Microwaves

Dave Klamer
May 8, 2001

TOPIC 1
MICROWAVE
FUNDAMENTALS

Course Learning Outcomes (CLO)

Explain clearly the generation of microwave
, the effects of microwave radiation and the
propagation of electromagnetic in a
waveguide and its accessories. (C2)
Display good communication skill through
presentation of any given essay question.
(A3)

Lesson Learning Outcomes (LLO)

Define microwave.
Explain with an illustration of a diagram the
principles of electric (E) and magnetic (H)
fields in electromagnetic wave.
Identify the electromagnetic wave spectrum.
Explain the needs for microwaves in
communication.

What is a Microwave?
Part of the RF spectrum
1 - 300 GHz

A microwave oven

800-900 MHz
50-600MHz

microwave
/mkrwv/
Noun
An electromagnetic wave with a wavelength
in the range 0.0010.3 m. Microwaves are
used in radar, in communications, and for
heating.
Verb
Cook (food) in a microwave oven.

Takrifan Gelombang Mikro

Merupakan gelombang elektromagnetik
dimana panjang gelombangnya () adalah
tersangat kecil (1mm - 1m) dan frekuensinya
sangat tinggi (300MHz - 300GHz)

 Microwaves are very short waves of

electromagnetic energy that travel at the
speed of light.

Uses of Microwaves
Cooking
Communication
Radios
Satellites
RADAR

Medicine
Astronomy

Microwave
microwaves - electromagnetic waves with a
frequency between 1GHz (wavelength 30cm) and
3GHz (wavelength 1mm)
microwaves frequency are further categorized into
frequency bands: L (1-2 GHz), S (2-4 GHz), C (48 GHz), X (8-12 GHz)
receivers need an unobstructed view of the sender
to successfully receive microwaves
microwaves are ideal when large areas need to be
covered and there are no obstacles in the path

Spektrum Frekuensi

11

Microwave communication concepts

microwaves are generated by magnetrons through
vibration of electrons
LoS (Line of Sight) is a visible straight line
between the sender and the receiver
LoS propagation propagation of microwaves in a
straight line free from any obstructions
Fresnel zone eliptical area around the LoS
between a sender and receiver; microwaves spread
into this area once are generated by an antenna; this
area should be free of any obstacles:

Microwave propagation modes

microwaves, one generated, propagate in a straight
line in all directions
there are 3 modes of propagation possible, and the
mode is decided based on distance and terrain:

Electromagnetic Waves and

Their Propagation Through the
Atmosphere

Gelombang Elektromagnetik
Merupakan ayunan medan elektrik (E) dan
medan magnet (H) yang merambat didalam
ruang bebas serta bersudut tepat antara satu
sama lain.
Merambat8 dengan kelajuan cahaya
3x10 m/s.

(E)

(H)

Rajah 1: Medan Gelombang Elektromagnetik

(Vektor Pointing gelombang TEM)15

Gelombang elektromagnetik dikatakan

melintang jika zarah-zarah mediumnya
berayun didalam arah bersudut tepat
dengan arah perambatan gelombang.

Rajah 2: Medan Gelombang Elektromagnetik Melintang

Electromagnetic waves:

Interact with matter in four ways:

Reflection:

Refraction:

Scattering:

Diffraction:

Electromagnetic Waves are characterized by:

Wavelength, [m, cm, mm, mm etc]
Frequency, f [s-1, hertz (hz), megahertz (Mhz), gigahertz (Ghz)
where: c = f

Polarization of electromagnetic waves

The polarization is specified by the orientation of the electromagnetic field.
The plane containing the electric field is called the plane of polarization.

Advantages of microwaves over

radio waves
because of high frequency, more data can
be sent through microwaves -> increased
bandwidth, higher speeds
because of their short wave length,
microwaves use smaller antennas
smaller antennas produce a more focused
beam which is difficult to intercept

Microwaves usages
carrier

waves in satellite communications

cellular communication
bluetooth

wimax
wireless local area network

GPS (Global Positioning System)

Microwave Applications
Communication

UHF TV
Microwave relay
Satellite communication
Mobile radio
Telemetry

Microwave heating
. Industrial heating
Home microwave ovens
Industrial, scientific,
medical

Radar
Search
Airport traffic control
Navigation
Tracking
Fire control
Radar altimeter
Velocity measuring

Session 2
LLO
1. Explain the types of EMT radiation
hazard.
2. State the radiation hazard limit for public
exposure.
3. Explain the radiation protection to be
practiced.

RADIATION HAZARD

RADIATION HAZARDS
Radiation hazard (RADHAZ) describes the
hazards of electromagnetic radiation to
fuels, electronic hardware, ordnance and
personnel.

Two Types of Radiation

 Hazard of Electromagnetic Radiation to

Personnel (HERP)
Hazard of Electromagnetic Radiation to
Ordnance (HERO)
Hazard of Electromagnetic Radiation to
Fuel (HERF)

Hazard of Electromagnetic Radiation

to Personnel (HERP)
The danger of HERP occurs because the
body absorbs radiation and significant internal
heating may occur without the individuals
knowledge because the body does not have
internal sensation of heat, and tissue damage may
occur before the excess heat can be dissipated

Hazard of Electromagnetic Radiation to

Ordnance (HERO)
Extremely high power electromagnetic
radiation can cause electric currents strong
enough to create sparks (electrical arcs)
when an induced voltage exceeds the
breakdown voltage of the surrounding
medium (e.g. air). These sparks can then
ignite flammable materials or gases,
possibly leading to an explosion.

 This can be a particular hazard in the vicinity

of explosive or pyrotechnics, since an
electrical overload might ignite them. This risk
is commonly referred to as HERO (Hazards of
Electromagnetic Radiation to Ordnance). MILSTD-464A mandates assessment of HERO in a
system, but Navy document OD 30393
provides design principles and practices for
controlling electromagnetic hazards to
ordnance.

Hazard of Electromagnetic Radiation

to Fuel (HERF)
the risk related to fueling is known as
HERF (Hazards of Electromagnetic
Radiation to Fuel). NAVSEA OP 3565
Vol. 1 could be used to evaluate
HERF, which states a maximum power
density of 0.09 W/m for frequencies
under 225 MHz (i.e. 4.2 meters for a
40 W emitter).

Radiation Warning Signs

Two maximum hazard limits are defined

1) Controlled Environments - where personnel
are aware of the potential danger of RF
exposure concurrently with employment, or
exposure which may occur due to incidental
transient passage through an area, and;
2) Uncontrolled Environments - A lower
maximum level where there is no expectation
that higher levels should be encountered, such
as living quarters.

General guidelines
Do not energize a transmitter (radar/comm) on an
aircraft or motor vehicle being fueled or on an
adjacent aircraft or vehicle.
Do not make or break any electrical, ground
wire, or tie down connector while fueling.
Radars capable of illuminating fueling areas with
a peak power density of 5 W/cm2 should be shut
off.
For shore stations, antennas radiating 250 watts
or less should be installed at least 50 ft from
fueling areas

General guidelines
For shore stations, antennas radiating 250 watts
or less should be installed at least 50 ft from
fueling areas (at sea 500 watts is the relaxed
requirement).
For antennas which radiate more than 250
watts, the power density at 50 ft from the
fueling operation should not be greater than the
equivalent power density of a 250 watt
transmitter located at 50 ft.

See you next week