sodium reabsorption
C)potassium reabsorption
D)chloride excretion

117) How much sodium is actively reabsorbed by the proximal segment of the
nephron?
A)10%
B)1%
C)70%
D)99%
c

118) The countercurrent multiplier mechanism occurs at the _____.

A)proximal convoluted tubule
B)loop of Henle
C)distal convoluted tubule
D)collecting ducts
b

119) The fluid in the descending limb of the loop of Henle is _____ relative
to the capillaries.
A)isotonic
B)weakly hypotonic
C)strongly hypotonic
D)hypertonic
d

120) The function of the countercurrent multiplier is to _____.

A)increase the concentration of NaCl
B)decrease the concentration of NaCl
C)change the blood levels of potassium
D)conserve potassium
a

121) What affect does ADH have on urine output?

A)minimal
B)increases
C)decreases
D)maintains
c

122) Where does ADH have its greatest effect?

A)loop of Henle

B)proximal convoluted tubule

C)distal convoluted tubule
D)glomerulus
c

123) Eating large amounts of meat will increase the levels of _____ in the
blood.
A)protein
B)creatinine
C)urea
D)uric acid
c

124) Uric acid results from _____ metabolism.

A)protein
B)carbohydrate
C)purine
D)pyrimidine
c

125) Renal secretion of a compound usually occurs from the _____ into the
distal convoluted tubule.
A)loop of Henle
B)glomerulus
C)vasa recta
D)peritubular capillaries
d

126) Which of these is not usually secreted by the kidneys?

A)creatine
B)creatinine
C)H+
D)penicillin
a

127) The compound used to assess the function of the kidney at the level of
the glomerulus is _____.
A)creatinine
B)inulin
C)para-aminohippuric acid
D)creatine

128) Which of these could appear in the urine from dieting or the utilization
of excess lipids?
A)urea
B)uric acid
C)glycine
D)ketone
d

129) Vigorous exercise could release high amounts of _____ into the urine.
A)glucose
B)uric acid
C)albumin
D)ascorbic acid
c

130) What causes urine to flow from the kidneys to the bladder?
A)gravity
B)hydrostatic pressure
C)peristalsis
D)osmotic pressure
c

131) Renal calculi are usually comprised of the following except which one?
A)calcium oxalate
B)cholesterol
C)uric acid
D)magnesium phosphate
b

132) The mucosa of the bladder is comprised of _____.

A)smooth muscle
B)squamous epithelium
C)transitional epithelium
D)simple columnar epithelium
c

133) Which of these is under voluntary control?

A)urethra
B)detrusor muscle

C)internal sphincter
D)external sphincter
d

134) The micturition reflex is centered in the _____.

A)medulla
B)sacral cord
C)hypothalamus
D)lumbar cord
b

135) Choose the statement that does not correctly characterize the kidneys.
A)The kidneys are positioned retroperitoneally.
B)The right kidney is usually 1.5 to 2 centimeters higher than the left
one.
C)The kidney is padded by a layer of fat.
D)Inside the kidney there is a hollow chamber called the renal sinus.
b

136) The granular appearance of the renal cortex is due to

________________.
A)the positioning of blood vessels within this area
B)polycystic kidney disease
C)the random distribution of nephrons in this area
D)the positioning of the renal columns
c

137) Which of these is not a function of the kidneys?

A)The kidneys deactivate vitamin D and stimulate the activity of
osteoclasts.
B)The kidneys help control the rate of red blood cell production.
C)The kidneys help to regulate blood pressure.
D)The kidneys regulate the composition, volume, and pH of body fluids.
a

138) The final branches of the interlobular arteries give rise to the
_________________ that carry blood to the nephrons.
A)interlobar arteries
B)arciform arteries
C)efferent arterioles
D)afferent arterioles

139) Choose the one trait that does not characterize the structure of a
nephron.
A)There are two coiled portions of the renal tubule.
B)The glomerular capsule contains podocytes and slit pores.
C)Blood that will be filtered flows into the glomerular capsule.
D)Several nephron tubules merge to form a collecting duct.
c

140) The concentrations of substances in the plasma, in the glomerular

filtrate, and in urine differ in what way?
A)Plasma contains the most water, glomerular filtrate contains less water,
and urine contains the least.
B)Plasma and glomerular filtrate are virtually identical, but urine contains
proportionately more waste products.
C)Plasma differs from glomerular filtrate and urine, which have virtually
identical concentrations of substances.
D)All three have the same concentrations of nutrients and waste
materials, but differ in the amount of proteinaceous material they
contain.
b

141) Which force favors filtration?

A)glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure
B)capsular hydrostatic pressure
C)glomerular capillary osmotic pressure
D)capsular osmotic pressure
a

142) Which factor does not affect glomerular filtration rate?

A)blood pressure
B)osmotic pressure of the glomerular filtrate
C)plasma osmotic pressure
D)concentration of leukocytes in the blood
d

143) Juxtaglomerular cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus secrete

_______________ when _______________.
A)angiotensin-converting enzyme; blood pressure increases
B)potassium; chloride concentration declines

C)renin; blood pressure drops

D)atrial natriuretic peptide; blood volume drops
c

144) Tubular reabsorption is responsible for retaining nutrients the body

requires. Most tubular reabsorption occurs in the _______________ where
microvilli, and their numerous carrier proteins, increase the surface area
available for reabsorption.
A)distal convoluted tubule
B)proximal convoluted tubule
C)collecting duct
D)nephron loop
b

145) Most small proteins are reabsorbed by _______________.

A)active transport
B)osmosis
C)facilitated diffusion
D)pinocytosis
d

146) Within the renal tubule, two hormones play a role in determining the
final volume and sodium concentration of the urine. The hormone
_______________ regulates sodium reabsorption, while ________________
regulates water reabsorption.
A)aldosterone; antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
B)cortisol; atrial natriuretic peptide
C)renin; angiotensin II
D)antidiuretic hormone (ADH); epinephrine
a

147) Why is the plant compound known as inulin the best substance to use to
measure renal clearance?
A)Inulin tastes good, so patients are more apt to be cooperative.
B)Inulin is neither reabsorbed or actively secreted into the filtrate.
C)Inulin colors the filtrate and thus facilitates scanning of the kidney.
D)Inulin is readily available and inexpensive, and thus makes measuring
renal clearance fairly simple.
b

148) Peristaltic muscular contractions are important for conveying urine

through the excretory system, much like peristalsis in the digestive tract.
Peristalsis of the detrusor muscle of the urinary bladder is controlled by
______________.
A)conscious control of the skeletal muscle
B)sympathetic nervous impulses
C)parasympathetic nervous impulses
D)impulses from the cerebral cortex
c

149) In males as well as in females, the external urethral sphincter is made

up of skeletal muscle, and is thus under voluntary control. Where is the
external urethral sphincter located in males?
A)within the urogenital diaphragm
B)within the penile urethra
C)at the external urethral orifice
D)within the prostatic urethra
a

150) Which structure is last in the sequence of urine flow?

A)ureter
B)kidney
C)bladder
D)urethra
d

151) The outermost structure of a kidney is the _____.

A)cortex
B)medulla
C)capsule
D)pelvis
c

152) What is the main factor that causes urine to enter the urinary bladder?
A)pressure
B)peristalsis
C)gravity
D)osmosis
b

153) What is the main factor that promotes bladder infections in the
female?
A)length of urethra
B)presence of bacteria in rectum
C)hygiene
D)dietary factors
a

154) Which system functions in the excretion of soluble nitrogenous wastes?

A)gastrointestinal
B)pulmonary
C)urinary
D)integumentary
c

155) The pyramids are areas located within the _____ of the kidney.
A)cortex
B)pelvis
C)capsule
D)medulla
d

156) The ureter directly receives urine from the _____ of the kidney.
A)cortex
B)pelvis
C)medulla
D)pyramid
b

157) The structure which receives the filtrate from the glomerulus is the
_____.
A)proximal convoluted tubule
B)distal convoluted tubule
C)Bowman capsule
D)loop of Henle
c

158) Which vessel directs blood into the glomerulus?

A)renal artery
B)afferent arteriole
C)efferent arteriole

D)peritubular capillaries
b

159) In which area can the term urine be correctly used?

A)Bowman's capsule
B)collecting duct
C)nephron
D)loop of Henle
b

160) Where does most selective reabsorption occur?

A)loop of Henle
B)glomerulus
C)distal convoluted tubule
D)proximal convoluted tubule
d

161) Chronic glomerulonephritis is usually a renal infection associated with

streptococcal bacteria.
A)True
B)False
b

162) The glomerulus most closely resembles an area of capillaries.

A)True
B)False
a

163) An increase in the level of blood urea usually indicates renal or liver
dysfunction.
A)True
B)False
a

164) High blood pressure is inversely proportional to the rate of urine

formation.
A)True
B)False
b

165) The capsular hydrostatic pressure is usually higher than the glomerular
hydrostatic pressure.
A)True
B)False
b

166) A drug that is an ACE inhibitor will lower blood pressure by inhibiting
conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I.
A)True
B)False
b

167) During trauma with significant loss of blood, the release of renin will be
inhibited.
A)True
B)False
b

168) The kidneys have the capability of controlling their own blood flow
independent of general controls for circulation of organs such as the
pancreas.
A)True
B)False
a

169) The reason that most persons only have trace amounts of albumin in the
urine is that most of it is returned to the blood by reabsorption.
A)True
B)False
b

170) The appearance of glycosuria indicates that the renal plasma threshold
has been exceeded.
A)True
B)False
a

171) Vitamin C will appear in the urine when an excess is consumed in the
diet or supplements.
A)True
B)False

172) The nephrotic syndrome usually causes hypoproteinemia, proteinuria and

generalized edema.
A)True
B)False
a

173) Ions such as chloride usually passively follow the movement of cations to
achieve electrical balance.
A)True
B)False
a

174) Water will move from a hypotonic to a hypertonic area by osmosis.

A)True
B)False
a

175) An increase in ADH production will tend to make the blood more
hypertonic.
A)True
B)False
b

176) Excessive sweating will usually cause a person to withhold their secretion
of ADH.
A)True
B)False
b

177) Aldosterone and ADH tend to have the same effect on blood
concentration.
A)True
B)False
b

178) Gout is a disease that causes uric acid crystals to form in joints.
A)True
B)False
a

179) The secretion of H and reabsorption of bicarbonate anions are

important pH regulating mechanisms of the kidney.
A)True
B)False
a

180) PAH is a plasma clearance test that can be used to assess plasma flow
through the kidneys.
A)True
B)False
a

181) Infants have a greater probability of dehydrating than adults.

A)True
B)False
a

182) Cystitis could spread from the bladder to the kidneys through the
urethra.
A)True
B)False
b

183) The membranous urethra is the portion found in males as well as

females.
A)True
B)False
a

184) In the female, the urinary bladder lies posterior to the uterus and
vagina.
A)True
B)False
b

185) It is normal for urine and semen to mix in the male.

A)True
B)False
b

186) Renal calculi are commonly comprised of urea and calcium salt
precipitates.
A)True
B)False
b

187) The internal urethral sphincter is totally under parasympathetic,

autonomic control.
A)True
B)False
a

188) Persons with spinal cord damage in the lumbar area will no longer have
urination reflexes.
A)True
B)False
b

189) There are about one million nephrons in each kidney.

A)True
B)False
a