Factors of Unemployment:

The United States, Japan, and the United Kingdom

Alexander M. McClure
University of South Florida Sarasota-Manatee

2
Abstract
Unemployment is a complex subject that has many potential causes and connections to other
economic matters. This study aimed to determine what effect, if any, several potential factors
have on unemployment. These factors are consumer price index, inflation, postsecondary
graduation rates, percentage of the population between the ages of fifteen and sixty-four, and
percentage of the population older than sixty-five. To test which of these potential factors
actually affect unemployment, the Akaike Information Criteria, AIC, method was used. Yearly
intervals proved to be too long of a gap between data entries to provide a set of factors with
significant correlation. However, the intercept determined during the AIC examination was
found to be equal to the natural rate of unemployment for each of the countries. The natural rate
of unemployment was subtracted from the total unemployment for each data point and the AIC
test was recalculated. This led to determining the statistically significant model that best fits as a
factor of unemployment for Japan, the country with the smallest fluctuations in unemployment.
Keywords: unemployment, postsecondary graduation, average age, CPI, inflation

I.

Introduction
The rate of unemployment is a rapidly changing value subject to sudden fluctuations.

These variations are hypothesized to raise or lower the unemployment rate around the natural
rate of unemployment. However, the natural rate itself varies between countries, and even over
time within a country (Daly, Hobijn, Sahin, & Valletta, 2012). Identifying the source cause of the
fluctuations in unemployment could provide valuable insight regarding unemployment and what
factors should most closely be monitored to predict future changes.
The unemployment rates and five chosen potential factors that affect unemployment will
be examined. These potential factors are consumer price index, inflation, postsecondary
graduation rates, and two age cohorts, ages fifteen to sixty-four and sixty-five or older. These
values will be examined for Japan, the United States, and the United Kingdom. As different
countries may give different weights to each of the factors, it is possible that some may affect the
rate of unemployment of one country but not the others. To determine which of the factors affect
unemployment for each country, the Akaike Information Criteria (Akaike, 1973), AIC, test will
be applied to each country separately. This test will determine which of the factors are significant
and, the best fitting combination of those significant factors if there is more than one per country.
The following section is the Literature Review. This section describes texts and studies
focusing on subjects relevant to the goal of this study. Section III, Data and Descriptives,
explains and displays the major points of the data used. Graphical depictions of the various data
points are also included in this section. Section IV, Methodology, explains the primary method
used to analyze the data. Section V, Results and Discussion, states the information found in
response to the primary purpose of this study and offers further discussion on the subject. Section
VI, Additional Results, delves into further detail about results that were found during the study
that were relevant, but not necessarily in direct response, to the purpose of the study. Section VII
is the conclusion. This section provides a decisive concluding statement and offers final thoughts
regarding the ending result of this study. Following is the references and the appendix. The
appendix contains the data tables displaying the information that was determined during the
study, as referenced in Section V and Section VI.

II.

Literature Review
The topic of unemployment has been the focus of many studies and debates. Analyzing

2
the information presented by past investigations provides a framework from which further
investigation can be built upon.
Changes in consumer price index, CPI, inflation have shown potential correlation to
unemployment. Peach, Rich, & Linder (2013) found that inflation in the cost of services can be
tied to unemployment, but inflation in the cost of goods cannot. Andr, Cardenete, & Lima
(2012) determined a limited range in the correlation between unemployment and inflation. They
concluded that following generally accepted trends, higher inflation will result in lower
unemployment. However, there are select methods governments can employ to obtain positive
change in both inflation and unemployment. This would indicate that analysis of raw data on
unemployment and inflation must be done with care as artificially employed methods may have
been used to reach the given values.
The changing rate of graduation from postsecondary education has demonstrated the
potential to have an effect on the rate of unemployment. Abel, Deitz, & Su (2014) investigated
the possible decline of job availability for college graduates. However, as part of the conclusion
to their study, it was stated that "while it appears that the labor market has become more
challenging for recent college graduates, it is much worse for young people who do not have a
college degree. This implies a link that higher college graduation rates have some effect on
unemployment. Riddell and Song (2011) stated that college education provides more benefit than
what is found by just examining the unemployment of new graduates. They explained this by
showing that college graduation significantly decreases the chance of becoming unemployed
while increasing the rate of locating and maintaining new employment. This would indicate that
college graduation does not necessarily lead to an immediate decline in the unemployment rate,
but instead results in a long-term effect. Wang, Li, & Shi (2014) stated that college graduation
introduces a stronger expectation of economic stability to college graduates, making them less
likely to accept occupations below their standards. Their study acknowledges, however, that this
may be relevant only to countries with incredibly rapidly increasing graduation rates.
The average rate of unemployment is widely accepted to vary based on age category as
well. Younger cohorts tend to have a higher unemployment rate than older cohorts within a given
economy. However, the effect of the average age of the workforce in an economy has been
investigated far less. Hutengs & Stadtmann (2014) wrote that the younger members of the
workforce are more subject to fluctuations in the business cycle, suffering more than older

3
workers in downward cycles. If this trend remains constant in economies with a young average
age, the entirety of the economy could face greater adverse effects from the business cycle than
seen in older populations. Complementing this, Manger (2014) wrote that older workers are less
likely to become unemployed, but will also have more difficulty finding employment when
unemployed. Manger (2014) stated, "Even though young workers are not more productive in
principle, being unemployed is a stronger signal of low productivity if a worker is old, because
old workers have been subject to more skill-conditional 'sorting. '"
Katz (1974) described the relationship between duration of schooling and age in terms of
amount of time spent unemployed. His findings agreed with the statements that higher levels of
education reduce the frequency and length of unemployment and that in old age it is less
common to become unemployed but more difficult to obtain new employment. However, he
concluded that the tendency of schooling to reduce the length of unemployment declines with
age. This could be an indication that worker productivity (Manger, 2014), which is proven with
age, has a larger part in unemployment than education (Abel, Deitz, & Su, 2014), which in some
cases has been shown to have less of an impact than might be initially thought.
The primary goal of this study will be to determine some of the causes of unemployment
and to what degree they influence it. The three factors researched were chosen due to their
outward appearance of having at least some influence on unemployment, as shown in the
literature review above. CPI is frequently associated with unemployment, but this study aims to
determine if there is a correlation and its magnitude if it is present. Education was the second
potential factor as the immediate assumption would be that further education should grant access
to a wider range of employment. Last, the effect of age on unemployment was chosen as a
potential factor. The initial draw towards this factor was based on examining how a younger age
population compares to an older age with more experience. With an overall aging population,
examining how age affects unemployment could be important in the near future.

III. Data and Descriptives

In the following section, specific data sets will be utilized to analyze any potential effects
different factors may have on unemployment. All data used are recorded as yearly intervals. The
data used in this analysis originates from the World Bank Cross Country Data. As such, all terms
will follow the World Banks definitions. Unemployment is defined as the percentage of

4
individuals that are not working, but are in the labor force and actively searching for
employment. The first of the potential factors analyzed is CPI. This index defines the changing
cost of a set of goods. In this case, the base cost, 100, is set to the year 2005. Inflation on
consumer prices will also be analyzed. CPI inflation will be based on percentage increases or
decreases from the previous years average cost for a set of goods. Postsecondary graduation
rates are the percentages of individuals that graduated in a given year from institutions certified
for the International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED) 5A education compared to
the total population within the standard age range of postsecondary education. ISCED 5A
education instructs students in a way as to allow further education in varying fields or to enter a
wide range of careers relevant to their degree. This is opposed to ISCED 5b, which limits the
student to fewer career options within their degree. The percentage of the population between the
ages of 15 and 64 defines population as the number of permanent residents in the country. The
percentage of the population of ages greater than 65 defines population in the same manner.
Graph 1 depicts the unemployment rate over time. As can be seen, the United States and
the United Kingdom have similar general trends. This may indicate that the two countries react
similarly to changes in one or more prevalent economic factors. Japan does not appear to follow
the same trend as the other two countries and is comparatively stable in its unemployment rate.
This is an indication that the unemployment in Japan is likely affected by different factors than
the United States and the United Kingdom.

Graph 1: Unemployment rates for Japan (1980-2012), the United States (1980-2012), and the United Kingdom (1984-2012).

5
Graph 2 shows the inflation rates for each of the three countries. They all follow the same
general trend, but there is a certain amount of deviation in the specific changes on a per year
basis. Changes in the inflation rates are abrupt and there is little indication of how the inflation
rate will change in future years based on this graph. Graph 3 shows CPI for each of the three
counties being examined. The United States and the United Kingdom again have a very similar
trend. The United Kingdom does experience more fluctuation than the United States, but the
difference between the two is minor. Japan has an entirely different trend than the other two
countries. It also has, again, the most stable trend with only minor fluctuations. This fits well
with the unemployment data for Japan, possibly indicating that CPI is an important factor for
unemployment in Japan.

Graph 2 (left): Percent inflation on a per year basis. Graph 3 (right): CPI on a per year basis.

Graph 4 shows the postsecondary graduation rates. Each country has a similar trend, with
the United Kingdom having the greatest number of fluctuations. In light of this information and
taking into consideration the differences between the trends seen in Graph 1, it may be possible
that postsecondary graduation rate does not have a notable effect on the unemployment rate, at
least for some of the countries. It still is possible that postsecondary graduation rate affects either
the United States and the United Kingdom or Japan, but it is unlikely that it affects all three
countries.

Graph 4: Postsecondary graduation rates as previously defined.

Graph 5 shows the percentage of the population between the ages of 15 and 64. Each
country has an interesting wave-like fluctuation that is similar to the others, although the
magnitude of each is notably different. Japan has the greatest fluctuation of the three countries.
Considering the unemployment rate in Japan began to increase from 1990 onward, it is possible
the sharp decline in this graph correlates to that change in unemployment. Graph 6 shows the
percentage of the population age 65 and older. In this graph, the United Kingdom and the United
States again have a near identical curve. However, Japans curve slopes strongly upward starting
around 1990. This correlates well with Japans line from Graph 5, but it also indicates that the
majority of the change in the percentage of the population between the ages of 15 and 64 was
caused by an aging population rather than an increasing birth rate. Whether or not this is of
particular importance to the rate of unemployment in Japan is difficult to determine. Common
thought would indicate that an aging population would decrease unemployment as more work
would be required to accommodate the population and the percentage of the population in the
work force decreases. However, the graph and general timeframe does seem to correlate age and
unemployment rate in Japan.

Graph 5 (left): Percentage of the population between the ages of 15 and 64. Graph 6 (right): Percentage of the population of age 65 or older.

IV.

Methodology

To determine which among the potential factors that could affect unemployment are the
most statistically relevant, the AIC method was used. Utilizing AIC allows a series of
calculations to determine which factors are most important within a given set of data. This
method was created by Akaike to choose the relevant factors out of a large series of possibilities.
The formula is as follows.
AIC = 2K 2 log(( |y))
In this formula, K is the degrees of freedom and log(( |y)) is the logarithmic chance for
the highest value in the chosen model. The absolute value of the number produced by the AIC
equation is not important. Instead, the relative value compared to the AIC value of the other
models is the deciding factor. The model that returned the highest AIC score is the one that was
found to have the best fit for the data tested.
Grouping of the various factors was based on which among the potential combinations of
possible factors would fit well together. This determination was largely based on the limitation
that factors that correlate to each other were not put in the same model due to possible
overlapping relevance. These were instead put into two separate models. As such, CPI and

8
inflation were not used in the same model, nor were the two age cohorts. Following are the
models that were used.

m0:

u = i

m1:

u = CPI) + age_15_64) + postsecondary_grad_rate) + i

m2:

u = inflation) + age_15_64) + postsecondary_grad_rate) + i

m3:

u = CPI) + age_65_and_greater) + postsecondary_grad_rate) + i

m4:

u = inflation) + age_65_and_greater) + postsecondary_grad_rate) + i

m5:

u = CPI) + age_15_64) + i

m6:

u = inflation) + age_15_64) + i

m7:

u = CPI) + age_65_and_greater) + i

m8:

u = inflation) + age_65_and_greater) + i

m9:

u = CPI) + postsecondary_grad_rate) + i

m10:

u = inflation) + postsecondary_grad_rate) + i

m11:

u = CPI) + i

m12:

u = inflation) + i

In these models, u is unemployment, CPI is the CPI of each country, inflation is the rate
of inflation from the previous year, postsecondary_grad_rate is the postsecondary graduation
rate, age_15_64 is the percentage of the population between the ages of 15 and 64, and
age_65_and_greater is the percentage of the population age 65 and older, all as described in
Section III. is used as a representation of error, i is an indication of the model number, and is
the coefficient of each of the factors.

V.

Results and Discussion

The AIC test demonstrated that there was not any statistically significant correlation for

any of the models tested that contained potential factors of unemployment. As a multitude of
previous studies have shown at least some amount of correlation between the factors tested here
and unemployment, it can be reasonably assumed that this is not a definite result. Introducing a
lag of one year into the data yielded similar results. Based on this, it is most likely that

9
unemployment fluctuates too greatly for yearly data to properly identify the correlation. This
assumption is further supported by other studys use of monthly (Kakinaka & Miyamoto, 2012;
Riddell & Song, 2011) and quarterly (Miyamoto, 2013; Peach, Rich, & Linder, 2013; Huh &
Jang, 2007) data in their examinations of unemployment.
As seen in tables located in the appendix, Table 1 for Japan, Table 2 for the United
States, and Table 3 for the United Kingdom showed that the AIC test presented m0, the model
representing an unpredictable trend, as having the highest, or, in the case of the United States,
nearly the highest, significance of the tested models. It was determined that this models
intercept value proved to be equivalent to the natural rate of unemployment. For the United
States and United Kingdom, the intercept values, representing percentages, were 6.4939 and
7.5966, respectively. Both of these values are supported by Huh and Jang (2007) in their article
focusing on the natural rate of unemployment. For Japan, the natural rate was found to be
3.5121, which is a value supported by Miyamoto (2013), and Kakinaka & Miyamoto (2012). The
accuracy of the natural rate of unemployment that was found for each country attests to the
validity of the employed methods and further supports that the yearly data used is the source of
the inconclusiveness of the AIC scores.
While statistically significant data was not found regarding the factors of the changes in
unemployment, m11 was the second highest AIC score behind m0 for both Japan and the United
Kingdom. This may indicate that tests with more frequent data sets will match closer to m11.
However, it is also possible this was just a statistical coincidence and that such future tests will
provide entirely different results. Regardless, particular attention should be paid towards CPI in
any future studies attempting to correlate unemployment and CPI. The United States is more
difficult to judge what may be a close competitor to m0, as multiple models all had a very similar
value. As such, no definite thoughts or input can be drawn as to what may be the most important
factors to the United States in regards to unemployment.

VI.

Additional Results

In a further attempt to determine the factors affecting unemployment, the natural rate of
unemployment was subtracted from the unemployment rate for each year on each of the
countries before running the AIC tests a second time. This was done to isolate the fluctuations on
unemployment from the natural rate, allowing a more precise measurement on the fluctuations

10
themselves. The results still proved statistically insignificant for the United States and the United
Kingdom, but significant values were obtained for Japan, as seen in Table 4.
The model for CPI, m11, proved to be statistically significant for Japan. It is likely that
Japan had positive results due to how few sudden fluctuations Japan has in its unemployment
rates. This would make having less time between each data point less important than it would be
for the United States or the United Kingdom, where unemployment has wide and sudden
fluctuations. This information also serves to support the previous discussion in Section V about
the possibility that m11, and therefore CPI, may be the most relevant to the United Kingdom, as
a similar discussion had been proposed for Japan. While this offers no more insight into the
important factors of unemployment for the United States, it does provide interesting insight as to
the workings of the fluctuations of unemployment themselves. Looking past this study, it would
be important to further study the method of identifying the natural rate of unemployment over
long periods of time, as well as how to determine changes in the natural rate itself. This could
have potentially large effects on the measurement of the fluctuations around the natural rate of
unemployment, and as a result, the causes of those fluctuations.

VII. Conclusion
In all studies, particularly those that have unexpected results, the methods and data used
should be carefully analyzed. The inclusion of known factors into the study design can serve to
reinforce the confidence of the study if the values derived resemble generally accepted results.
Such is the case with this study. The results from the initial AIC test at first appeared to
contradict widely accepted information by refuting all of the factors of unemployment tested.
However, the discovery that the intersect values obtained from the AIC test were the natural rate
of unemployment demonstrated that the method and data had to be at least partially correct.
Closer examination of previously done studies on unemployment showed a frequent use
of quarterly (Miyamoto, 2013; Peach, Rich, & Linder, 2013; Huh & Jang, 2007) and monthly
(Kakinaka & Miyamoto, 2012; Riddell & Song, 2011) data, leading to the conclusion that the
yearly data used for this study is insufficient in determining which of the tested factors had a true
impact on unemployment. This conclusion was further supported when the AIC test returned
significant results for Japan after correcting the unemployment rates for the natural rate of
unemployment. It is assumed that only Japan returned results from this series of AIC tests due to

11
the relative stability of its unemployment rates when compared to the United States and the
United Kingdom.
From this test, it was found that the model for CPI is the best fit as a factor of
unemployment for Japan. However, based on the nature of CPI that causes a steady growth over
time (Rippy, 2014), it is unlikely that this is actually the sole factor of fluctuations in
unemployment in Japan as that would cause a continually growing rate of unemployment. This
would mean that either there are other important factors that were not tested in this study, or that
like the United States and the United Kingdom, more data points within the tested time period
are required for an accurate result. From this, it can be concluded that unemployment and the
factors that affect it are particularly sensitive to rapid changes in a small amount of time. Any
further examinations of unemployment would benefit from taking care to obtain data more
frequently recorded than annually. In addition, testing both the actual unemployment rate and the
unemployment rate adjusted for the natural rate may provide interesting results for comparison
sake, as proved to be the case in this study.

12
References
Abel, J. R., Deitz R., & Su Y., (2014). Are recent college graduates finding good jobs? Current
Issues in Economics & Finance, 20 (1). Retrieved from
http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/current_issues/ci20-1.html
Akaike, H. (1973). Information theory as an extension of the maximum likelihood principle.
Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Information Theory, 267-281.
Andr, F. J., Cardenete, M. A., & Lima, M. C. (2012). Using a CGE model to identify the policy
trade-off between unemployment and inflation. The efficient Phillips curve. Economic
Systems Research, 24 (4), 349-369. doi: 10.1080/09535314.2012.691088
Daly, M., Hobijn, B., Sahin, A., & Valletta, R. (2012). A search and matching approach to labor
markets. Did the natural rate of unemployment rise? Journal of Economic Perspectives,
26(3), 3-26. doi:10.1257/jep.26.3.3
Huh, H. S., & Jang, I. (2007). Nonlinear Phillips curve, sacrifice ratio, and the natural rate of
unemployment. Economic Modelling, 24(5), 797-813.
doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2007.02.003
Hutengs, O. & Stadtmann, G., (2014). Age- and gender-specific unemployment in Scandinavian
countries: An analysis based on Okun's Law. Comparative Economic Studies, 56 (4),
567-580. doi:10.1057/ces.2014.22
Katz, A. (1974). Schooling, age, and length of unemployment. Industrial & Labor Relations
Review, 27 (4), 597-605. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2522050
Manger, C. (2013). Endogenous age discrimination. Journal of Population Economics, 27 (4),
1087-1106. doi:10.1007/s00148-013-0467-7
Peach, R., Rich, R., & Linder, M. H. (2013). The parts are more than the whole: Separating
goods and services to predict core inflation. Current Issues in Economics and Finance,
19 (7). Retrieved from http://www.newyorkfed.org/research/current_issues/ci19-7.html
Riddell, W. C. & Song, X. (2011). The impact of education on unemployment incidence and
re-employment success: Evidence from the U.S. labour market. Labour Economics, 18
(4), 453-463. doi:10.1016/j.labeco.2011.01.003
Rippy, D. (2014). The first hundred years of the consumer price index: A methodological and
political history. Monthly Labor Review. Retrieved from
http://www.bls.gov/opub/mlr/2014/article/the-first-hundred-years-of-the-consumer-price-

13
index.htm
Wang, L., Li, J., & Shi, Q. (2014). 2014 College students' employment expectation prediction
based on ANP. International Journal of U- & E-Service, Science & Technology, 7 (4),
215-226. http://dx.doi.org/10.14257/ijunnesst.2014.7.4.20
World Bank Group. (2014-2015). [Data file]. Retrieved from http://www.worldbank.org/

14
Appendix
Table 1: Japan AIC results for each model
Model df
AIC
AICc
AIC

AICw

ERpd

m0

103.36110

103.57929

90.084934

1.665477e-20

3.644977e+19 19.5616948

m1

22.74884

23.90269

10.408337

3.334968e-03

1.820295e+02 2.2601417

m2

14.73956

15.89341

2.399054

1.829302e-01

3.318546e+00 0.5209479

m3

22.75424

23.90809

10.413733

3.325982e-03

1.825213e+02 2.2613135

m4

14.63945

15.79330

2.298945

1.923197e-01

3.156527e+00 0.4992096

m5

69.27238

70.02709

56.532740

3.215917e-13

1.887680e+12 12.2759285

m6

65.79868

66.55340

53.059044

1.826452e-12

3.323725e+11 11.5216251

m7

66.99996

67.75468

54.260324

1.001737e-12

6.060098e+11 11.7824796

m8

58.10200

58.85672

45.362363

8.568825e-11

7.084546e+09 9.8503121

m9

20.75626

21.51097

8.016620

1.102672e-02

5.505374e+01 1.7407868

m10

12.73964

13.49435

0.000000

6.070624e-01

1.000000e+00 0.0000000

m11

85.84416

86.28860

72.794248

9.465926e-17

6.413132e+15 15.8070702

m12

76.90701

77.35145

63.857102

8.257334e-15

7.351796e+13 13.8663935

Table 2: United States AIC results for each model

Model df
AIC
AICc
AIC

AICw

ERpd

m0

129.12747

129.34565

88.366587

3.911179e-20

1.543692e+19 19.1885606

m1

50.29544

51.44929

10.470227

3.215787e-03

1.877505e+02 2.2735810

m2

42.12974

43.28359

2.304527

1.907421e-01

3.165350e+00 0.5004217

m3

51.29944

52.45329

11.474229

1.946575e-03

3.101681e+02 2.4915971

m4

42.09122

43.24506

2.266002

1.944519e-01

3.104960e+00 0.4920560

m5

129.35062

130.10533

89.126273

2.675125e-20

2.256962e+19 19.3535242

m6

131.58839

132.34311

91.364050

8.738097e-21

6.909576e+19 19.8394514

m7

131.75018

132.50490

91.525838

8.059073e-21

7.491749e+19 19.8745832

m8

132.71754

133.47225

92.493193

4.968515e-21

1.215183e+20 20.0846417

m9

49.48827

50.24298

9.263922

5.878048e-03

1.027153e+02 2.0116352

m10

40.22434

40.97906

0.000000

6.037655e-01

1.000000e+00 0.0000000

m11

130.59560

131.04005

90.060986

1.676385e-20

3.601593e+19 19.5564946

m12

130.85169

131.29613

90.317073

1.474909e-20

4.093579e+19 19.6121032

log ERpd

log ERpd

15
Table 3: United Kingdom AIC results for each model
Model df
AIC
AICc
AIC
AICw

ERpd

m0

131.38755

131.60573

106.663590

6.332028e-24

1.451123e+23 23.161704

m1

23.78830

24.94214

0.000000

9.188552e-1

1.000000e+00 0.0000000

m2

35.64607

36.79991

11.857769

2.445486e-03

3.757352e+02 2.574882

m3

29.53426

30.68811

5.745961

5.194305e-02

1.768967e+01 1.247720

m4

31.72033

32.87417

7.932028

1.741122e-02

5.277375e+01 1.722418

m5

94.92431

95.67903

70.736881

4.008008e-16

2.292548e+15 15.360318

m6

84.54203

85.29675

60.354603

7.201311e-14

1.275956e+13 13.105836

m7

87.29862

88.05334

63.111197

1.814784e-14

5.063167e+13 13.704422

m8

97.82722

98.58194

73.639797

9.387895e-17

9.787659e+15 15.990679

m9

37.18746

37.94218

13.000032

1.381421e-03

6.651523e+02 2.822921

m10

33.68392

34.43864

9.496494

7.963604e-03

1.153818e+02 2.062137

m11

101.28504

101.72948

76.787340

1.945755e-17

4.722358e+16 16.674159

m12

96.00514

96.44958

71.507439

2.726491e-16

3.370102e+15 15.527643

log ERpd

Table 4: Japan AIC results with unemployment adjusted for natural rate of unemployment
Model df
AIC
AICc
AIC
AICw
ERpd
log ERpd
m0

103.36110

103.57929

90.084934

1.665477e-20

3.644977e+19 19.5616948

m1

22.74884

23.90269

10.408337

3.334968e-03

1.820295e+02 2.2601417

m2

14.73956

15.89341

2.399054

1.829302e-01

3.318546e+00 0.5209479

m3

22.75424

23.90809

10.413733

3.325982e-03

1.825213e+02 2.2613135

m4

14.63945

15.79330

2.298945

1.923197e-01

3.156527e+00 0.4992096

m5

69.27238

70.02709

56.532740

3.215917e-13

1.887680e+12 12.2759285

m6

65.79868

66.55340

53.059044

1.826452e-12

3.323725e+11 11.5216251

m7

66.99996

67.75468

54.260324

1.001737e-12

6.060098e+11 11.7824796

m8

58.10200

58.85672

45.362363

8.568825e-11

7.084546e+09 9.8503121

m9

20.75626

21.51097

8.016620

1.102672e-02

5.505374e+01 1.7407868

m10

12.73964

13.49435

0.000000

6.070624e-01

1.000000e+00 0.0000000

m11

85.84416

86.28860

72.794248

9.465926e-17

6.413132e+15 15.8070702

m12

76.90701

77.35145

63.857102

8.257334e-15

7.351796e+13 13.8663935