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Table of Contents
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Module 4: Plots
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Lesson 1: Basics of Plotting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Exercise 1: Creating a Graph with One Y-Axis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Exercise 2: Modifying Graph Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Exercise 3: Inserting an Image in the Plot Header . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Exercise 4: Adding Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
Exercise 5: Changing the Size or Location of Your Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
Exercise 6: Creating a Graph with Two Y-Axes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Exercise 7: Creating a Plot with Multiple Graphs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
Procedure 1: Viewing a Graph up Close . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Exercise 8: Using the Solutions Catalog . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Lesson 2: Plots Comparing Multiple Entities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
Exercise 1: Creating a Plot Comparing Multiple Completions . . . . . . . . . . 116
Exercise 2: Using Stacked, Sum, Average,
and % Contribution Plot Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Exercise 3: Creating a Plot Comparing Multiple Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
Lesson 3: Plot Annotations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Exercise 1: Adding a Table to the Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
Exercise 2: Preparing a Plot to Annotate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
Lesson 4: Plot-Related Tools and Utilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Exercise 1: Viewing X-Y Data Pairs with Corresponding Points on the
Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
Exercise 2: Analyzing Information using the Compute Line Feature . . . . . 141
Question . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
Exercise 3: Adding a Group Average to the Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Procedure 1: Saving the Setup of a Plot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
Lesson 5: Water Production Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
Exercise 1: Importing Calculated Variables for Creating the Chan Plot . . . 150
Review Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
Module 5: Reports
Learning Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
Lesson 1: Rules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
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Learning Objectives
After completing this training, you will know how to:
export data and other text files for use in this or another OFM
project.
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What to Expect
In each module within this training material, you will encounter the
following:
Learning objectives
Scenario-based exercises
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Course Conventions
Content in this manual uses the following conventions.
Characters in Bold
Fixed-width
Characters in italics
fixed-width
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Icons
Throughout this manual, you will find icons in the margin
representing various kinds of information. These icons serve as
at-a-glance reminders of their associated text. See below for
descriptions of what each icon means.
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Summary
In this introduction, we:
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NOTES
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Lesson 1
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NOTES
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The Filter pane offers many tools for effectively creating and
saving filters. The application of filters is temporary and does not
survive into the next OFM session; however, many of the filtering
techniques can be saved for use again later.
The exception to this rule is the Project filter, which remains
permanently in effect until you disable it. This filter can be
extremely useful if you are responsible for a subset of completions
because your OFM project will always show only that subset.
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Learning Objectives
In this module, you will learn how to create a project filter and
perform ad-hoc filtering and grouping in many ways.
map techniques
completion
categories
OFM queries
match
table data.
Lesson 1
Ad-Hoc Groups
On the Home tab, in the Select well group, click the Group
button.
On the toolbar above the Filter pane, click the Group button.
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Exercise 1
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Exercise 2
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Lesson 2
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Exercise 1
Filtering by Zoom
When you zoom into the base map, OFM automatically creates a
filter containing the completions visible on the map.
1. Choose the base map.
2. On the Format tab, in the Zoom group, click Zoom Area
3. Use the mouse to drag an area on the map and release the
mouse button.
There are two things of note.
A filter named Current Zoom has been created in the Filter
pane.
The Navigation pane now indicates the reduced list of
completions.
TIP: The Zoom Area button allows you to filter using the
map. The Zoom In button magnifies only the map; it
does not filter. It is used much less frequently than
Zoom Area.
4. On the Home tab, in the Select Well group, click Group.
Notice that the well symbols on the map turn cyan in color.
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Exercise 2
Lesson 3
Filter by Completion
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Exercise 1
Filtering by Completion
You have been provided a list of wells that could be candidates for
remedial activity and you have been asked to look at them.
1. In the Filter pane, click Filter By Completion
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2. While holding down the Ctrl key, use the mouse to choose
these completions.
HOGL3_1029
HOGL9_0632
HOGLA-0232
HOGL3_1129
HOGL7_0232
HOGLA_1529
HOGL732
3. Click OK.
The Filter by Completions dialog closes and the base map
displays.
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3. Check the box for Auto zoom map around selected wells.
4. Click OK.
The Options window closes.
5. On the Home tab, in the Select well group, click Group.
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Lesson 4
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Exercise 1
4. Click OK.
5. Enter the name Possible Workovers to replace the
default name Well List1.
6. Clear the filter by clicking Clear Filter.
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7. To reactivate the well list, from the Filter pane, under Well
List, select the checkbox beside the list Possible Workovers.
The project is filtered to the same seven completions.
Exercise 2
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The text file shown in Figure 7 can be found at \OFM 2012 Oil
Fundamentals\D Filtering and Grouping\Missing data.txt.
Figure 7
Like the previous well list, this well list can be reused any
time by selecting its checkbox.
4. Open plot PD Rates.
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Scatter Sets
A scatter set organizes the completions either by category or filter
name and is used by the Scatter Plot module. This activity is
discussed in the OFM Intermediate course.
Filter Archive
A filter archive is similar to a well list, but it is more flexible and
powerful. If your filter is the result of many steps, including
querying and nested instructions, it is useful to save the procedure
(steps) itself. Filter Archive helps you achieve that goal.
Another useful feature of the Filter Archive approach is that
recalling the list re-runs the queries that were used to create it.
The query might return a different result (list) each time you run it
and sometimes this is desirable.
For example, you might wish to know if a list of low oil producers is
growing over time. Re-activating the filter lets you know if this is
true.
You will also find later, in Module 5, that filter archives also are
useful when plotting.
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2. Enter a name in the Filter Archive Name field and click OK.
3. View the Filter Archive pane by clicking the tab behind the
Filter pane.
NOTE: To apply the archived filter criteria, double-click on
the archive or right-click on the archive and select
Load from the shortcut menu.
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Lesson 5
Categories
Categories are one of the most useful methods for both filtering
and grouping.
To work with the hierarchy in your project (completions, wellbores,
reservoirs, fields, and platforms) you will use the concept of OFM
Categories. Each completion is associated, or mapped, to its
corresponding entry at the higher level in the hierarchy, such as
Completion X5 is in Reservoir A.
After these mappings are made, OFM knows that to display a plot
of oil production for Reservoir A, for example, it should aggregate
all the individual oil production volumes for each completion
associated to Reservoir A.
Mapping information is stored in static tables; any text field in any
static table can be used to define a Category. You will find that
most of these properties are found in the Sc table in the Provo
East project.
NOTE: Sc is an old abbreviation for the legacy term Sort
Category.
In your projects, you can hold Category information in any number
of static tables.
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The full list (on the right) represents every text field in every
static table in the project. Note the existing enabled
(checked) categories. Each enabled (checked) category is
also listed on the left.
2. Enable the Geometry option by selecting its checkbox. Note
that it, too, now displays on the left, confirming that it is now
an OFM category.
Clearing (unchecking) a box in the Category Name column
disables it.
WARNING: There is an option on this dialog to use numeric
columns from your tables as Categories. Use
the Show All Fields (text and numeric) checkbox
option with caution; it can cause round-off errors
for non-text fields.
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3. If you wish to finish at this time and save your changes, click
OK.
4. Save the workspace.
Exercise 1
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Question
In Step 7, what would happen if you checked Zone IC instead of
III?
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Lesson 6
Exercise 1
Stepping by Category
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6. Choose another zone from the list and watch the plot
automatically update.
Observe, also, that the name of the entity whose data you
are plotting appears in the Navigation toolbar as well as in
the header at the top of the plot.
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Exercise 2
Checking Quality
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6. Because all the completions show data on the plot and are
included in the PRD Table Data filter, they are active.
However, they have not been mapped to a Pool so there is
an error in category mapping.
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c. Scroll to the right to view the Pool column. Notice that the
cells are blank.
d. Place your cursor in the blank cell and enter BLM A.
e. Repeat Step d for the other completions with missing
information in this column.
f. Click any cell in a different row to save the change to the
database.
NOTE: You do not have enough time to comprehensively QC
the entire project but this procedure is a good start in
using the application to find errors in the raw data.
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7. While you have the Sc table open, scroll through it and look
for any other blank cells, which could indicate mapping
errors. (There should be no errors.)
8. Close the Sc table.
Lesson 7
Filter by Query
You have performed several filtering techniques that deal with the
static properties or attributes of your entities, such as by category.
You also have seen the power of using dynamic data to create
calculated categories. As you know, the most important data are
production data, which change over time.
To create ad-hoc filters using dynamic data, use the Filter by
Query option. Unlike calculated categories, this does not require
that custom calculated variables exist beforehand.
For example, it would be very useful to know which completions
have had the highest production rates throughout their lives. You
will use a query to select the completions that have produced PD
(producing day) oil rates of higher than 100 b/d at least once in
their production history. The table variable that you will query is
PRD.PDOil.
BEST PRACTICE: When referring to a table variable, OFM
adopts the naming convention of
tablename.columname. In this instance, the
table name is PRD and the column name is
PDOil. (OFM is not case-sensitive.)
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Exercise 1
Filtering by Query
3. Select Add.
The OFM Query window displays.
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4. Click Edit.
The Create Query window displays.
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Lesson 8
Filter by Match
Exercise 1
Filtering by Match
4. In the Completion Key Match field, enter PVE* and click OK.
(This option is not case sensitive.)
TIP: The asterisk (*) wildcard cannot be used as a prefix (for
example, *A). Instead, you can use the (?) wildcard.
For example, ???601 would find all completions with
601 starting in the 4th position of their names.
The Match dialog closes and you are returned to the OFM
main window. The filter does not run immediately. OFM first
offers you the opportunity to give this filter a name, as it will
be saved for future recall.
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Lesson 9
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Exercise 1
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Question
What can you say about the two completions that appeared in the
INJ table filter, but that did not appear in this final combined filter?
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Exercise 2
Identifying Non-Producing
Completions
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Exercise 3
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Exercise 4
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Lesson 10
Project Filter
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Exercise 1
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12. OFM gives the new project filter a default name. Change the
name to BLM B and press Enter.
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16. Clear the checkmark to the left of the project filter and click
Yes.
The base map shows all 87 completions.
Exercise 2
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Review Questions
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What data can you best access when you filter by Query?
When the project is updated with new data, will you have to
rebuild the calculated categories? Why?
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Summary
In this module, you learned about:
project filtering
This is what you learned about the Provo East oil field:
All wells are in one of two pools. Most of the completions are
in the BLM B pool.
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NOTES
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Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Lesson 1
Project Variables
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Calculated
Variables
Calculated
Fields
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Lesson 2
Calculated Variables
System Functions
Building expressions eventually demands that specific complex
functionality is made available, such as the ability of an
expression to cumulate values. These functionalities, with predefined behaviors, are provided in OFM through a collection of
utilities known as the system functions.
If you are comfortable with using functions in an Excel
spreadsheet formula, you will very quickly adapt to the concept of
OFM system functions. The logic behind the two is very similar.
With more than 230 predefined system functions in OFM,
calculated variables are one of the strongest functionalities of
OFM. In this training, you will learn how to create a few of the
most commonly used calculated variables. Consult the OFM Help
topic System functions list of all for a list and description of all
system functions.
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Exercise 1
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Exercise 2
Preventing Errors
You have defined the expression that will return a Gas-Oil ratio,
but there is a potential problem.
What if, in one particular month, there is water production but zero
gas production or the gas production value is missing? This
expression will cause a divide-by-zero type of error, which is not
desirable. You need a way to protect your expression from this
eventuality.
The obvious way of avoiding a divide-by-zero error is to introduce
a condition into the expression. This is a nice way of introducing
OFM system functions.
1. Click System Functions.
The parameter list changes to show the collection of
prepared system functions available to all OFM projects.
2. Scroll through the list and locate the system function named
If.
3. In the upper text entry area, place the cursor at the beginning
of the expression and double-click on the If function to bring
it into the expression creation area.
4. Edit the expression to read as follows:
@If(Prd.Oil=0,@Null(), Prd.Gas/Prd.Oil)
If the condition (monthly gas volume value is zero) is TRUE,
the expression returns a Null value, meaning it returns
nothing. (It does NOT return zero.)
If the condition is FALSE (monthly gas volume value is not
zero), the expression proceeds to perform the calculation.
TIP: A system function must be preceded by (@)in an
expression.
NOTE: The @Null() result is itself a system function and
requires no arguments.
You are now protected against the possibility of the Divide by
zero error.
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Project Variables
5. Click OK.
The Edit Calculated Variable window closes and the
variable displays in the Variable Editor window. By default,
the name of the new calculated variable is NewItem.
6. In the Name column for the NewItem calculated variable,
enter GOR.
OFM automatically assigns the same name for the Display
Name.
NOTE: Display Name has been included in the design of the
application but as yet it is not being used.
7. Leave the User and Class fields unspecified.
8. At the top, click Math.
OFM displays columns for math information.
9. In the cell for the Output Multiplier, choose M.
Because the desired display units for GOR will be thousands
of cubic feet per barrel or thousand cubic meters per
standard cubic meter, the M multiplier is required.
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16. At the top, click Plot again to hide the plot columns.
17. Click Report to show the report columns.
18. Set these parameters:
Report Width = 8
Report Width Decimals = 3
Report Heading 1 = Gas
Report Heading 2 = Oil
Report Heading 3 = Ratio.
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Project Variables
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Exercise 3
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Exercise 4
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Exercise 5
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Exercise 6
You will now display in the PD Rates plot the results of some of
the work you completed in the last three exercises.
In this exercise, you will add the CD oil rate and peak CD oil rate
variables to the plot.
1. Select the PD Rates plot.
2. Double-click the plot.
The Edit Plot dialog displays.
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Project Variables
Notice how the peak oil rate value is returned every month
but it correctly coincides with the peak value on the plot of
the CD Oil Rate in late 1993.
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Question
You plotted the calendar day oil rate curve and the producing day
oil rate curve. They seem to coincide very well. But look at the
spike in PD rate in 2004. The CD rate does NOT spike.
Why could this be? Why is the producing day rate so different
from the calendar day rate?
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7. In the text field at the top of the dialog, enter this expression:
Operator: + Sc.Operator
NOTE: Be sure to include the quotes and the space
character after the colon (:); otherwise, the appended
string will not be aligned properly.
This variable returns a text string comprised of the phrase
Operator: together with the (dynamic) name of the operator
associated with this completion, taken from the Sc table.
8. Click OK to close the Edit Calculated Variable window.
You are returned to the Variable Editor window.
9. Name this new variable HdrOperator and click OK.
Exercise 8
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Exercise 9
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Review Questions
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
This is what you learned about the Provo East oil field:
The total oil rate of the field has declined, then increased
again multiple times. What you do not know yet is how many
completions contributed to the total rate throughout the field
history.
The total oil production rate for the field is approximately 300
b/d
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Module 4 Plots
Plotting is one of the most commonly used processes in OFM
because it is easy to use, effective, and capable of providing many
solutions for analysis of production data.
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Lesson 1
Basics of Plotting
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Exercise 1
4. Click OK.
OFM generates the plot.
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6. Notice that the new plot appears in the Analysis pane and
has been given the name Plot1.
Rename this plot to Production Plot.
7. Save the workspace.
Exercise 2
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6. Click the button with the three dots to the right of Font.
The Font window displays.
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17. Enter @Name()in the Edit Header window and click OK.
The Edit Header window closes.
TIP: The system function @Name() is very useful in OFM. It
automatically returns the name of the selected entity,
whether the entity is a completion, a wellbore, or a
user-defined group.
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Exercise 3
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Exercise 4
Adding Curves
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Alternatively, you can hold down the Shift key, click two or
more curves directly on the plot, and change the attributes of
only those curves simultaneously.
Exercise 5
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Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
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Exercise 6
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Exercise 7
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Exercise 8
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You will add this plot directly to your project but two things
prevent it. The Add button is disabled and a
confirmation
symbol indicates that OFM does not have
all the information it needs to create the plot.
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NOTE: Some items in your variable list are grayed out. This
means that they have already been mapped to a
Data Dictionary variable. This illustrates an important
feature: only one project variable can be mapped to a
Data Dictionary variable at any time.
You can change the mapping at any time but there
can be only one association between a Data
Dictionary item and a project variable.
8. Click OK to return to the Catalog window.
Note that the yellow warning triangle icon has been replaced
by a green check mark. The plot is ready to be used.
9. Click Add to add this plot to your Analysis pane.
10. Click Close to clear the Catalog dialog.
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Lesson 2
Exercise 1
In this exercise, you will compare the producing day oil rate of all
the completions in the project flowing to Flow Station TB0532,
using a technique where you choose one variable and display that
variable for all entities (completions) in your current filter.
1. Clear the previously applied filter.
2. In the Filter pane:
a. Select Category > Flow_Station.
b. Check the box marked TB0532.
c. Select Table Data > PRD.
There should now be 13 completions in the current filter.
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7. Click OK.
The plot displays.
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Exercise 2
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The single curve sums the individual cum oil curves for all 13
completions. It is essentially the upper profile of the stacked
plot.
Observe that the curve does not increase continuously, so it
does not accurately represent the total cum gas for the Flow
Station. This is due to the production of several of the
completions ending early and thus their values dropped out
of both the stacked and this summed plot.
WARNING: Although the button looks similar, summing the
curves on a plot is very different than grouping
the completions. Summing the curves will sum
all curves on the same axis, even if they
represent oil and water for a single entity.
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3. Click Average
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4. Click Percent
Questions
These questions are for discussion and review.
If you were to clear the filter would the plot change? What if
you were to filter to a different Flow Station?
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Lesson 3
Plot Annotations
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Exercise 1
Use the table you add to the project to store well events.
1. On the Setup tab, in the Tables group, click Schema.
The Edit Schema Tables dialog displays.
NOTE: The level of the tree selected in the OFM
Representation section of the dialog determines what
information will be displayed on the right side of the
Edit Schema Tables dialog.
If the top level of the project is selected, only the
Tables tab displays. You must select a table to
display the Table and Fields tabs for that table.
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4. Click Add.
The Edit Schema Table dialog displays a NewItem table in
the OFM Representation section of the window.
5. Replace the default table name NewItem with Events.
OFM assumes that the table is of a monthly type and creates
the default fields UID and Date.
WARNING: Never use spaces in table names or field
names. Letters, numbers, and underscores are
the only valid characters.
6. Events can occur anytime throughout the month. Change the
Table Type to Sporadic on the right side under OFM
Definition.
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12. Repeat Step 11, this time adding TopDepth and BotDepth
variables and setting them to a variable type of Double.
The newly added fields are displayed in the Available Fields
section of the dialog.
NOTE: Any field can be disabled by clearing the box next to
its name. This prevents the field from displaying in
any subsequent OFM operation, such as a list of
plotting variables. It does not delete the field from the
database.
Select the box at any time in the project to enable the
field.
Setting detailed attributes for the variables you have just created
(for example, units and plot settings) is outside the scope of this
course.
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Exercise 2
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16. (Optional) Place the annotations directly over the curve itself.
In the Properties pane, locate the Event Display Type option
and choose On Curve.
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Lesson 4
Exercise 1
For the purpose of data quality control, individual data points can
be viewed as XY data pairs and points simultaneously.
1. Choose the PD Oil Annotate plot you created in Lesson 4,
Exercise 2.
2. Choose completion HOGL2_1029.
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Exercise 2
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8. Click on the plot and drag a line on the curve that visually fits
the data between mid-2001 and mid-2008.
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d. Click OK.
The Compute Line changes color and width.
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Question
What can you say about the performance of HOGL8_0232 as it
compares to HOGL4-1529?
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Exercise 3
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One graph now shows data for three independent entities: the
currently chosen completion (HOGL8_0232), the locked reference
(HOGL4_1529), and the average for the Vintage grouping 200
2010.
This is an example of how the technique can be used with any
category or with any Filter Archive to combine any entity or
grouping you wish onto any plot.
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Lesson 5
Exercise 1
The calculated variables for creating the Chan plot, along with the
plot template itself, are included in the files for this course. You will
first load the file containing the calculated variables, then you will
open the supplied graph template.
While Calculated Variables are routinely stored in the project
workspace file, they also can be saved externally. This legacy
method is named a parser file. It is a text file containing the
definition of each Calculated Variable, together with its associated
attributes (curve color and report settings).
In this case, given the relative complexity of the relevant
Calculated Variables, you will make use of this method. (You are
encouraged to look at the file and see how they were created.)
1. On the Setup tab, in the Import/Export group, select
Import > Data Loader.
2. Click Clear All to clear any existing list in the Files to Load
field.
3. Navigate to the folder: \OFM 2012 Oil Fundamentals\
F Plotting and Reporting.
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The blue line and points represent the water-oil ratio. The red
line and points represent the first derivative of the water-oil
ratio. The relative shapes of the fit curves are typical of a
water coning situation.
After the cone is established, it stabilized, causing the watergas ratio to flatten out. With the ratio stabilizing, the first
derivative decreases as a result. This completion should be
investigated to determine if water could be coning.
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This time the relative shapes of the fit curves are typical of a
near wellbore breakthrough situation. When the water breaks
through, it does not stabilize; instead, it gets increasingly
worse.
With the ratio increasing so sharply, the first derivative also
increases sharply as a result. This completion should be
investigated to determine if water has broken through.
WARNING: The Chan plot is not definitive proof of specific
water problems. It suggests a possible reason
that should be investigated further using
supplemental data.
In particular, you have seen that this Provo East
project has some data problems, so be cautious
in drawing conclusions.
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Review Questions
How would you add the name of the current entity as a title
(header) on a plot?
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
This is what you learned about the Provo East oil field:
Water production rate for the field overall has been relatively
flat since about 2000.
Gas Oil ratio for the field has only stabilized around 2007.
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Module 5 Reports
As an analytical tool, OFM is tailored for specific needs. There are
more than 230 system functions and an environment for writing
macro-like tasks.
The OFM report function has proven to be a powerful and
effective tool for outputting information, processing and
manipulating data, and testing customized variables. Unlike
plotting, it is not necessary for the fields displayed in the report to
be pre-constructed variables.
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
format a report
Lesson 1
Rules
Monthly, daily, and sporadic data are all date-based but they
represent different concepts. Try not to include them in the
same report.
This also holds true for hour-, minute-, and second-based
data.
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Lesson 2
OFM Reports
The OFM report module is primarily used for retrieving datedependent data. (Depth-dependent data, such as log information,
are output to the Log Report module.) You can design and
customize the output and a user-friendly editor includes many
useful tools.
Reports can be configured to write automatically to many formats.
When the report updates, the external format also updates.
Report Variables
All OFM variables can be reported. The variables can be
accessed from the Project Variables list in the Edit Report
window.
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Exercise 1
Creating a Time-Dependent
Report
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6. Click OK.
OFM generates the report and displays it in the OFM main
window. All of the variables are in monthly frequency.
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There are four key waterflood performance indicators that you will
track using OFM:
Cumulative Voidage
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Exercise 2
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Lesson 3
Report Format
Exercise 1
Formatting a Report
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10. Enter these variables and align all headings to the left:
@FmtDate(@today(), Mmm-dd-yyyy)
"Current " + Hdr.Cumgas
Hdr.PoolZone.
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Exercise 2
The default sort order is by date and the default date range is the
full history of the completion. Both of these setting can be
changed. Here, you will sort by CD oil rate in order to identify the
date and value of the peak oil rate.
1. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Date & Sort.
The Edit Report Attributes window displays.
2. Click the Sort tab.
3. From the First list field, choose CD.Oil.Rate.
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5. Click OK.
The report displays with peak gas rate displayed at the top of
the report.
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For completion HOGL1032, this tells you that the peak rate
occurred in June, 1982 and its value was just over 65 b/d.
(As you can see, there are many ways in OFM of finding the
same information!)
6. On the Format tab, in the Edit group, click Date & Sort
again.
7. Click the Sort tab.
8. Click Clear to remove the sort criterion and allow the report
to return to a date order.
9. Click the Set Date tab.
TIP: From the Set Date tab, you can display records of
interest based on date criteria. You can report data at a
specific date, at the last date of the entity, at all
available dates, or within a specific date range.
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Exercise 3
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3. Click OK.
The revised report complete with the new column displays.
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Exercise 4
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Exercise 5
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Exercise 6
The Summary By Item report that you created earlier now can be
replicated much more quickly using the Gallery.
1. From the Home tab, in the Launch Analysis section, click the
drop-down arrow below Report and choose the Summary
By Item Gallery option.
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3. Click OK.
Lesson 4
Every report has two components, the setup (design) and the
output (result). There are many formats to which report results can
be saved or exported, including Excel spreadsheets and tables
within the Access database.
OFM allows you to create a new Access database table in your
project, populated with data directly from the report. Here are
sample scenarios where this might be a valuable feature.
Scenario 1
The project contains thousands of completions and you wish to
carry out analysis using several complex calculated variables.
Due to the large volume of data and complex data processing, the
performance could be slower than you like.
You could save a summary report of the KPIs for each completion
to a new table and use that table to carry out further analyses with
very quick response.
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Scenario 2
You need to pass Events data to your Petrel model. For this
export to run, OFM requires that all data exist in the same
sporadic table. Normally, you would not have a need for such
diverse kinds of information to be stored in the same place.
By creating a report that gathers all these parameters together
and sends the resulting report to a table, the events information
can be successfully exported to Petrel.
Scenario 3
The field has informed you they discovered a problem with the
water meter into the central processing facility. Starting from
January, 2008, the correct water volumes should have been 50
percent higher than the reported values.
You would like to view and carry out analyses with a table of
corrected values without deleting the original data. One possible
solution is to report the adjusted production information and create
a new table that will hold new data.
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Exercise 1
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Lesson 5
Exercise 1
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Exercise 2
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Observe that the report now has one column for each
completion.
3. Name this report Well by Well Summary.
4. Save your workspace.
Review Questions
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
formatting a report
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Prerequisites
To successfully complete this training, you must have knowledge
of these aspects of OFM:
Creating filters
Grouping completions
Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
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Lesson 1
Forecast Set Up
Exercise 1
@last(Cum.Oil.Prod)>25000
.
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There are two ways you can define the daily equivalent:
PRD.OIL / @dom(Date)
TIP: 'Days on production' data may not always be available, but
it is always possible to calculate a calendar day average.
Exercise 2
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Exercise 3
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Lesson 2
Forecast Analysis
Now that the preparatory work is complete, you can begin the
actual analysis. You will do that by determining which region of the
historical data can be considered representative for the purposes
of predicting future performance.
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All historical data are plotted. The data points are represented
by red dots, and are connected by light green lines.
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Exercise 1
3. Notice how the line also cuts off the anomalously low point at.
the end of 2006.
After clicking the last point, right-click again and select Done.
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Exercise 2
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Exercise 3
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Exercise 4
2. On the graph, click and wipe the cursor across the popints you
wish to remove.
The data point symbol changes as you erase the data point.
Use this feature to remove some of the outlier points - points
that abnormally high or low.
. to
3. When you are finished, click the Erase Points icon again
apply the changes.
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Exercise 5
We will eliminate any data point where tha water cut is in excess
of 99%.
WARNING: So far, all your changes to the data are temporary.
Working with a calculated variable reset the data
set to its original extent. To prevent this, temporarily
save the forecast.
1. Click on Save Forecast on the Format tab. This will preserve
your changes.
2. Create a new Calculated Variable with this definition:
.
@if(Water.cut>0.9, 0,1).
If the water cut exceeds 0.99, this variable return 0 (False).
otherwise it return 1 (True).
3. Name this variable WC99.
4. On the graph, right-click and Select Limits > Variable.
5. Check the Use Variable box and choose the new Calculated
Variable.
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6. Click OK.
You could decide that if the value of oil rate on any date is within
10 percent of the previous monthly value, the point is considered
valid. If not, the point is considered bad.
This is corresponding Calculated Variable definition that
matches that statement.
Test = @if(@abs((prd.pdoil@previous(prd.pdoil))/@previous(prd.pdoil))<
0.1, 1,0)
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Exercise 6
This is the last of data reduction options. It lies outside the limits
collection because it does not deal with limiting data; instead, it
deals with replacing it.
There could be occasions when you either do not wish to use the
data provided (it is unreliable, poor quality, or too noisy) or you
could have insufficient data to begin (the well has only just started
producing). You might wishto construct your own data.
For this exercise, you will begin by using the feature in a way that
allows all data points to be restored.
1. Right-click and select Limits > Reset to restore All data points.
2. On the graph, right-click and select Digitize.
3. Click on a series of points you wish to use instead of the
.
existing data points. A suggested set is highlighted in the
figure.
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You have been introduced to several limit capabilities and you are
free to use them in any order you wish. You do not have to use
all of them and, in many instances, a single limit option could
achieve everything you need.
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Lesson 3
Fit Type
The Fit Type is set at Best Fit, which allows OFM to decide if the
best statistical fit through the included data points is exponential,
hyperbolic or harmonic. In some circumstances, you may wish to
allow OFM to determine the fit this way.
For example, it may be that exponential decline is predominant in
your own project. For this completion, you may wish to force OFM
to find the best exponential fit through the data.
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Procedure 1
Procedure 2
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For example, you might know that b value typically range from
0.2 to 0.4 or you could be reasonably confident of assuming the
b values is 0.3. For both of these situation, you can adapt your
OFM forecast.
1. Set Fit Type to Best Fit.
2. Set Method to Range. A new property element is displayed.
4. Enter the single figure you wish to use, for example 0.3. OFM
will find the best fit through your data, subject to a fixed b
value of 0.3
Procedure 3
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On the graph, notice the control points on the plot. These are the
two blue dots at the ends of the line.
1. Click and drag the: upper blue control point and take a note of
several things.
The upper control point is moveable.
The control point drags the fit line.
The lower control point remains fixed.
The forecast moves with the fit.
The results legend updates continuously.
2. Release the mouse button. Note that the entry for History
Match Method on the Properties pane has changed to
Manual.
WARNING: When Method is set to Manual, it will remain
Manual until you change it back to Auto on the
Properties pane.
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Using this feature, you can place the fit anywhere you like on
the screen. The forecast and the calculated results reflect your
changes, so be prepared to justify your action. Your fit is now a
personal judgment and is no longer supported by the calculations
NOTE: In this example, there are two control points because
two points are sufficient to define straight line
exponential decline. If your existing fit was hyperbolic,
a third central control point would also display,
allowing you to control the curvature of the line.
Notice also that, although the harmonic fit is also a
curve, its curvature is defined by b = 1. As a result,
the curvature of a Harmonic fit cannot be manually
modified.
Procedure 4
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Procedure 5
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Working Forecast
Phase
Case Name
b
Di
qi
ti
te
Final Rate
Cum. Prod.
Cum. Date
Reserves
Reserves Date
EUR
Forecast Ended By
DB Forecast Date
Reserve Type
Parameters
: Oil
: Case1
:0
: 0.0117753 M.n.
: 0.809686
: 01/31/2009
: 01/31/2019
: 0.197119
: 50.3675 M
: 12/31/2008
: 1.5834 M
: 01/31/2019
: 51.9509 M
: Time
: Not Saved
: None
0.5
0.2
1998 99 2000 01
02
03
04
05
06
07
08
09
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Date
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Start settings
Limits
Decline
parameters
Advanced
settings
You will not investigate every permutation in this dialog, but you
will work through a few common options. (Refer to the online Help
for full details.)
Exercise 1
You have now modified the default settings for all entities you will
work with; you will now explore controlling the forecast of each
entity individually. You will modify individual entity forecast
settings.
1. Choose completion HOGL1032 and double-click on the
forecast graph. The Edit Scenario dialog displays.
2. Create a 5-year forecast for this one entity, subject to two
additional constraints.
- Operational economic limit of 0.5 bopd
- Reserves estomate
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Start Rate
From Fit
Reserve Type
Proven-Developed
End Time
End Rate
0.5
NOTE: Months from End means months from the end of the
project, not just the entity in question. OFM looks for
the last date for which there is production from any
entity. This will be 'time zero' for all forecasts.
NOTE: The Proven Developed setting is a label with no effect
on the analysis. Is useful as a future filtering criterion
4. Click OK.
5. Observe the effect.
According to the results legend, the forecast ended ('te') on
January 31, 2014, when the time limit of 60 months was
reached. This is confirmed on the legend by Forecast Ended
by = Time
Also Observe that the volume produced by the forecast
(Reserves) is 6.032 Mbbl.
NOTE: Depending on how you limited your data, your results
could be slightly different to these but the principles
are the same.
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8. Edit the scenario again, this time setting End Rate = 3 bbl/d
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Save Forecast
Assume the forecast for this completion is acceptable. Save the
forecast to the project by selecting Save Forecast from the
Format tab.
Your forecast for this entity is now committed to the OFM project
and you will see three changes to your OFM session.
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The results legend indicates that today was the last date on
which a forecast was saved for this entity.
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Procedure 6
There is one more feature worth mentioning now that you have a
saved forecast: recalling the data used to create the saved
forecast.
1. Click View.
2. Toggle OFF the Working Forecast Mode checkbox on the
Layout tab.
.
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Exercise 2
The curves are all grayed out. This means you cannot modify
their definition but you can disable them them by clearing the box
next to the appropriate curve.
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7. Observe the new curve. This can be a useful 'visual aid' for
forecasting.
For example, display another curve as a guide to assessing
where the wellhead pressure could be unstable. In this case,
you might wish to remove the data points in that region.
Exercise 3
Select or Right-click
1. On the Layout tab, select Enable Curve
.
.
on the graph and select Enable Curve Select.
2. Click on any curve to choose it.
3. Use the Properties pane to alter the color of the curve, the
thickness of the line, and other attributes.
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Exercise 4
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10. Click the Font button and apply the following settings:
Style = Bold
Size = 12
The Headers window should resemble the figure.
11. Click OK. The Headers window closes and the graph displays
with the new titles.
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12. Observe the Analysis pane. When you began working on this
forecast, a new node displayed named Forecast1. Now that
the graph looks reasonably complete, you may wish to
rename the node, for example, Semilog ,Oil v Time so that
its format can be recalled.
NOTE: The Forecast nodes that display in the Analysis pane
store information about how you like to view the
analysis session. They do NOT contain the forecast
results.
This node represents a simple and quick pass through a forecast
analysis for one completion in OFM. Your filter is comprised of
eight completions and, as you progress through the others, you
will explore additional capabilities.
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Review Questions
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
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Learning Objectives
After completing this module, you will know how to:
Lesson 1
Your work so far has been based on oil forecasting. You will now
briefly learn how to work with the other two primary phases; gas
an water. In addition, you will learn how to create your own
primary phase for forecasting in OFM.
Exercise 1
OFM has the default ability to allow you to switch easily from oil to
each of the other conventional primary phases.
1. Double-click on the forecast graph to display the Current
Scenario dialog.
2. In the Phase / Analysis section, click Gas.
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Exercise 2
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Lesson 2
Exercise 1
Configuring a Two-Schedule
Forecast
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Months from
End
Last Historical
Date
256
Last Historical
Value
Change By
Change By
Percent
From Fit
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Shut in
Reserve Type
By default, the list of entries available to you is consistent with
SPE standard nomenclature for reserves estimation.
As indicated earlier, the choice you make here has no effect on
on the analysis or the results generated. However,
forecast is saved, this information is also saved. It can be used in
the System Function module for tasks such as filtering criterion
(@DCAReserveType())
Another example might be in the preparation od a report of proven,
probable and possible reserves.
OFM support the idea of allowing you to edit the list of default
entries and to add your own.
Procedure 1
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Exercise 2
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4. Clear the checkmark next to the Reinitialize box and click OK.
5. Observe the effect. The future trend for this completion is a
straight line exponential, despite the historical regression
match being hyperbolic.
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Lesson 3
Re-Initializing
Exercise 1
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Lesson 4
Group Forecasting
Exercise 1
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The entry in the main entity selector toolbar shows that OFM
is now working with an 'object' that is a group named
Completions Selected (8).
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.
8. Enter a forecast End Rate limit of 20 bbl/d
Observe that the forecast ends in early 2017, and a reserve
estimate of 111.285 Mbbl is calculated.
9. Save the forecast.
10. In the Edit Group Forecast dialog, this group is an ad-hoc
collection.
To save the forecast, provide
.
a name for it. In this instance,
name it Best Oil Group and click OK.
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The task of creating a single group oil rate forecast forthe best oil
producers is now completed.
Exercise 2
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Procedure 1
Forecasting Categories
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Lesson 5
Cases
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Procedure 1
Your first OFM forecast session defaults to Case1. All the work
you have done so far has been under Case1. Assume that all your
existing work is a base case. You might wish to rename the default
case.
1. Right-click on the Case1 node on the tree structure.
2. Select Rename.
3. Rename it Base Case. and Press Enter to save the changes.
4. Observe now that all the entries with circle in the diagram above
have been renamed.
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Procedure 2
The blue line on the graph for the current entity does not
display because it is not associated with saved forecast
under this new case name.
Procedure 3
At any time, the current case (also termed the active case) could
be assigned using the Current Case dialog at the top of the
Forecast pane.
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Compare Cases
One of the primary roles of a petroleum engineer is to evaluate the
effect of alternative courses of action for a well or group of wells. A
vital tool in this analysis is the comparison of the projected future
of the well under each of the possible alternatives. This requires
creating forecasts, and comparing them for each possibility.
Exercise 1
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3. Select (check) the three items on the list and click OK.
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Lesson 6
Ratio Forecasts
All the forecasting work you have done to this point has been
time-based. There are other, equally valid methods of forecasting.
The most commonlyused alternative method is the Ratio forecast.
Ratio forecast operate on the basis that there is a well
understood, and moderately predictable, relationship between the
parameter under investigation (a water/oil ratio, for example) and
recovered volumes (production) of oil or gas. This type of
forecasting uses cumulative production as the basis for
predictions.
Exercise 1
To begin, you will work with Water Cut versus Cumulative Oil
analysis as an introduction to the concept of Ratio forecasting in
OFM
1. Open the Current Scenario dialog.
2. In the Flow Model dialog, choose the settings shown in the
figure.
TIP: Note the unit multipliers.
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TIP: To create a forecast, you must reset the end value. For
now, assume it is possible to produce this completion to
99.9% water cut.
7. In the Properties pane, make these selection:
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TIP: While the definitions of water cut and water oil ratio are
co-dependent, their forecast limits can be independent,
for differing reasons. Typically, wellbore hydraulics (lift
capacity) govern the water-cut limit, while surface
process design could provide a water-oil ratio limit.
Lesson 7
Calculated Forecast
In this reason, you will learn how to combine the result of a Ratio
forecast with a Primary Phase forecast to create a new phase
forecast, the Calculated Forecast.
This is very common question among OFM users:
I have saved an oil vs. time forecast, andI have saved a
water cut vs. cum oil forecast. I need to generate a fluid
forecast for this well. How do I combine these mutually
independent profiles to obtain a water vs. time forecast?
In this scenario, oil and water-cut data could be readily available,
but water data are not. For example, oil rates were measured
directly, while water cut was the result of wellhead sampling.
Another scenario could be one in which water data are available,
but they are considered to be unreliable.
In these situations, obtaining a water forecast might require a
series of external manual calculations involving lookup tables,
interpolations, and other sources. An expert user could know how
to achieve the same result in OFM,but it would not be intuitive for
a casual user.
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Procedure 1
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Forexcast Phase
multiplied by
constant
Forecast Phase
multiplied by
variable
Calculated from
Variable
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Because the oil forecast was across two Schedules (preand post-workover), the water forecast has a corresponding
two Schedule profile.
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Review Questions
Summary
In this module, you learned about:
editing a graph
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