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Thermal expansion of pipe-inpipe systems

Article in Marine Structures October 2004
DOI: 10.1016/j.marstruc.2004.12.002

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Marine Structures 17 (2004) 475500

www.elsevier.com/locate/marstruc

Thermal expansion of pipe-in-pipe systems

A. Bokaian
PCL, 42 Southwood Close, Worcester Park, Surrey KT4 8QH, UK
Received 6 June 2003; received in revised form 7 September 2004; accepted 7 December 2004

Abstract
This paper presents a comprehensive mathematical model for the thermal expansion of
pipe-in-pipe and bundle systems that are used in the offshore oil and gas industry. The inner
pipe and the outer pipes are assumed to have structural connections through bulkheads at
extremities and spacers or centralisers to prevent contact of the inner and the outer pipes. The
aim is to calculate the displacement and forces on the bulkheads and axial force in the inner
pipe.
In addition to protective pipe-in-pipes, short and long pipe-in-pipes are dened and the
limits between the two are clearly delineated. Analytical methods are extended to study the
effects of exponential temperature gradients along both the inner and the outer pipes, the pipein-pipe length, tie-in spoolpieces, inner pipe weight, seabed and spacer friction and relative
axial stiffness of the inner and the outer pipes on the thermal expansion characteristics. The
iterative approach to solve thermal expansion characteristics proposed can be replaced by
analytical calculation in most practical situations. Simple analytical formulae are suggested
when the outer pipe temperature is constant. Analytical solutions indicate good agreement
with nite element numerical results.
r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Pipe-in-pipe; Bundle; Thermal expansion; Carrier pipe; Jacket pipe; Inner pipe; Outer pipe

Tel.:/fax: +44 208 330 3983.

E-mail address: bokaian@hotmail.com.

0951-8339/$ - see front matter r 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.marstruc.2004.12.002

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476

Nomenclature
A
Ac
Ap
Dc
Dp
Ec
Ep
Fs
Fs
1
Fs
2
L
Lo
L1
L2
Nc
Nc
1
Nc
2
NT,p
1
NT,p
2
NE
NE,p
Neff,p
NT,c
Ntot,p
NT,p
NT,p
1
NT,p
2
Nn,c
Nn,p
N d;
pd,p
pamb
pans
Ta
Td,c
Td,p
Ti,c
Ti,p
To,c
To,p
Tz,c
Tz,p

parameter as dened in text

outer pipe steel cross-sectional area
inner pipe steel cross-sectional area
outer pipe nominal outer diameter
inner pipe nominal outer diameter
Youngs modulus of elasticity of outer pipe
Youngs modulus of elasticity of inner pipe
tie-in spool friction force (symmetric expansion)
upstream tie-in spool friction force
downstream tie-in spool friction force
pipe-in-pipe length
limit length between short and long pipe-in-pipe
length at upstream end over which spacers friction act
length at downstream end over which spacers friction act
force in outer pipe (symmetric expansion)
force in outer pipe at upstream bulkhead location
force in outer pipe at downstream bulkhead location
thermal force in inner pipe at upstream end
thermal force in inner pipe at downstream end
end cap force on bulkhead
end cap force on inner pipe
effective axial force in inner pipe
thermal force on outer pipe (symmetric expansion)
total force in inner pipe
thermal force in inner pipe
thermal force in inner pipe at upstream end
thermal force in inner pipe at downstream end
force due to Poissons effect in outer pipe (symmetric expansion)
force due to Poissons effect in inner pipe (symmetric expansion)
force in inner pipe due to displacement of bulkheads
inner pipe internal design pressure
outer pipe external hydrostatic pressure
annulus pressure
ambient temperature
outer pipe design temperature
inner pipe design temperature (symmetric expansion)
inlet temperature of outer pipe
inlet temperature of inner pipe
outlet temperature of outer pipe
outlet temperature of inner pipe
temperature in outer pipe at distance z from inlet
temperature in inner pipe at distance z from inlet

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tc
tp
Wpip
Wp
x
x1
x2
z
n
a
bc
bp

f

E
dtot
dtot1
dtot2
d1 ; d2
sh;c
sh;p

c

n;p

n;c

net

net1

net1
a

net1
b

net2

T;c

T;p

tot

tot
1

tot
2
m
ms
mo
m1
SN T
SN T
1
SN T
2
SN n

outer pipe wall thickness

inner pipe wall thickness
submerged weight of pipe-in-pipe
weight of inner pipe in air
anchor length (symmetric expansion)
anchor length at upstream end
anchor length at downstream end
distance measured from bulkhead
Poissons ratio of steel
thermal expansion coefcient of steel
decay constant for outer pipe temperature prole
decay constant for inner pipe temperature prole
soil friction strain in outer pipe (symmetric expansion)
end cap strain
total displacement (symmetric expansion)
total displacement at upstream end
total displacement at downstream end
upstream and downstream bulkhead displacement, respectively
hoop stress in outer pipe
hoop stress in inner pipe
outer pipe tensile strain
strain in inner pipe due to Poissons effect
strain in outer pipe due to Poissons effect
net strain in outer pipe (symmetric expansion)
net strain in outer pipe at upstream end
net strain in outer pipe at upstream end in rst segment
net strain in outer pipe at upstream end in second segment
total net strain in outer pipe at downstream end
thermal strain in outer pipe (symmetric expansion)
thermal strain in inner pipe (symmetric expansion)
total strain in pipe-in-pipe (symmetric expansion)
total strain in outer pipe at upstream end
total strain in outer pipe at downstream end
seabed longitudinal friction coefcient
spacer friction coefcient
reduced longitudinal seabed friction coefcient
increased longitudinal seabed friction coefcient
sum of thermal force of inner and outer pipes (symmetric expansion)
sum of thermal forces of inner and outer pipes at upstream end
sum of thermal forces of inner and outer pipes at downstream end
sum of Poissons forces of inner and outer pipes as dened in text

477

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A. Bokaian / Marine Structures 17 (2004) 475500

1. Introduction
The main features of a pipe-in-pipe are a concentric insulated inner pipe
or owline (sometimes called production or carrier pipe) and a protective
outer pipe (sometimes known as sleeve or jacket pipe) [18]. Insulation material
is applied to the inner pipe to prevent the heat loss [912]. This is done by
placing thermal insulation materials within the annulus of the two pipes. The
outer pipe protects the insulation material from external hydrostatic pressure
and mechanical damage. Pipe-in-pipe insulation dictates that the outer
pipe wall temperature is low, therefore conventional and relatively inexpensive corrosion coatings and cathodic protection systems may be employed [9].
Pipe-in-pipe may be installed by reeling [1116] rather than conventional lay
barge.
Pipe-in-pipe systems can be divided into two categories, namely, compliant and
non-compliant systems [5]. The compliant systems have a connection between the
inner and outer pipes at close intervals either every two pipe joints by tulip [1720],
or by donut plate [21]. In this case, the inner and the outer pipes expand uniformly
along the pipeline and load transfer is continuous. In non-compliant systems, the
inner and the outer pipes have structural connections through the bulkheads [1,5].
The bulkheads may either be placed at the pipeline extremities or at discrete
locations, usually at intervals of a few kilometres along the pipeline length to transfer
axial loads. The inner and outer pipes move relative to each other. Water stops may
also be required in the event of a wet buckle to limit sea water ingress within the
annulus [4,11,12].
In addition, in both categories, spacers or centralisers are used to prevent contact
of the inner and the outer pipes [11,12]. The centralisers are used mainly to maintain
the owline concentric within the outer pipe and are typically spaced 13 m apart.
However an alternative system has been used whereby insulation foam is employed
along the pipelines length [4].
This paper is concerned with non-compliant systems and investigates a
structurally symmetric pipe-in-pipe with equidistant regular spacers along its
length and a bulkhead at each end. Some nite element results of pipe-in-pipe
are reported in [5] whilst some limited analytical formulations can be found in
[2123]. This paper presents a complete mathematical model for the bulkhead forces
and axial displacements, inner pipe axial force and outer pipe tension under
temperature variation of both the inner and the outer pipes. The concept of
protective, short and long pipe-in-pipe is dened and investigated in great detail. The
mathematical model presented herein is also of direct relevance to the thermal
expansion of pipeline bundles which generally consist of one or more production
pipes (along with other lines such as heat-up lines and methanol lines) placed
together within a larger diameter pipe (sleeve) with an external insulation layer.
The sleeve in turn is placed into an outer pipe, known as carrier, with spacers
positioned throughout to ensure that inner lines are well kept in position within the
outer pipe [24,25]. A comparison is presented between analytical results and nite
element solutions.

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2. Theory
2.1. Uniform temperature
The pipe-in-pipe system considered is assumed to have two identical tie-in
spoolpieces [2629] at the two ends. This ensures a static point at the centre of the
pipe-in-pipe system, as shown in Fig. 1b. From the force equilibrium on the
bulkhead, the following equality applies:

N T;p N n;p
N E F s N d N c 0

(2.1)

in which, N T;p is the thermal force in inner pipe, N n;p the force due to Poissons effect
in inner pipe, N E the end cap force on bulkhead, F s the tie-in spool frictional
resistance, N d; the force in inner pipe due to displacement of bulkheads, and N c the
tension force in outer pipe.
Throughout this paper, sufces p and c denote inner pipe and the outer pipe,
respectively.
The thermal force in the inner pipe is calculated as [30,31]:
N T;p E p Ap aT d;p
T a ,

(2.2)

strain

where, E p is the inner pipe Youngs modulus of elasticity, Ap the inner pipe steel
cross-sectional area, a the coefcient of thermal expansion of steel pipeline, T d;p the
tot
T,c
c
v,c
net

x (anchor length)

pote

z
distance along pipe-in-pipe

f
ntial

Strain in outer pipe

(a)

outer pipe

Nc (outer pipe tension)

NT,p (inner pipe temperature force)

displaced
bulkhead bulkhead

spacer

N (inner pipe deflection force)

inner pipe
NE (end cap force)
Nv,p (inner pipe Poissons force)

FS (tie-in spool seabed friction force)

seabed friction force on outer pipe

Anchor region

x (anchor length)

(expansion)

L/2

(b)

Forces on bulkhead, inner and outer pipes

Fig. 1. Thermal expansion of symmetric pipe-in-pipe system. (a) Strain in outer pipe. (b) Forces on
bulkhead, inner and outer pipes.

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inner pipe design temperature, and T a the ambient temperature which is assumed to
be equal to installation temperature.
The force in the inner pipe due to Poissons effect is evaluated from [30,31]:
N n;p sh;p Ap n,

(2.3)

where, n is the Poissons ratio, and sh;p the hoop stress in inner pipe which is
calculated from [32]:



Dp
tp
sh;p pd;p
pans
(2.4)
2tp
in which, Dp is the inner pipe nominal outer diameter, tp the inner pipe wall
thickness, pd;p the inner pipe internal design pressure, and pans the annulus design
pressure.
The end cap force on the bulkhead is evaluated from the following relationship:
N E pd;p  inner area of inner pipe
pans  annular area between inner and outer pipes

pamb  outer area of bulkhead;

2:5

where, pamb is the outer pipe external hydrostatic pressure.

The end cap force N E is shared by both the inner and the outer pipes in proportion
to the axial stiffness as:
N E;p

E p Ap
NE,
E p Ap E c Ac

(2.6)

where, N E;p is the end cap force on inner pipe, E c the outer pipe Youngs modulus of
elasticity, and Ac the outer pipe steel cross-sectional area.
The end cap strain is:

E

NE
.
E p Ap E c Ac

(2.7)

The tie-in spoolpiece frictional resistance F s is obtained by multiplying its

submerged weight by the seabed longitudinal friction coefcient.
The tensile force in the inner pipe can be evaluated from:
N d 2E p Ap d=L

(2.8)

where d is the bulkhead displacement (see Fig. 1b), and L the pipe-in-pipe length.
If the outer pipe suffers an increased temperature because of heat convection from
the inner pipe, the thermal strain in the outer pipe may similarly be written as:

T;c aT d;c
T a ,
where T d;c is the outer pipe design temperature.
The hoop stress in the outer pipe is similarly calculated as:



D c
tc
sh;c pans
pamb
,
2tc

(2.9)

(2.10)

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where Dc is the outer pipe nominal diameter, tc the outer pipe wall thickness, and
pamb the outer pipe external hydrostatic pressure.
The total strain acting along the outer pipe is dened as (tensile strain positive
otherwise compressive):

tot
T;c
n;c
c ,

(2.11)

where,
T;c is the thermal strain in outer pipe,
n;c the outer pipe strain due to
Poissons effect
nsh;c =E c ; and
c the tensile strain in outer pipe as a result of
bulkhead displacement N c =E c Ac :
As shown in Fig. 1a, the strain in the outer pipe as a result of soil friction
f [30,31]
and the net strain
net are:

f

mW pip
z,
E c Ac

net
tot

f ,

(2.12)

where, m is the longitudinal seabed friction coefcient, W pip the pipe-in-pipe

submerged weight, and z the distance measured from bulkhead.
The anchor length at each end of the pipe-in-pipe system x is obtained by equating
the net strain to:

net
tot

f
tot

mW pip
mW pip
Nc
x
T;c
n;c


x 0.
E c Ac
E c Ac
E c Ac

(2.13)

From the above relationship N c may be rewritten as:

N c mW pip x

T;c
n;c E c Ac mW pip x
N T;c N n;c ,

(2.14)

where
N T;c E c Ac
T;c E c Ac aT d;c
T a ;

and

N n;c E c Ac
n;c
nsh;c Ac :

(2.15)

The bulkhead displacement d may be written in terms of x as:


Z x
Z x

mW pip
mW pip 2 mW pip 2
d

net dz

tot

z dz
tot x

x
x .
E c Ac
2E c Ac
2E c Ac
0
0
(2.16)
Rewriting Eq. (2.1) in terms of the above relationships results in an equation for x:

E c Ac
L E c Ac 
x2 L
x

N T;p N n;p
N E F s
N T;c N n;c 0.
mW pip E p Ap
E p Ap
(2.17)
Effects of spacer friction: The effects of friction between the inner pipe and the
spacers imposes a compressive distributed force with intensity of ms W p on the inner
pipe (see Fig. 2b) where W p is the weight per unit length of inner pipe in air and ms
the friction coefcient between inner pipe and spacers.
This means in Fig. 1b and Eqs. (2.1) and (2.17), ms LW p =2 should be deducted
from N T;p : Furthermore the above friction force creates a tension in the outer pipe.

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482

(Ti,p Ta)
(Ti,p Ta)epz

displaced
bulkhead

(To,p Ta)
spacer

outer pipe

bulkhead

EpAp(To,p Ta)

EpAp(Ti,p Ta)
L1

L2

x1

x2

Variable temperature

(a)
(Td,p Ta)

inner pipe

EpAp(Td,p Ta)

EpAp(Td,p Ta)
x

Anchor region

(b)

L /2 spacer friction

Constant temperature

Fig. 2. Inner pipe temperature variation and spacer friction force. (a) Variable temperature. (b) Constant
temperature.

Its effect can be incorporated in the above formulae by using the reduced seabed
friction coefcient dened as:



ms W p
m0 m 1

.
(2.18)
m W pip
Eq. (2.17) may be rewritten as:
x2 L

E c Ac
L
E c Ac
x

SN T ms W p L=2 SN n
N E F s 0
mo W pip E p Ap
E p Ap
(2.19)

in which
SN T N T;p N T;c sum of thermal forces on bulkhead
SN n N n;p
N n;c sum of Poissons forces on bulkhead
The solution to Eq. (2.19) may be written as:
q
SN T
ms W p L=2
SN n N E
F s E p Ap
L
1 1 4
m0 LW pip
E c Ac
x
2
E p Ap =E c Ac

(2.20)

(2.21)

The necessary and sufcient condition for the solution to exist is 0oxpL=2: This
leads to:
F s pSN T
ms W p L=2
SN n N E ,

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A. Bokaian / Marine Structures 17 (2004) 475500

LXLo

1=m0 W pip E c Ac =E p Ap SN T
SN n N E
F s
,
1
4 E c Ac =2E p Ap 1 ms =m0 W p =W pip

483

(2.22)

where Lo is the limit length between short and long pipe-in-pipe.

The total force N tot;p and the effective axial force N eff ;p in the inner pipe are:
N tot;p
N T;p
ms W p L=2 N d N n;p ,
N eff ;p
N tot;p
N E;p .

(2.23)

The bulkhead displacement and the inner and the outer pipe forces are simplied
as:
d

m0 W pip 2
x ;
2E c Ac

Nd

m0 W pip E p Ap 2
x ,
L
E c Ac

N c m0 W pip x
N T;c N n;c .

(2.24)

2.1.1. Short pipe-in-pipes

Eq. (2.21) delineates the limit between the long and short pipe-in-pipe systems. For
the latter, the forces and displacements based on the anchor length of L=2 will not be
enough to balance the forces on the bulkhead. As a result, an additional amount of
bulkhead displacement must occur to result in a balance of forces on the bulkhead.
The force due to the extra displacement is not inuenced by the soil friction as this is
generating its maximum value m0 W pip L=2 on each side. With reference to Fig. 3a, the
bulkhead displacement and the inner pipe force become, respectively:




Z L=2

Z L=2
m W pip
m W pip L L
,

net dz

tot
0
z dz
tot
0
d
E c Ac
E c Ac 4 2
0
0


N d E p Ap


m0 W pip L

tot

.
E c Ac 4

(2.25)

From Eq. (2.11), the strain in the outer pipe may be written as:

c
tot

T;c

n;c .

(2.26)

Using the above expressions and substituting N c E c Ac
c into Eq. (2.1) leads to:

tot

SN T
ms W p L=2
SN n N E
F s E p Ap =E c Ac m0 W pip L=4

.
E p Ap E c Ac
(2.27)

Based on the above equation d; N d; and the force in the outer pipe at bulkhead
location become:



SN T
ms W p L=2
SN n N E
F s
m0 W pip L=4 L
,
d
2
E p Ap E c Ac

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strain

484

tot

net
anchor
point

upstream
bulkhead

downstream
bulkhead

f

L /2

L /2

Uniform temperature

(a)

tot
net

anchor
point
x1

Temperature gradient in inner Pipe

(b)

net

tot

x1

(c)

L-x1

anchor
point

L-x1

Inner and outer pipe temperature variation

Fig. 3. Thermal expansion of short pipe-in-pipes. (a) Uniform temperature. (b) Temperature gradient in
inner pipe. (c) Inner and outer pipe temperature variation.

Nd

SN T
ms W p L=2
SN n N E
F s
m0 W pip L=4

,
1 E c Ac =E p Ap

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Nc
E c Ac =E p Ap N T;p
ms W p L=2
N n;p N E
F s
N T;c N n;c m0 W pip L=4
.
1 E c Ac =E p Ap

2:28
2.1.2. Protective pipe-in-pipes
In most engineering situations, E p Ap 4E c Ac : However in some cases the
opposite may be true. This happens when the primary purpose of the outer pipe
is to protect the inner pipe from the effects of dropped objects in areas close to
the platforms [33]. For a long protective pipe-in-pipe, the anchor length may be
written as:
x

SN T
ms W p L=2
SN n N E
F s
.
m0 W pip

(2.29)

2.2. Temperature gradient

The ow through a pipe-in-pipe system causes a temperature gradient along the
length of the system, as shown in Figs. 2a. The exponential distribution represents a
realistic simulation of the temperature variation in the inner pipe due to heat loss and
may be written as [34,35]:
T z;p
T a T i;p
T a e
bp z ,

(2.30)

where, z is the distance measured from inner pipe inlet (upstream end), T i;p the inlet
temperature (at hot end of inner pipe), T z;p the temperature at distance z from inlet,
and bp the heat loss coefcient (decay constant) for inner pipe. bp is a function of the
pipeline and coating conductivity properties, internal uid properties and external
convection and may be written as:
bp

T i;p
T a
1
ln
,
L T o;p
T a

(2.31)

where, To,p is the outlet temperature (at cold end of inner pipe).
The thermal force in the inner pipe varies from a maximum of N T;p
1
E p Ap aT i;p
T a at the inlet to a minimum of N T;p
2 E p Ap aT o;p
T a at the
outlet. The difference is balanced by the frictional forces generated by the spacers on
the inner pipe, as shown in Fig. 2a, according to which:
E p Ap aT i;p
T o;p ms W p L2
L1 ,
L1 L2 L,

2:32

where, L1 ; L2 is the upstream and downstream length, respectively, over which two
opposing spacer friction forces act (see Fig. 2a).

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486

From the above relationships:



E p Ap a
T i;p
T o;p
2,
L1 L

ms W p


E p Ap a
L2 L
T i;p
T o;p
2,
ms W p
L2 4L1 .

2:33

Throughout this paper, sufxes 1 and 2 refer to the upstream and the downstream
end of the pipe-in-pipe system, respectively.
The equilibrium of forces on the bulkheads results in:

N T;p
1 ms W p L1 N n;p
N E F s
1 N d N c
1 0,

N T;p
2 ms W p L2 N n;p
N E F s
2 N d N c
2 0,

(2.34)

where
d1 d2
.
(2.35)
L
By subtracting the above two relationships, the following expression is
obtained:
N d E p Ap

N c
1
N c
2 N T;p
1
N T;p
2
ms W pip L1
L2
F s
1
F s
2 .

(2.36)

For the case of a long pipe-in-pipe system, two cases are considered. Case 1 relates
to L1 4x1 : Case 2 denes the opposite situation of L1 ox1 ; as shown for example in
Fig. 2a.
2.2.1. Uniform outer pipe temperature
(a) Long pipe-in-pipe
Case 1 : x1 oL1 In this case, the net strain, the outer pipe force and the bulkhead
displacement at the upstream end become, respectively:

net1
T;c
n;c
c
1

m0 W pip
z;
E c Ac

0ozoL1 ,

N c
1 m0 W pip x1

T;c
n;c E c Ac m0 W pip x1
N T;c N n;c ,

d1

m0 W pip x21
.
2E c Ac

(2.37)

The anchor point and the bulkhead displacement at the downstream end may
similarly be written as:

net2
T;c
n;c
c
2

Z

x2

net2 dz

d2
0

m0 W pip
x2 0,
E c Ac

m0 W pip 2
x .
2E c Ac 2

(2.38)

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487

Eq. (2.38) may be rewritten as:

N c
2 m0 W pip x2
N T;c N n;c .

(2.39)

Substitution of N c
1 and N c
2 in Eq. (2.36) by their equivalents results in:
x2 x1

N T;p
1
N T;p
2 ms W p L1
L2 F s
1
F s
2

m0 W pip

(2.40)

Using Eqs. (2.37) and (2.38), the inner pipe force may be written as:
Nd

m0 W pip E p Ap 2
x x22 .
2L E c Ac 1

(2.41)

By substituting N d; from Eq. (2.41) and N c
1 from Eq. (2.37) into Eq. (2.34) and
making use of Eq. (2.40), the following relationship is obtained for x1 :


E c Ac
N T;p
1
N T;p
2 ms W p L1
L2 F s
1
F s
2
x21 L

x1
m0 W pip
E p Ap
L
E c Ac

SN T
1 SN n
N E F s
1 ms W p L1

m0 W pip E p Ap


1
N T;p
1
N T;p
2 ms W p L1
L2 F s
1
F s
2 2
0,
2:42

2
m0 W pip
where SN T
1 N T;p
1 N T;c is the sum of thermal forces on the upstream
bulkhead.
For a uniform temperature pipe-in-pipe system but with different tie-in spool
weights, L1 L2 L=2 and the above relationships are simplied as:
x2 x1

F s
1
F s
2
,
m0 W pip


E c Ac F s
1
F s
2
L
E c Ac
x21 L

x1
m0 W pip E p Ap
E p Ap
m0 W pip

SN T
1 SN n
N E F s
1 ms W p L=2



1 F s
1
F s
2 2

0.
2
m0 W pip

2:43

The above solution is valid when x1 oL1 and x1 x2 pL:

Case 2 : x1 4L1 With reference to Fig. 2a, the net strain at the upstream end is:

net1
a
T;c
n;c
c
1

m0 W pip
z;
E c Ac

net1
b
T;c
n;c
c
1

m0
m1 W pip L1 m1 W pip


z;
E c Ac
E c Ac

0ozoL1 ,

L1 ozox1 ,

(2.44)

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488

where, m1 is the enhanced seabed friction coefcient dened as:


m Wp
m1 m 1 s
.
m W pip

(2.45)

The anchor point and the bulkhead displacement at the upstream end are:

net1
b
T;c
n;c
c
1

Z
0

L1

net1 dz

d1

x1

m0
m1 W pip L1 m1 W pip


x1 0,
E c Ac
E c Ac
x1

net1
a dz
o

net1
b dz
L1



W pip
L2
m
m0
3m1 1 m1 L1 x1 1 x21 .
E c Ac
2
2

2:46

From Eq. (2.44), the outer pipe force at the upstream end may be written as:
N c
1 m1 W pip x1 m0
m1 W pip L1
N T;c N n;c .

(2.47)

Substitution of N c
1 from the above equation and N c
2 from Eq. (2.39) into Eq.
(2.36) leads to:
x2

m1
x1
m0

N T;p
1
N T;p
2 ms W p L1
L2 F s
1
F s
2 m0
m1 W pip L1

,
m0 W pip
|{z}
A

2:48
where A refers to the second term on right-hand side of Eq. (2.48).
Using Eq. (2.48), the inner pipe force becomes:


E p Ap W pip mm1 2
1
m A2
x1 m1 L1 Ax1 m0
3m1 L21 0
Nd
.
2
E c Ac L
m0
2

(2.49)

By substituting N d; from the above and N c
1 from Eq. (2.47) into the balance of
forces on the upstream bulkhead of Eq. (2.34), the following equation is obtained for
the calculation of x1 :



mm0 2
E c Ac
x1 m 1 L 1 A
L x1
m
E p Ap

E c Ac L

SN T
1 SN n
N E F s
1 ms W p L1

E p Ap W pip

1
2:50
m0
m1 W pip L1 m0
3m1 L21 m0 A2 0.
2
The solution is valid when x1 4L1 and x1 x2 pL: Note that m0 m1 2m and
m1
m0 2ms W p =W pip :
(b) Short pipe-in-pipe

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In cases where x1 x2 4L (see Fig. 3b), by equating the anchor point strain at the
downstream end from Eq. (2.38) to that at the upstream end from Eq. (2.44) and by
substituting x2 L
x1 ; the following relationship is obtained:


(2.51)
N c
1
N c
2 W pip m0 m1 x1 m0 L1
L
m1 L1 .
By equating the above relationship with that of 2.36, the following expression is
obtained for x1 :
x1

N T;p
1
N T;p
2
ms W p L1
L2
F s
1
F s
2 mo L2 m1 L1

.

2mW pip
2m
(2.52)

The bulkheads displacements become:

Z x1
Z L1
Z
d1

net1 dz

net1
a dz
0

0
2
m1 W pip L1

m0

2E c Ac

x1

net1
b dz
L1



m
m1 W pip L1
m W pip 2

T;c
n;c
c
1
0
x,
x1
1
E c Ac
2E c Ac 1


m W pip

T;c
n;c
c
2
0
z dz
E c Ac
0
0


2
m0 W pip L
m0 W pip L


T;c
n;c
c
2

T;c
n;c
c
2 L

E c Ac
2E c Ac
m W pip 2
 x1
0
x .
2:53
2E c Ac 1
Z

L
x1

L
x1

net2 dz

d2

Thus the inner pipe force may be written in terms of x1 and Nc
2 as:
E p Ap
d1 d2
L




E p Ap W pip m0
m1 L21
m0 L2
2
mx1 N T;c N n;c N c
2 .

E c Ac
L
2

Nd

2:54
Substitution of N d; in the balance of forces on the downstream bulkhead of Eq.
(2.34) and the subsequent use of Eq. (2.51) result in the following expressions for
N c
1 and N c
2 :
E c Ac
E p Ap

N c
1

N T;p
2
ms W p L2
N n;p N E
F s
2 W pip 2mx1
m0 L2
m1 L1

N T;c N n;c

W pip

n h

2
2
1 m0 L m1
m0 L1
2
L

c
1 EEpc A
Ap

mx21 2mx1
m0 L2
m1 L1
c
1 EEpc A
Ap

o
,

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490
E c Ac
E p Ap

N c
2

N T;p
2
ms W p L2
N n;p N E
F s
2
N T;c N n;c

W pip =Lm0 L2 m1
m0 L21 =2
mx21

c
1 EEpc A
Ap

(2.55)

N d can be rewritten as:

Nd

SN T
2
ms W p L2
SN n N E
F s
2
W pip =L

m0 L2 m1
m0 L21
2

mx21

1 E c Ac =E p Ap

(2.56)
2.2.2. Outer pipe temperature gradient
In most cases, the temperature in the outer pipe is the almost the same as the
ambient temperature. However if there is any variation, this may similarly be
approximated as (see Fig. 4):
T z;c
T a T i;c
T a e
bc z ,

(2.57)

tot1
T,c1
c-1
v,c
net1
f

tot2
T,c1
c2
v,c
net2
f

pote

ntial

(a)

strain

strain

where T i;c is the inlet temperature (at hot end of outer pipe), T z;c the temperature
at distance z from inlet, and bc the heat loss coefcient for outer pipe similarly

ntia

pote

Strain in outer pipe

(Ti,c Ta)ec z

(Ti,c Ta)

(To,c Ta)

(b)

Outer pipe temperature profile

displaced
bulkhead

outer pipe

bulkhead
spacer

1

inner pipe

x1
L

(c)

anchor region

x2

2

Thermal expansion

Fig. 4. Pipe-in-pipe expansion under temperature variation. (a) Strain in outer pipe. (b) Outer pipe
temperature prole. (c) Thermal expansion.

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491

dened as:
bc

1
T i;c
T a
ln
.
L T o;c
T a

(2.58)

(a) Long pipe-in-pipe

Case 1 : x1 oL1
With reference to Fig. 4(a), the upstream anchor point and bulkhead displacement
are obtained from:

net1
tot1

f
T;c
n;c
c
1

f
1 aT i;c
T a e
bc x1
m W pip

n;c
c
1
0
x1 0,
E c Ac
Z

x1

d1
0



m W pip 2
1
1

bc x1

net1 dz aT i;c
T a


x1 e
x ,
0
bc
bc
2E c Ac 1

(2.59)

where
tot1 is the total strain at upstream end, dened similar to Eq. (2.11).
The rst equation may be rewritten as:
N c
1 m0 W pip x1
aT i;c
T a e
bc x1 E c Ac
N n;c .

(2.60)

With the above relationship, Eq. (2.34) for the equilibrium of forces on the
upstream bulkhead is reduced to:

aT i;c
T a e
bc x1 E c Ac
N T;p
1 m0 W pip x1 E p Ap

d1 d2
L

SN n
N E F s
1 ms W p L1 0.

2:61

The temperature in the outer pipe may alternatively be written as:

T z;c
T a T o;c
T a ebc z ,

(2.62)

where z is the distance from inner pipe outlet and T z;c the temperature at distance z
from outlet.
The anchor point and the bulkhead displacement at the downstream end may
similarly be calculated from:
m0 W pip
x2 0,
E c Ac





Z x2
m W pip 2
1
1
bc x2

net2 dz aT o;c
T a


x2 e
x ,
d2
0
bc
bc
2E c Ac 2
0

net2
tot2

f aT o;c
T a ebc x2
n;c
c
2

(2.63)
where
tot2 is the total strain at downstream end.
From Eq. (2.63), the outer pipe force at the downstream end becomes:
N c
2 m0 W pip x2
aT o;c
T a ebc x2 E c Ac
N n;c .

(2.64)

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492

The balance of forces on the downstream bulkhead results in:

aT o;c
T a ebc x2 E c Ac
N T;p
2 m0 W pip x2 E p Ap

d1 d2
L

SN n
N E F s
2 ms W pip L2 0.

2:65

Substitution of d1 from Eq. (2.59) and d2 from Eq. (2.63) into Eqs. (2.61) and
(2.65) results in the following two relationships in terms of x1 and x2 :



E c Ac m0 W pip
1
x1
bc x1

aT i;c
T a e
bc x1

x1
aT i;c
T a

e
Lbc L
E p Ap
E p Ap



1
x2 bc x2 m0 W pip 2
aT i;c
T o;c
x x22

aT o;c
T a

e
Lbc L
Lbc
2E c Ac L 1

N T;p
1 SN n
N E F s
1 ms W p L1

0,
2:66a
E p Ap



E c Ac m0 W pip
1
x1
bc x1

aT o;c
T a e

x2
aT i;c
T a

e
Lbc L
E p Ap
E p Ap



1
x2 bc x2 m0 W pip 2
aT i;c
T o;c
x x22

aT o;c
T a

e
Lbc L
Lbc
2E c Ac L 1

N T;p
2 SN n
N E F s
2 ms W p L2

0.
2:66b
E p Ap
bc x2

The above pair of equations can be solved iteratively [36]. The solution is valid
when x1 oL1 and x1 x2 pL:
In most practical cases bc x1 51 and bc x2 51: Based on this, an alternative but
slightly approximate method which simplies the solution to the above equations, is
to expand the exponential terms as [37]:
1
e
bc x1  1
bc x1 bc x1 2 ,
2
1
bc x2
e
 1 bc x2 bc x2 2 .
2

2:67

If the outer pipe temperature rapidly declines to ambient, then the d2 and Nc
2 are
simplied as:
d2

m0 W pip 2
x,
2E c Ac 2

N c
2 m0 W pip x2
N T;c N n;c .

(2.68)

The balance of forces on the downstream bulkhead is also simplied as:

SN T
2 m0 W pip x2 E p Ap

d1 d2
SN n
N E F s
2 ms W p L2 0,
L
(2.69)

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493

where SN T
2 N T;p
2 N T;c is the sum of thermal forces on downstream

bulkhead.
The solution is valid when T o:c
T a ebc x2  0:
Case 2: x1 4L1
The net strain at the upstream end may be written as:

net1
a aT i;c
T a e
bc z
n;c
c
1


net1
b aT i;c
T a e
bc z
n;c
c
1

m0 W pip
E c Ac z;
m0
m1 W pip L1
E c Ac

0ozoL1 ;

m1 W pip
E c Ac

z;

L1 ozox1 :
(2.70)

The upstream anchor point and bulkhead displacement can be calculated from:

net1
b aT i;c
T a e
bc x1
n;c
c
1

Z

x1

L1

m0
m1 W pip L1 m1 W pip


x1 0,
E c Ac
E c Ac

x1

net1 dz

net1
a dz

net1
b dz
0
0
L1





W pip
1
1


x1 e
bc x1
m
m1 L21 m1 x21 . 2:71
aT i;c
T a
bc
bc
2E c Ac 0

d1

Eq. (2.70) may be rewritten as:

N c
1 m1 W pip x1
aT i;c
T a e
bc x1 E c Ac
N n;c m0
m1 W pip L1 .

(2.72)

With the above, Eq. (2.34) is reduced to:

d1 d2
L
SN n
N E F s
1 ms W p L1 m0
m1 W pip L1 0.

aT i;c
T a e
bc x1 E c Ac
N T;p
1 m1 W pip x1 E p Ap

2:73

Eqs. (2.63) and (2.65) remain valid for the downstream bulkhead displacement
and balance of forces.
Substitution of d1 from Eq. (2.71) and d2 from Eq. (2.63) into Eq. (2.73) results in
the following expression in terms of x1 and x2 :



m1 W pip
1
x1
bc x1

bc x1 E c Ac

aT i;c
T a e

x1
aT i;c
T a
e
bc L L
E p Ap
E p Ap



W pip
1
x2 bc x2

m x2 m0 x22 m0
m1 L21

aT o;c
T a

e
bc L L
2E c Ac L 1 1
aT i;c
T o;c

bc L

N T;p
1 SN n
N E F s
1 ms W p L1 m0
m1 W pip L1

0.
2:74
E p Ap
Eqs. (2.66b) and (2.74) can similarly be solved in terms of x1 and x2 : The solution
is valid when x1 4L1 and x1 x2 pL:
(b) Short pipe-in-pipe

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494

With reference to Fig 3c, by equating the anchor point strain at the upstream end
from Eq. (2.70) to that at the downstream end from Eq. (2.63), and by substituting
x2 L
x1 ; the following relationship is obtained:
N c
1 m0
m1 W pip L1 m1 W pip




x1
E c Ac
E c Ac
E c Ac
N c
2 m0 W pip
aT o;c
T a ebc L
x1
n;c


L
x1 .
E c Ac
E c Ac

aT i;c
T a e
bc x1
n;c

2:75

Using Eq. (2.61), the above relationship is reduced to:

N c
1
N c
2 W pip m0 m1 x1 m0 L1
L
m1 L1

(2.76)

which is identical to Eq. (2.51) for uniform temperature. Equating the above
relationship with Eq. (2.36) results in the following equation for x1 :
x1

N T
1
N T
2
ms W p L1
L2
F s
1
F s
2 m1 L1 m0 L2

.

2mW pip
2m
(2.77)

The bulkheads displacements are:

Z

x1

net1 dz

d1

x1

net1
a dz

L1
0

net1
b dz
0

W pip L21
aT i;c
T o
1
e
bc x1 mo
m1
b
2E c Ac
 c


m0 m1 W pip L1
m W pip 2

n;c
c
1
x ,
x1
1
E c Ac
2E c Ac 1
Z

L
x1 

x2

net2 dz

d2
0

aT o;c
T a ebc z
n;c
c
2

m0 W pip
z dz
E c Ac

T i;c
T a bc L
x1
e

1
n;c
c
2 L
x1
ae
bc L
bc
m W pip
L
x1 2 .

0
2E c Ac

2:78

Using Eq. (2.35), the inner pipe force becomes:

E p Ap
d1 d2
L


aT i;c
T o;c E p Ap W pip m0
m1 L21
m0 L2
mx21
E p Ap

Lbc
E c Ac L
2

Nd

N n;c N c
2 .

2:79

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495

Substitution of N d in Eq. (2.34) and the subsequent use of Eq. (2.76) result in the
following relationships for N c
1 and N c
2 :
E c Ac =E p Ap N T;p
2
ms W p L2
N n;p N E
F s
2
W pip 2mx1
m0 L2
m1 L1
E c Ac aT i;c
T o;c =Lbc N n;c

N c
1

W pip

1 E c Ac =E p Ap

1

L m0 L


m1
m0 L21 =2
mx21 2mx1
m0 L2
m1 L1
,
1 E c Ac =E p Ap

E c Ac =E p Ap N T;p
2
ms W p L2
N n;p N E
F s
2
E c Ac aT i;c
T o;c =Lbc N n;c

N c
2

W pip =Lm0 L2 m1
m0 L21 =2
mx21

1 E c Ac =E p Ap

(2.80)
Thus Nd may be rewritten as:


E c Ac aT i;c
T o;c
Lbc

Nd

N T;p
2
ms W pip L2
SN n N E
F s
2

W pip =Lm0 L2 m1
m0 L21 =2
mx21

1 E c Ac =E p Ap

(2.81)

It should be noted that the rst quotient in the numerator represents the average
temperature in the outer pipe.

3. Application
The above mathematical model was applied to two pipe-in-pipe systems whose
characteristics are summarised in Table 1. A long pipe-in-pipe of length 11,000 m
and short one of 6000 m are considered. All thermal expansion cases discussed in this
paper are considered. The ndings are tabulated in Tables 2 and 3 along with
corresponding nite element analysis results.

4. Conclusions
Based on simple columb friction between the inner pipe and the spacers, analytical
formulas were developed for thermal expansion of non-compliant pipe-in-pipe
systems. It was concluded that the anchor length ratio increases with both a decrease
in pipe-in-pipe length and an increase in the square root of the resultant force that
tends to displace the bulkhead whereas for a long protective pipe-in-pipe with thin
outer pipe wall thickness, the anchor length is directly proportional to this force.

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A. Bokaian / Marine Structures 17 (2004) 475500

Table 1
Pipe-in-pipe data
Parameter

Symbol

Unit

Value

1000 Inner pipe

(a) Geometric and material properties
Outer diameter
Wall thickness
Coating thickness
Coating density
Steel Young modulus of elasticity
Steel density
Poissons ratio of steel
Coefcient of thermal expansion of steel
Fluid density
Design pressure

Dp
tp

Ep

n
a

pd,p

mm
mm
mm
kg/m3
N/m2
kg/m3
dimensionless
1/1C
kg/m3
bar

273.1
14.3
3
900
2.07  1011
7850
0.3
11.7  10
6
900
400

Dc
tc

Ec

mm
mm
mm
kg/m3
N/m2
kg/m

355.6
12.7
2.5
1000
2.07  1011
3

ms

pans

dimensionless
te
bar

0.22
11.52
1

m
Ta

m
kg/m3
dimensionless
1C

300
1025
0.6
5

1400 Outer pipe

Outer diameter
Wall thickness
Coating thickness
Coating density
Steel Young modulus of elasticity
Mass per unit length of insulation, spacers and
other appurtenances
Spacers friction coefcient
Mass of tie-in spoolpiece
Annulus design pressure
(b) Environmental and soil data
Water depth
Sea water density
Longitudinal seabed friction coefcient
Ambient (installation) temperature

Table 2
Hoop stress
Parameter

Symbol

Unit

Value

Inner pipe
Outer pipe

sh
sc

MPa
MPa

361.1

39.4

For short pipe-in-pipe systems, the effect of outer pipe temperature variation on
the inner pipe axial force and outer pipe tension can be replaced by its average over
the pipe-in-pipe length. The inner pipe axial force increases with increase in the
resultant force on the bulkhead.
For the case of exponentially varying outer pipe temperature, iterative methods
should be employed to calculate the thermal expansion characteristics. The iteration

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497

Table 3
Pipe-in-pipe thermal expansion characteristics
Parameter

Symbol

Unit

Value

Temperature data
(a) Uniform temperature
Inner pipe design temperature
Outer pipe design temperature

Td,p
Td,c

1C
1C

95
15

Long pipe-in-pipe
Pipe-in-pipe length
Anchor length
Limit between short and long pipe-in-pipe

L
x
Lo

m
m
m

11,000
4110
8491oL

Results

dimensionless

Analytical

Finite element

Bulkhead displacement
Inner pipe force
Total axial force in inner pipe
Effective axial force in inner pipe
Outer pipe force at bulkhead location

d
N d;
Ntotal,p
Neff,p
Nc

mm
kN
kN
kN
kN

1190
521

1865

2588
1148

1189
520.5

1863

2584
1146

Short pipe-in-pipe
Pipe-in-pipe length

km

6000oLo

Results

dimensionless

Analytical

Finite element

Bulkhead displacement
Inner pipe force
Total axial force in inner pipe
Effective axial force in inner pipe
Outer pipe force at bulkhead location

d
N d;
Ntotal,p
Neff,p
Nc

mm
kN
kN
kN
kN

1184
950

931

1653
1224

1186
954

937

1658
1227

Note: Compressive force negative otherwise positive

Parameter

Symbol Unit

Value

Temperature data
(b) Inner pipe non-uniform temperature outer pipe uniform temperature
1C
Inner pipe inlet temperature
Ti,p
1C
Inner pipe outlet temperature
To,p
Outer pipe design temperature
Td,c
1C

95
85
15

Long pipe-in-pipe
Pipe-in-pipe length
Heat loss coefcient
Limit between short and long pipe-in-pipe(1)
Upstream length over which spacers friction acts
Reduced friction coefcient

L
bp
Lo
L1
mo

km
1/m
m
M
dimensionless

11,000
1.071  10
5
7760oL
4803
0.4

Results

dimensionless Analytical Finite element

Anchor length at upstream end

Anchor length at downstream end
Bulkhead displacement at upstream end
Bulkhead displacement at downstream end
Inner pipe force
Outer pipe force at upstream bulkhead location
Outer pipe force at downstream bulkhead location

x1
x2
d1
d2
N d;
Nc
1
Nc
2

M
Mm
mm
mm
kN
kN
kN

4569
3158
1471
703
476
1331
768

4565
3154
1469
700
472
1328
765

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Table 3 (continued)
Parameter

Symbol

Short pipe-in-pipe
Pipe-in-pipe length
Heat loss coefcient
Upstream length over which spacers friction acts
Results

Unit

L
bp
L1

Value

km
1/m
m
dimensionless

6000oLo
1.963  10
5
2303
Analytical Finite element

m
Anchor length at upstream end
x1
Inner pipe force
Nd
kN
Inner pipe total deection
d1 d2 mm
kN
Outer pipe force at upstream bulkhead location
Nc
1
Outer pipe force at downstream bulkhead location Nc
2
kN
Note: (1) Based on inner pipe minimum uniform temperature of 85 1C
Parameter
Symbol Unit

Value

Temperature data
(c) Inner pipe non-uniform temperature outer pipe non-uniform temperature
1C
Inner pipe inlet temperature
Ti,p
Inner pipe outlet temperature
To,p
1C
Outer pipe inlet temperature
Ti,c
1C
1C
Outer pipe outlet temperature
To,c

95
85
15
10

Long pipe-in-pipe
Pipe-in-pipe length
Inner pipe heat loss coefcient
Outer pipe heat loss coefcient
Limit between short and long pipe-in-pipe(1)
Upstream length over which spacers friction acts

L
bp
bc
Lo
L1

m
1/m
1/m
m
m

11,000
1.071  10
5
6.301  10
5
6331oL
4803

Results

dimensionless Analytical Finite element

Anchor length at upstream end

Anchor length at downstream end
Bulkhead displacement at upstream end
Bulkhead displacement at downstream end
Inner pipe force
Outer pipe force at upstream bulkhead location
Outer pipe force at downstream bulkhead location

x1
x2
d1
d2
N d;
Nc
1
Nc
2

mm
mm
mm
mm
kN
kN
kN

4449
2910
1456
579
445
1364
801

Short pipe-in-pipe
Pipe-in-pipe length
Inner pipe heat loss coefcient
Outer pipe heat loss coefcient
Upstream length over which spacers friction acts
Anchor length at upstream end

L
bp
bc
L1
x1

km
1/m
1/m
m
m

6000oLo
1.963  10
5
1.155  10
5
2303
4177

Results

dimensionless Analytical Finite element

Inner pipe total deection

Inner pipe force
Outer pipe force at upstream bulkhead location
Outer pipe force at downstream bulkhead location

d1 d2
N d;
Nc
1
Nc
2

mm
kN
kN
kN

4177
1202
2996
2108
549

2890
1159
2150
592

4181
1208
3000
2112
554

4445
2907
1453
576
442
1362
798

2894
1163
2154
596

Note: (1) Based on inner and outer pipe minimum uniform temperature of 85 and 10 1C, respectively.

ARTICLE IN PRESS
A. Bokaian / Marine Structures 17 (2004) 475500

499

can be replaced by analytical calculation in most practical situations. Simple

analytical formulae can describe thermal expansion characteristics when the outer
pipe temperature is constant. Analytical ndings indicated good agreement with
nite element results.
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