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Larry Muller
Manager, Metallurgy and Technical Services
Chase Brass and Copper Company, LLC.
Montpelier, OH
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Presentation Summary
1.
2.
Brass basics
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
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2.
3.
4.
What is brass?
1.
2.
3.
4.
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1.
2.
56 92% copper
3.
0 4% lead
4.
5.
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Copper
(%)
Lead
(%)
Silicon
(%)
Phos.
(%)
Zinc
(%)
Historical Alloys
C36000
60 - 63
2.5 3.7
~ 35
C37700
58 - 61
1.5 2.5
~ 39
Recent Additions
C27450
60 - 65
0.25 max
~ 38
C36300
61 - 63
0.25 0.7
0.04 0.15
~ 38
C37000
59 - 62
0.8 1.5
~ 38
C69300
73 - 78
0.09 max
2.7 3.4
0.04 0.15
~ 21
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2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
The loss of the strong cross section can cause mechanical failure by
straight forward fracture or increased vulnerability to stress corrosion
cracking
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Dezincification Type
Layer
Progression is slow &
along a broad front.
Figures 1 & 2 on pgs.
9 & 10
Plug
Progression is faster
and localized. Figures
3 & 4 on pgs. 11 & 12
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2.
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2.
3.
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1.
No
2.
15% zinc has been the traditional maximum limit for avoiding
dezincification
3.
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Two theories:
a)
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Arsenic added to brass for the boilers in the USS Oregon in 1898
2.
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2.
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Alpha
Phase
Beta
Phase
22
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Iron (Fe)
2.
Manganese (Mn)
3.
Cobalt (Co)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
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Notes:
a) Thermal treatments are not completely effective in
arresting dezincification as shown in Figure 9, page 27
b) Thermal treatments reduce strength and machinability
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AS2345
UL199
Application
General
General
Fire Suppression
Test Solution
1% CuCl2
1% CuCl2
1% CuCl2
Test Temperature
75 C
75 C
75 C
Test Length
24 Hr.
24 Hr.
144 Hr.
Maximum Dezincification
Depth
User
100
200
(1) Initially developed to correlate with Swedish, Australian and South African field tests. Established in 1981
(2) Example of user defined pass/fail criteria: NSF 14 requires 200 max plus passing ASTM B858 ammonia
SCC test
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1490
1400
1300
1400
1200
Microns
1000
800
600
400
200
950
770
430
300
210
100
29
4000
3500
No Inhibitor
3000
Thermal-No Inhibitor
Inhibitor
Thermal & Inhibitor
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
0
10
15
20
25
30
Zinc Content
35
40
45
50
30
1. Analytical: The 15% zinc limit to avoid dezincification is not universal. The use of
inhibitors and thermal treatments can protect brasses with up to 35% zinc.
31
1600
Test Conditions:
1) Tap water with ammonia addition
2) Notched sample stressed to 95% of YS
3) Electrode potential of +0.4V, 200 hr test
Source: Reference 6
(Microns)
1400
1200
1000
800
600
Cracked
400
200
0
C38500
C37700
0 ppm Ammonia
Muntz Metal
15 ppm Ammonia
C35330
C69300
30 ppm Ammonia
32
Copper (%)
57 - 59
57 - 59
63
61-63
75-77
Lead (%)
2.5-3.5
1.6-2.5
Arsenic (%)
1.7-2.8
0.1 max
0.02-0.15
Silicon (%)
Phosphorus (%)
2.7-3.5
0.02-0.10
2. The samples were subjected to water with different ammonia levels while they
were under stress.
3. The leaded brass and Muntz metal samples showed poor resistance to
dezincification
4. The brass with the arsenic inhibitor and C69300 with phosphorus inhibitor
showed equally good resistance to dezincification
5. Only the sample with arsenic failed because of stress corrosion cracking
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1550
1400
1200
1000
800
760
600
450
400
340
200
200
0
C37700
C37000
C36000
High
Low
C27450
C36300
0
C69300
Average
34
1.
2.
3.
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Technical Summary
1. Defined dezincification
a. Mechanism and types (layer, plug)
2. Described what brasses are prone to dezincification
a. > 15% Zn although brasses with up to 35% can be made resistant
b. Alloys containing beta phase
3. Discussed the most popular method of how to test for dezincification performance
a. The ISO 6509 test is the most popular and useful
4. Discussed how to improve dezincification resistance
a. inhibitors, thermal treatments, proper manufacturing controls
5. Provided test results on:
a. Dezincification depth vs alloy, inhibitor & treatment
b. Dezincification and stress corrosion resistance performance
c. Dezincification resistance of seven currently popular alloys
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General Summary
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References
1. The Mechanism of Dezincification and the Effect of Arsenic, Parts 1 and 2, British
Corrosion Journal, 1965
2. A Note on the Dezincification of Brass and Inhibiting Effect of Elemental Additions,
D. Davies, CDA, July 1993
3. Fontana and Green, Corrosion Engineering, pages 67-70, 1967, McGraw Hill
4. Jones, DA, Principles and Prevention of Corrosion, pages 326-331, Second Edition,
1996, Prentice Hall
5. Dr. Peter Dierschke, Research work performed by Seppelfricke Armatutren GmbH,
Germany, July 2006
6. Brandl, E., Malke, R., et al, Stress Corrosion Cracking and Selective Corrosion of
Copper-Zinc Alloys for the Drinking Water Installation, Materials and Corrosion,
2009, Vol. 60, No. 4, pages 251 - 258
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