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ISO 9001-2008
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Seminar Report entitled Wireless
Communication for Vehicle Safety Applications submitted by Pradnya
Prakash Wagh student of ME-I year Term-I of Electronics and
Telecommunication Engineering Department with specialization in
Digital Electronics is approved by us for submission. It is further certified
that to the best of our knowledge the report represents the work carried
out by her. The referred matter in this report has been duly cited.
DR. K.S.WANI
Principal
Department of E&TC
Acknowledgement
Education along with the process of gaining knowledge
and stronghold of subject is a continuous and ongoing process. It is an
appropriate blend of mindset, learnt skills, experience and knowledge
gained from various resources.
This Seminar would not have been possible without the
support of many people. First and foremost I would like to express my
gratitude and indebtedness to our guide & head of E &TC department
Prof. S. R. Suralkar for his kind and valuable guidance that made the
meaningful completion of seminar possible. New ideas and directions
from him made it possible for me to sail through various areas of image
compression techniques which were new to me.
I am also greatful to Prof. P. H. Zope & Prof. A. H. Karode
for his valuable suggestions and encouragements during my project
period.
Finally, I would like to thank all my colleagues who have
helped me throughout my seminar.
Page Index
3
Chapter
Name of Chapter
Page No.
No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Introduction
Literature Survey (History)
Implementation
Methodology
Conclusion
Future scope
Bibliography
08
10
14
18
33
34
35
Figure Index
Figure
Name of figure
No.
Page
No.
10
Highway
2
12
13
14
16
16
Devices
7
18
19
20
10
21
11
22
12
23
13
25
DMB service
14
30
15
32
Abstract
The 802.11-p based Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) is
being seriously considered as a promising wireless technology for enhancing
transportation safety and highway efficiency. However, there is very little research
5
Chapter 1
Introduction
7
and
DSRC
implement
vehicle-to-vehicle
and
vehicle
to-roadside
8
communication; and Zigbee and Bluetooth are popular wireless protocols to make
Connection among in-vehicle devices and consumer electronics.
Chapter 2
Literature Survey (History)
Why Communication between vehicles is necessary?
Traffic accidents and highway congestion continues to remain a serious problem
world-wide. Annually, in the United States, traffic accidents result in approximately
44,000 fatalities, 6 million crashes and about $250 billion in economic costs.
Active safety applications, that use autonomous vehicle sensors such as radar, lidar,
camera, etc., are being developed and deployed in vehicles by automakers to address
the crash problem.
Given below are some statistics from the Department of Road Transport and
Highway, Government of India:
11
flexibility,
adaptability,
portability
and
connectivity
of
wireless
communication services. Software defined radio (SDR) is the next generation radio
communication technology which offers several benefits to traditional wireless
communication systems, enabling multi-band and multi-standard solutions. SDR
equipment and network devices can be controlled by programming its waveform
software and be reconfigured and updated in order to improve its features, security
protocols, performance and services.
12
13
Chapter 3
Implementation
1) Vehicle Safety Communication through Dedicated Short Range Communication
(DSRC)
ii)
Directional antenna
iii)
GPS devices
iv)
i)
Cars periodically broadcast each 0.1 sec, the message contains information like
Location , velocity, breaking status etc.
ii)
iii)
15
16
17
Chapter 4
Methodology
1. Reliability of DSRC :
Freeway
Test
Experiment 1:
Car broadcast info each 0.1 second
1.
sender records the seqNum of the broadcasted message and its location.
Correspondingly, receiver records its location each 0.1 second, and it records all
seqNum of received packet within 2 seconds. We have loosely synchronize time. The
distance will be the average distance among 20 records of sender and receiver. PDR is
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the number of received packets in the receiver side / 20 packets sent. We can count the
# of received packets from seqNum recorded in the log file of the receiver.
2. Average distances are grouped into 25 meter bins and then sorted increasingly.
b) Reliability of DRSC in Link Layer (2)
Freeway
Test
Test
20
21
22
transmits the DMB multimedia data to the DMB TV software, which in turn delivers
it to the in-vehicle display and audio devices.
24
Fig. 13: UML sequence diagrams describing the main procedures of DMB service. (a) Starting
DMB TV software. (b) Seamless substitution of T-DMB by S-DMB
25
out, given the desired input data. Port interfaces are used to establish data channels
and interconnect these waveform components.
From these connected waveform components, a data flow graph can be composed,
representing waveform software. The graph is a special case of an SDF model [28].
In an SDF model, typical digital signal processing tasks are described as
directed graphs, where the nodes represent computations (or tasks), and the arcs
represent data paths (or data channels). Any node can perform its computation given
that input data are available on its incoming arcs. Otherwise, it blocks until new input
data will be arrived. Exceptionally, a node with no input arcs plays the role of a data
source and starts its computation without input data. Whenever nodes finish their
computation, they produce output data on their outgoing arcs. The execution of nodes
is only controlled by the availability of data.
An example of an SDF graph consisting of three nodes and three arcs. A
number is located adjacent to each input and output arc of each node. The number
indicates the amount of data consumed or produced by the corresponding node every
time it performs. This implies that an arc should maintain the independent buffer to
keep produced but unconsumed data. If its input data rate is greater than its output
data rate, then the buffer requires an indefinitely large size of memory. Hence, a
periodic admissible sequential schedule (PASS) should be constructed to remove the
unbounded memory requirement of arcs. The PASS can be obtained from a topology
matrix of the SDF graph. The (i, j)th entry in a topology matrix is given by
s, if ei is an output arc of tj
i,j = { s, if ei is an input arc of tj
0, otherwise
where s is the amount of data produced or consumed by node tj on arc ei each time it
is invoked. For example, the topology matrix of the SDF graph is :
T=
1 0 2
1 1 0
0 1 2
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period. We can calculate the size of output data by qk+1 multiplied by m+1,k because
the output data of a stream binder are the same size as the input data. Then, given the
network
bandwidth , we can get the network transmission time by
TN = qk+1m+1,k /
.
Now, TW + TN denotes the entire data transmission time from the RF front-end to the
external device.
On the application host, a SWICOM waveform service agent was installed.
It maintains control sessions, which are established with the waveform server placed
in the SWICOM, and provides remote waveform service APIs for application service
software. The test applications used in the experiments were developed based on the
remote waveform service APIs. All software components on the application host were
developed using Java language.
The SWICOM carries out primitive operations in response to requests from the
application host. Those operations represent the implementation of the SWICOM
messages listed in Table,it presents the average execution times and the standard
deviations of those operations. The measurements were performed on the application
host using the Eclipse test and the performance tools platform .Note that InstantiateWaveform, Configure Property IO, and Open Data Session operations take relatively
longer execution time than others. This is because these operations involve explicit
I/O operations to read XML descriptor files from the hard disk or to establish TCP
network connections. However, these I/O overheads are transient because the related
operations are invoked usually once or a few times at the initial stage of the entire
waveform process.
Prototype Implementation
A prototype of the SWICOM was built on a desktop computer, which has
a 2.53-GHz Intel Core 2 Duo CPU, 2 GB of SDRAM, and a 500-GB hard drive with a
Serial Advanced Technology Architecture (SATA) 3-Gb/s interface. A Linux operating
system (Ubuntu 9.04, kernel version 2.6.28) was installed and configured for normal
desktop use without any additional performance configuration. The RF front-end was
a universal software radio peripheral (USRP) device, which was connected with the
29
SWICOM host via a Universal Serial Bus (USB) 2.0 interface. Another desktop
computer1 was used as the application host. It had a sound card with a microphone
and a speaker installed. The SWICOM and the application host were connected via
100-Mb/s Ethernet interfaces.Fig. 14 shows the SWICOM prototype and the testbed
for the experimentation.
A CORBA object request broker (ORB) and an SCA CF were installed on
the SWICOM host. The omni-ORB, which is a freely available CORBA ORB for C+
+ and Python, was installed and used to interconnect waveform components. As an
SCA CF, we employed the open-source SCA implementation embedded (OSSIE)
framework version 0.7.4.OSSIE is an open-source SDR software framework based on
an SCA specification and developed by Virginia Tech University for educational use
and research applications. It includes a CF,waveform development tools, USRP
device interface software,and several waveform components that are primarily written
in C++. The interconnection, interoperation, and properties of the waveform
components are configured using several descriptor files written in the extensible
markup language (XML).
Signal Processing
Many modern protocols rely on specific receive and transmit latencies and impose
deadlines by which certain actions must be taken. Conventional radio chips have no
problem meeting such deadlines because the logic is implemented near their physicallayer processing units. Thus, the latency caused by signal processing in those chips is
negligible. However, SDR performs most of the signal processing on a GPP. This may
cause unexpected latency and result in performance degradation of wireless
communication protocols. Therefore, one needs to know the run-time performance of
the waveform components that are used to build waveform software. To evaluate runtime performance, we measured the block processing delay and the processing rate of
selected waveform components performing signal processing tasks, such as
modulation, demodulation, channel-coding, and filtering. All of the implementations
were based on C++ source codes generated by the MATLAB RTW. Although the
codes were not designed to be run on the real-time SDR platform, they successfully
worked on the SWICOM. For measurement, each waveform component was given 10
000 blocks, each containing 1024 samples, to process. For low-pass and bandpass
filters, as well as for the OFDM modulator and demodulator, the unit of samples is a
complex float, whereas the unit for the others is a byte. The processing delay denotes
the duration of processing a 1024-sample block and is marked with its 95%
confidence interval. The throughput refers to the average processing rate of the given
sequences. The figure shows that demodulation schemes take longer than their
corresponding modulation schemes. This is because modulation schemes can
efficiently be implemented by table mapping from bits to symbols, whereas
demodulation schemes require several arithmetic operations. This is also true for the
channel-coding schemes. Nevertheless, the processing delay for one block is far less
than 700 s. These results demonstrate that signal processing on the SWICOM, if
efficient signal processing algorithms are used and real-time scheduling is supported,
can meet the time constraints required by many wireless communication protocols.
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32
Chapter 5
Conclusion
The DSRC technology analyzes the reliability of DSRC wireless
communication and reliability of DSRC-based Vehicle Safety Communication (VSC)
applications, under both open field traffic environment and freeway traffic
environment. DSRC wireless communication is analyzed based on metrics packet
delivery ratio and distribution of consecutive packet drops. Application level metric,
T-window reliability, is used to analyze the reliability of VSC applications. The
analysis based on extensive experimental data collected shows that DSRC wireless
communication provides an adequate degree of communication reliability under both
traffic environments, and that the packet drops do not occur in bursts even under the
harsh freeway traffic environment. By incorporating appropriate estimation
algorithms into the VSC application design neighbor vehicle status information can be
predicted
to improve the overall reliability of VSC applications in order to provide satisfactory
application service to the end users. Moreover we have developed an analytical model
that related the DSRC communication reliability and the VSC application reliability.
Wireless SDR systems are becoming more and more diverse in terms of
their standards and the frequency bands they exploit. However, their hardwaredependent implementation and the long lifetime of vehicles have been hindrances to
an integration of those systems into vehicles at a proper time. In this, we proposed an
SDR-based wireless communication gateway, which removes the hardware
dependency by exploiting software-implemented wireless communication protocols.
This approach helps integrate multiple wireless devices into one single wireless
gateway and improve flexibility, adaptability, portability and connectivity of vehicular
wireless communication. We expect that this will result in the decreased costs and
promote vehicular telematics and infotainment services
33
Chapter 6
Future Scope
The future work of DSRC aims to investigate the effects of various important
factors that could potentially affect the reliability characteristics of DSRC wireless
communications. Using a systematically approach we plan to analyze the effect of
vehicle relative speed, transmission power and transmission data rate, and other
factors on DSRC communication under various traffic environments. By doing so, we
would gain better overall understanding of DSRC wireless communication. We are
also looking into the possibility of using adaptive parameter control mechanism
(varying broadcast interval t, based on environment) to improve VSC application
reliability.
We expect that SDR based wireless communication (SWICOM) will result in
the decreased costs and promote vehicular telematics and infotainment services.
34
Chapter 7
Bibliography
References :
[1] W. Chen and S. Cai, Ad Hoc Peer-to-Peer Network Architecture for Vehicle
Safety Communications, IEEE Communications Magazine,April 2005.
[2] Jijun Yin, Tamer A. ElBatt, Gavin Yeung, Bo Ryu, Stephen Habermas, Hariharan
Krishnan, Timothy Talty, Performance evaluation of safety applications over DSRC
vehicular ad hoc networks,Proceedings of the 1st ACM international workshop on
Vehicular ad hoc networks, Philadelphia, PA, USA, September 2004
[3]Vehicle Infrastructure Integration (VII), USDOT Major Initiative,
[4] Y. Zhao, Telematics: safe and fun driving, IEEE Intelligent Systems. 17(1),
January, 2002, pp. 10-14.
[5] T. Mikko, K. Kimmo, K. Harri, and A. Jarmo, Trends in vehicle communication
and consumer electronics connectivity, presented at the 14th World Congress on ITS,
Beijing, China, 2007.
[6] T. Nolte, H. Hansson, and L. L. Bello, Automotive communications-past, current
and future, in 2005 Proc.10th IEEE Conf. Emerging Technologies and Factory
Automation, 2005. vol. 1, pp. 985-992.
[7] S. Tsugawa, Issues and recent trends
[8] M.N.O. Sadiku and C.M. Akujuobi, Software-defined radio: a brief overview,
IEEE Potentials, October 2004,23(4), pp. 14-15
[9] W. Tuttlebee, Software Defined Radio: Enabling Technologies. New York: Wiley,
2002.
[10] J. Mitola and J. Mitola, III, Software Radio Architecture: Object-Oriented
Approaches to Wireless Systems Engineering. New York:Wiley-Interscience, 2004
[11] A. Perez-Neira, X. Mestre, and J. Fonollosa, Smart antennas in software radio
base stations, IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 39, no. 2, pp. 166173,Feb. 2001.
[12] Standard Specification for Telecommunications and Information Exchange
Between roadside and Vehicle Systems - 5 GHz Band Dedicated Short Range
Communications (DSRC) Medium Access Control (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY)
Specifications ASTM
E2213-03, Sept. 2003.
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