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What youll Learn: Here we practice map projections and datum transformations in
ArcMap.
Data includes Minnesota county boundary shapefiles and a lakes dataset, both in
various projections.
What Youll Produce: A map of Minnesota in three different statewide projections, a
map of reprojected county boundary and lakes data in central Minnesota, and a
worksheet recording areas and coordinates for various projections.
Background: The Earth's surface is complexly curved. We introduce unavoidable
distortion when we flatten this curved surface onto a map, typically changing areas,
lengths, and the shapes of features. Different map projections introduce different types
of distortion, and we choose the projection which limits distortions to levels we can
accept. Different map projections represent the same point with different X and Y (or E
and N) coordinate values. We cannot mix map projections in an analysis, so we often
have to re-project some of our data layers.
Left-click once on Los Angeles, then move the mouse to New York and double left-click
on New York.
The distance between the two cites is displayed, either in a drop-down window, or at the
bottom left of the ArcMap window (it depends on the version and setup).
Your measured distance should be approximately 2,440 miles.
Activate the Mercator data frame. Add the layers twocity_Mercator.shp,
USA_48_Mercator.shp
Re-measure the distance from LA to NY. The new measurement should be
approximately 3,127 miles.
The on the ground distance between LA and NY is actually 2,444 miles. The
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Projecting Shapefiles
You often need to project data from one coordinate system to a different coordinate
system. We will perform
three different projections,
and produce one map
illustrating the differences
ArcToolBox
between the separate
Button
projections. We will also
look at the resulting
differences in the
measured area for one
feature (in our case a
Cursor
county) in each projection.
coordinates
Start ArcMap, create a
new empty map, and
rename your data frame
from Layers to
Minnesota Counties.
Place the Lab2\minn_county.shp file in your data frame. You should see a county map
of Minnesota displayed in your screen, similar to the figure at above.
Note the location of the ArcToolbox button and the cursor coordinates. Remember,
because the toolbars are moveable, they may be in different locations than those
shown.
Move your cursor around the screen and notice the coordinate values to the lower right.
Note how these change along with the cursor position as the program displays the map
projected coordinate values corresponding to the cursor position. These data in the
minn_county shapefile are in UTM NAD83 projection. Each coordinate value is
measured in meters, so a value X = 512,349 indicates an X value of 512,349 meters to
the east of the origin.
Note that most data layers have information stored that identifies the appropriate
coordinate system. For example, the data set above is stored in the UTM, NAD83 Zone
15 coordinates. I might have another data set of the Minnesota county boundaries
which is stored in geographic coordinates (latitude/longitude), or in state plane
Minnesota South Zone coordinates, or another in an Albers coordinate system. I may
convert one data set to another through a projection. If you reproject these data layers
correctly, they will align properly.
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Note that you have the option of creating a permanent reprojection or a temporary
reprojection with ArcGIS. This can be quite confusing at first, so read this section
carefully, and make sure you understand it before you go on you will likely save
yourself much confusion and grief.
As described in previous Labs, you may activate a data frame by right clicking the name
in the table of contents window and selecting Activate, near the bottom of the
dropdown menu.
Select the data frame called Layers, which is the first one on your table of contents.
Note: If you did not create a New Map as directed above, remove any data from all data frames (right
click on data, then remove). Then for all frames, Set the projection to No Projection by opening the
frame properties (right click on the name in the table of contents, then properties), and left clicking Clear
in the coordinate system tab, then left clicking Apply, then OK.
Detailed instructions for specific projection examples are provided a bit further on in this
document; here we outline the general process: (read on for specific step by step instructions)
Create a new data frame, or Activate a data frame with no projection assigned
Start the projection tool.
Select a starting layer (the one you wish to project; you create a new layer, the original is not
altered)
As a useful bit of background information, ArcGIS shapefiles store information about the
projection in a .prj file. For example, a layer named minn_county may have projection
information stored in the file minn_county.prj. The .prj file is not mandatory, however,
even though all data do have a coordinate system. Without a .prj, ArcMap is ignorant of
the projection system, so when you get the unknown projection warning, it is often
because the .prj file is missing.
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Detailed Instructions
This document will step you through the projection screens. You will have to use these
steps at least six (6) more times in this Lab. In later iterations, refer back to this
sequence.
Start the Project Tool from the
ArcToolbox
A browse menu
opens to allow you
to define a the
output coordinate
system
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Left click on Ok
This will create the new data file, projecting from the original coordinate system (a UTM
zone 15 North system) to the new, Albers coordinate system you specified.
Now add the newly projected layer to an empty data frame, if it is not already added.
Change the name of this data frame to Albers (remember, right click on the data frame
name in the table of contents, then select the Properties option, then the General tab,
then type the new name in the Name textbox).
Sometimes, the target coordinate system you want to use isnt among those provided
by ArcToolbox. Fortunately, you can create customized coordinate systems, as well
now do.
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Area is not updated automatically when you reproject, so you must manually calculate
the areas. Well create a new column, and calculate the area values and place them in
this column. We want to record our values in square kilometers.
To calculate areas, do the following four steps:
First
After opening the
table, left click on
Table Options then
Add Field
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Record the area in square kilometers, to two decimal places, for St. Louis County, on
the worksheet (use the Word file included with the Lab2 data ). This is the largest
county in Minnesota, in the northeast part of the state. This should be reported in the
table in the column you just created. Record and compare the area for St. Louis County
under the three different projections. Two should be just a bit different, and the third
quite different from the others.
Also note the shape of the state with the different projections. Not only are the absolute
areas different for each county, but notice how the general shape of the state changes
with each projection. Youll be producing a map with all three views on the layout (see
the example near the end of this lab). You will use a fixed scale to compare these three
maps.
First, go to the layout view, and in File > Page Setup, change to Landscape
Then reposition the 3 data frame boxes to be side by side and about the same size
(see example near end of lab). You may want to change the colors of the layers in
each data view for easy identification.
On the layout view, select each data frame (one at a time), right click, select
Properties and from the Data Frame tab change to a fixed scale (see figure below).
Make each the same scale, something near 1:14,500,000 to compare them. Note
you shouldnt enter the commas, we just show them to avoid confusion.
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Your map should look something like the figure below. Note the relative size
differences for the respective projections.
Note: Change FilePage & Print Setup to Landscape. Data Frame outlines cannot overlap or they will
obscure adjacent data. Also Data Frame outlines can be turned off using Data Frame Properties
FrameBordersnone.
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NE corner
of Ramsey
County
Coordinates
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You can see the coordinates in the lower right corner of the main ArcMap window; x is
the East-West Coordinate, y the North-South Coordinate. Move the cursor over to the
northeast corner of Ramsey County, zooming in as needed, and record the corner
location. Make sure you zoom in until the coordinate changes only to the right of the
decimal point when you move it just off the corner.
Now, create three new DATA FRAMES, then use ArcToolbox to reproject the
minn_count_dd layer into each of the new data frames using one of three different
coordinate systems: UTM NAD27, Minnesota State Plane South Zone 1983 (feet), and
Minnesota State Plane Central Zone 1983( feet). Use the instructions from the
previous exercise as a guide, and the notes on the next page for specific values to
select for each projection. Add the reprojected data to each frame, and rename each
frame appropriately.
Note the coordinates for the northeast of Ramsey County in each different projection,
and record them in the document (Lab2\L2_Data_Sheet.doc) and submit your answers
with your .pdf Maps when you complete the lab. Note that the coordinate values for
this same point should be different in different projections. Look at the difference in
the Minnesota Central and Minnesota South State Plane coordinates for the NE corner
of Ramsey County.
Which state contains the origin (x=0, y=0) for the Minnesota South State Plane Zone?
Step-by step for reprojection to UTM NAD27 (follow the numbers on the sides)
For the UTM NAD27 projection, in the projection tool:
1) Select projected coordinates, 2) UTM, 3) NAD27, 4) Zone 15N, 5) Apply-OK, 6)
For the Geographic Transformation, select the first one in the list of options.
Below are some screens you will see as you step through these processes:
For the UTM, NAD27:
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3
4
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Now, do a similar reprojection to the one above, with the minn_count_dd.shp as input,
however, in this case the output target should be the Minnesota State Plane SouthNAD1983 coordinate system. We wont show the screens here.
Add each data set into a unique data frame, and make sure the data frame coordinate
system matches the shape file coordinate system, and rename the data frames to
match the data sets.
Your ArcMap project should appear similar to the figure below after you have added
your data layers to the correct data frames.
Examine and record the coordinates for the northeast corner of Ramsey County, near
the arrow in the figure.
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We will do one final projection, to convert data from state plane coordinates to UTM
coordinates, and display them with data already in our target projection.
Create a new ArcMap project (File > New) and display the following two files in the
same data frame
First add Lab2\minn_county.shp
MN Counties
Then add Lab2\hlakes_not_projected.shp
Hugo Lakes
(Ignore the warning that hlakes_not_projected is not in the same coordinates system)
Click on the zoom to full extent button,
contained in the two layers.
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Name:_________________________
Albers:
Custom Mercator:
x-coordinate
y-coordinate
In what state is the origin for the Minnesota South State Plane Zone?
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