5: Industrialization and Global Integration, c. 1750 to c.

1900

(20%)

Key Concept 5.1. Industrialization and Global Capitalism

Industrialization fundamentally altered the production of goods around the world. It not only changed how goods
were produced and consumed, as well as what was considered a good, but it also had far-reaching effects on the
global economy, social relations, and culture. Although it is common to speak of an Industrial Revolution, the
process of industrialization was a gradual one that unfolded over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth
centuries, eventually becoming global.
I.
Industrialization fundamentally changed how goods were produced.
Standard 1A: A variety of factors led to the rise of industrial production.
Europes location on the Atlantic Ocean
Europe had access to the new world and west african coast through the atlantic ocean
The geographical distribution of coal, iron and timber
countries such and germany and the us needed resources to stimulate industrial production
European demographic changes
population growth resulted from widespread resistance to disease and more reliable food sources
Urbanization

Rapid growth and migration to cities

Improved agricultural productivity allowed farmers to raise more cows and get more milk. Led to enclosure
movement since land owners could invest in new crops
Legal protection of private property
Land owners fenced off their property
An abundance of rivers and canals
river and canals allowed for cheaper and more efficient transportation or raw materials and finished goods
Access to foreign resources
suex canal allwowed access of foreign resources
The accumulation of capital
acculimaltion of wealth in settled communities
Access to Caribbean profits from sugar
Attitudes towards profit, change, adaptability
Standard 1B: The development of machines made it possible to exploit vast new resources.
Prior to the Industrial Revolution what were the only sources of power or energy?
What machines were developed?
steam engines as an internal combustion engine
What new forms of fossil fuels were used?
coal and oil
How did the fossil fuels revolution impact society?
greatly increased the energy available to humans
Standard 1C: The development of the factory system.
How did the development of the factory system impact economic demographics?
it concentrated labor on a single location
How did the factor change the nature of labor?
led to an increasing degree of speacialization of labor
Standard 1D: As the new methods of industrial production became more common in parts of northwestern Europe,
they spread to other parts of the world.
After Great Britain where did industrialization then spread?
russia, united states, japan, and europe

What lands were largely industrialized after 1850?

Standard 1E: The second industrial revolution led to new methods.
What areas of industrial mechanized during the first industrial revolution?
united kingdom spread to continental Europe
What areas of industry were favored during the second industrial revolution?
germany, britian, and united states
Standard 1F: How did the changes in the mode of production also stimulated the professionalization of sciences and
led to the increasing application of science to new forms of technology.
all governments started to organize technical fairs to promote engineering and science education

II.

New patterns of global trade and production developed that further integrated the global economy as
industrialists sought raw materials and new markets for the increasing amount of goods produced in
their factories.
Standard 2A: The need for raw materials for the factories and increased food supplies for the growing population in
urban centers led to the growth of export economies around the world that specialized in mass producing single
natural resources. The profits from these raw materials were used to purchase finished goods.
Define single product economy
a system that is based on a sellable item
Define cash crop
A crop grown for sale to return profit
Which countries exported the following raw materials during the 19th century (See World That Trade Created)
Cotton southern states of the us
Rubber Belgium
Palm Oil
west africa
Sugar
latin america
Wheat
india
Meat
us
Guano
peru and chile
Metals and minerals
south africa
Standard 2B: The rapid development of industrial production contributed to the decline of economically productive,
agriculturally based economies
Textile production in India
britian took control of coastal export which led to control of the textiles in india
Rice production in Vietnam and the East Indies
restricted rice exports in fear of domestic shortages

Food crops in the American South

created the potato ; needed to feed the workers in factories
Standard 2C: The rapid increases in productivity caused by industrial production encouraged industrialized states to
seek out new consumer markets for their finished goods.
British and French attempts to open up the Chinese market during the 19th century
European acquisition of foreign colonies
European and US investment in the Americas
German investment in the Ottoman Empire and Anglo-French investments in Russia
Standard 2D: The need for specialized and limited metals for industrial production, as well as the global demand for
gold, silver and diamonds as forms of wealth, led to the development of extensive mining centers.
Copper mines in Mexico
pre columbian populations held gold silver and and other metals in high esteem
Gold and diamond mines in South Africa
it was needed for specialized industrial production and global demand
III.

To facilitate investments at all levels of industrial production, financiers developed and expanded
various financial institutions.
Standard 3A: The ideological inspiration for these financial changes lies in the development of laissez-faire
capitalism and economic liberalism associated with Adam Smith and John Stuart Mill.
Classical laissez-faire capitalism and free trade
Economic theory brought enlightenment , physiocrats believed that government should not interfere with private
economic activity
Economic liberalism
the ideological belief in organizing the economy on individualist and voluntarist lines.
David Ricardos Iron Law of Wages
the wages of labor will have a tendency to fall, as far as they are regulated by supply and demand
Standard 3B: Financial instruments expanded.
Stock Markets
a system for buying and selling shares of companies
Insurance
protection against future loss
Gold Standard
a monetary standard under which the basic unit of currency is defined by a state quantity of glod
Limited Liability Corporations
groups of investors pooled their capitals; they only risked the amount they put in thus making corperations more
appealing
Standard 3C: The global nature of trade and production contributed to the proliferation of large-scale transnational
businesses.
The United Fruit Company
U.S. corperation that controlled the banana trade in much of latin america
Hong Kong and Shanghai Corporation
a prominent bank established and based in hong kong since 1865 when hong kong was a colony of the british empire

Standard Oil
a standard over oil that should be produced in a matter of time
British and Dutch East Indies Companies
often considered to have been the first multinational corporation in the world and it was the first company to issue
stock
Krupp AG in Germany
for the rest of the 20th century it was an important manufacturer of industrial machinery and materials
IV.
There were major developments in transportation and communication.
Railroads
provided a cheap way to transport materials for manufacturers
Steamships
replaced sails, nations embarked on canal construction
Telegraphs
could send messages from london to india, imperial cities could respond to crisises faster
Trans-oceanic cables
long distance communications
Canals
opened more routes, allowed all water passage and navigation
V.
The development and spread of global capitalism led to a variety of responses.
Standard 5A: In industrialized states, many workers organized themselves to improve working conditions, limit
hours and gain higher wages, while others opposed capitalist exploitation of workers by promoting alternative
visions of society.
Trade Unionism
labor union to people in the same trade. idea of equality in economics and politics
Utopian Socialism
describing how people would live if everyone adherd to the socialist ethic
Marxism
method of socioeconomic analysis by german philosopher karl marx
Anarchism
political philosophy that advocates self governed societies
Syndicalism a movement that advocates direct action by working class to get rid of capitalist order
Reform Socialism some governments mitigated negative effects of industrial capitalism by promoting types of
reforms
Standard 5B: In Qing China and the Ottoman Empire, some members of the government resisted economic change
and attempted to maintain preindustrial forms of economic production.
Some member of the government resisted economic change and attempted to maintain pre-industrial forms of
production
in small numbers of states, government promoted state sponsored visions of industrialization
Standard 5C: In a small number of states, governments promoted their own state-sponsored visions of
industrialization.
Meiji Reforms (Japan)
economic reform industrial and agricultural combinations

Sergei Wittes Industrialization, Railroads (Russia)

the reforms were designed to stimulate transitions in russian economics
Self-Strengthening Movement (China)
movement to modernize china in industry and defense
Muhammad Alis Reforms (Egypt)
domestic reforms that hastened the foundation for an independent egypt and modernization
Standard 5D: In response to criticisms of industrial global capitalism, some governments attempted to prevent
rebellions by promoting various types of reforms.
Bismarcks Pensions, Health Care (Germany)
state socialism provided health insurance for workers set the retirement age to 70
suffrage Movement, Chartist Movement (Britain)
national movement for womens suffrage
Universal Primary Education (Many Nations)
wanted to ensure that all kids got a full course of elementary
VI.

The ways in which people organized themselves into societies also underwent significant
transformations in industrialized states due to the fundamental restructuring of the global economy.
Standard 6A: New social classes, including the middle class and the proletariat, developed.
the new social classes arised because wealth had become based on money and success in business enterprises, along
with land ownership

Standard 6B: Family dynamics, gender roles and demographics changed in response to industrialization.
family and gender roles varied between every class. men worked long hours in factories. wives were also working.
some young women worked as servants

Standard 6C: Rapid urbanization that accompanied global capitalism often led to unsanitary conditions, as well as to
new forms of community.
disease spread easier. urbanization out paced the implementation of sewage systems and other utilities

Key Concept 5.2. Imperialism and Nation-State Formation

As states industrialized during this period, they also expanded their existing overseas colonies and established new
types of colonies and transoceanic empires. Regional warfare and diplomacy both resulted in and were affected by
this process of modern empire building. The process was led mostly by Europe, although not all states were affected
equally, which led to an increase of European influence around the world. The United States and Japan also
participated in this process. The growth of new empires challenged the power of existing land-based empires of
Eurasia. New ideas about nationalism, race, gender, class, and culture also developed that facilitated the spread of
transoceanic empires, as well as justified anti-imperial resistance and the formation of new national identities.
I.
Industrializing powers established transoceanic empires

Define New Imperialism

a period of colonial expansion by the european powers, the us and the empire of japan during the late 19th
and early 20th century
What nations participated in this new Age of Imperialism? spain, france, the netherlands,england, russia, italy,
portugal, germany, and the us

How did the New Imperialism differ from previous colonialism

previous colonialisms were based on trade and making trade posts, newer imperialism was based on money, they
went into countries and set up factories and plantations
Standard 1A: States with existing colonies strengthened their control over those colonies.
British in India
the british became interested in india for the raw materials and the 300 million population
Dutch in Indonesia
the dutch government recieved as much as a quarter of the nations income which came from the colony
Spanish in Caribbean and Philippines
the first spanish colonies in the carribean put the natives to works as slaves
Portuguese in Africa
in the beginning portugal controlled outosts at six locations in africa
Standard 1B: European states as well as the Americans and the Japanese, established empires throughout the
Caribbean, Asia and the Pacific, while Spanish and Portuguese influence declined. What lands did each state
acquire?
Britain
southeast asia bermuda
France
france founded colonies in much of eastern north america south africa and the carrbean islands
Netherlands
some parts of south africa indonesia and part of what is now brazil
Germany
some parts of africa such as uganda tanzania and the solomon islands
Japan
east asia
Russia eastern europe into asia and siberia and alaska
United States
did not colonize other countries
Standard 1C: Many European states used both warfare and diplomacy to establish empires in Africa.
Great Britain in West, East, South Africa
britian was able to gain colonies on the western coast of africa

France in West, Central Africa

france established empires in west-central africa
Belgium in Central Africa (Congo)
belguims gain of congo accelerated germanys invitation to european powers to the 1884berlin conference
Standard 1D: In some parts of their empires, Europeans established settler colonies.
British in Southern Africa, East Africa
after gaining control of the cape colony in the napoleonic wars britian began sending settlers into south africa
British in Australia, New Zealand, Canada
all became settler colonies if the british and settlement continued
France in Algeria
France followed the british example in africa and invaded algeria to suppress piracy and collect debts
Standard 1E: In other parts of the world, industrialized states practiced economic imperialism.
British, French and American expanding influence in China through the Opium Wars
china lost the opium war between Britain and Qing empire so Britain and most other european powers developed a
strong trade presence through china against their wishes
Europeans, Americans and Japanese in China after the Taiping Rebellion
unsatisfied with the current qing dynasty the rebellion weakend the qing dynasty because it appealed to many people
because it called for social reforms
British and US investing in Latin America
they didnt want latin america to industrialize because investors controlled industry and got the benefits
Germans in the Ottoman Empire
in 1913 the ottomans asked the germans to assist in the development of a new military force the germans sent officer
liman von sanders in reply the ottoman empire was not initially interested in establishing an alliance with germany
II.
Imperialism influenced state formation and contraction around the world.
Standard 2A: The expansion of U.S. and European influence over Tokugawa Japan led to the emergence of Meiji
Japan.
Dutch Learning
western learning embraced by some japanese in the eighteenth century
Perrys Expedition to Japan 1854
american expedition to establish a trading partner with japan
Meiji Restoration
political program the followed the destruction of the tokugawa shagunate in 1868
Standard 2B: The United States, Russia and British dominions emulated European transoceanic imperialism by
expanding their land borders and conquering neighboring territories.
United States and Manifest Destiny
the belief held by americans that it was the devine desire for americans to posses more and develop the land across
the northern american continent
Russia in Siberia and Central Asia
Canada in their West

British in South Africa with Boer Territories

Standard 2C: Anti-imperial resistance led to the contraction of the Ottoman Empire
Establishment of Independent States in the Balkans
the first uprising was in 1821 with the help of british many gained independence in 1830 such as greece
Muhammad Ali in Egypt
he ruled egypt as ottoman governor but had imperial ambitions his descendants ruled egypt until overthrown in
1952
French and Italian colonies in North Africa

British influence in Egypt and the Sudan

Standard 2D: New states developed on the edges of an empire.

Siam
only place not colonized by european powers
Hawaii
untied western-style monarchy in the late 18th century after the 1887 constitution for voting rights
Cherokee Nation
a legal autonomous tribal government existing within the united states made up of voluntarily and involiuntarily
removed nat. amers.
Zulu State
came to prominence under shaka zulu in the 1820's
Boer Republics in Southern Africa
Muhammad Ali in Egypt
The Madhist state in the Sudan
Meneliks Ethiopia
Liberia
Standard 2E: The development and spread of nationalism as an ideology fostered new communal identities.
German unification

Italian unification

Filipino Nationalism

Liberian nationalism

Indian National Congress

Turkish nationalism

III.

New racial ideologies, especially Social Darwinism, facilitated and justified imperialism.

Key Concept 5.3. Nationalism, Revolution and Reform

The eighteenth century marked the beginning of an intense period of revolution and rebellion against existing
governments, and the establishment of new nation-states around the world. Enlightenment thought and the resistance
of colonized peoples to imperial centers shaped this revolutionary activity. These rebellions sometimes resulted in
the formation of new states and stimulated the development of new ideologies. These new ideas in turn further
stimulated the revolutionary and anti-imperial tendencies of this period.
I.
The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of
life often preceded the revolutions and rebellions against existing governments.
Standard 1A: Enlightenment applied new ways of understanding the natural world to human relationships,
encouraging observation and inference in all spheres of life. What did each teach?
Voltaire
Rousseau
Standard 1B: Enlightenment thinkers critiqued the role that religion played in public life, insisting on the importance
of reason as opposed to revelation.

Standard 1C: Enlightenment thinkers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights and the social
contract.
Locke

Montesquieu
Standard 1D: The ideas of Enlightenment thinkers influenced resistance to existing political authority, as reflected in
revolutionary documents.
American Declaration of Independence
The French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Bolivars Jamaica Letter
Mexican Grito de Dolores
Constitution of Saint-Domingue (Haiti, 1801)
Standard 1E: Enlightenment thinkers also challenged existing notions of social relations, which led to the expansion
of rights as seen in expanded suffrage, the abolition of slavery and the end of serfdom.

II.

Beginning in the 18th century, peoples around the world developed a new sense of commonality
based on language, religion, social customs and territory. These newly imagined national
communities linked this identity with the borders of the state, while governments used this idea to
unite diverse populations.
Define Imagine Communities
How did governments use this concept?
III.

The spread of Enlightenment ideas and increasing discontent with imperial rule propelled reformist
and revolutionary movements.
Standard 3A: Subjects challenged the centralized imperial governments.
Marathas challenged Mughal Sultans
Muhammad Ali in Egypt challenged Ottoman sultan
Poles challenged Russian tsar
The Taiping Rebellion in China
The Decembrist Rebellion in Russia

Standard 3B: American colonial subjects led a series of rebellions, which facilitated the emergence of independent
nation-states in the United States, Haiti and the mainland nations of modern Latin America. French subjects rebelled
against their monarchy.
American Revolution

French Revolution

Haitian Revolution

Latin American independence movements

Standard 3C: Slave resistance (such as the establishment of Maroon societies) challenged existing authorities in the
Americas (such as in Brazil, Cuba or the Guyanas).

Standard 3D: Increasing questions about political authority and growing nationalism contributed to anticolonial
movements
Sepoy Rebellion in India, 1857
The Madhist Revolt, Sudan
The Boxer Rebellion, China
Standard 3E: Some of the rebellions were influenced by religious ideas and millenarianism.
The Taiping Rebellion
The Sioux Ghost Dance
The Xhosa Cattle-Killing Movement
Maji Maji Rebellion In German East Africa
Standard 3F: Responses to increasingly frequent rebellions led to reforms in imperial policies.
The Tanzimat Movement (Ottoman Empire)

Self-Strengthening Movement (China)

IV.

The global spread of Enlightenment thought and the increasing number of rebellions stimulated new
transnational ideologies and solidarities.
Standard 3A: Discontent with monarchist and imperial rule encouraged the development of new political ideologies:
liberalism, socialism and communism.

Standard 3B: Demands for womens suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies
(such as Mary Wollstonecrafts A Vindication of the Rights of Woman, Olympe de Gougess Declaration of the
Rights of Women and the Female Citizen, or the resolutions passed at the Seneca Falls Conference in 1848).

Key Concept 5.3. Global Migration

Migration patterns changed dramatically throughout this period, and the numbers of migrants increased
significantly. These changes were closely connected to the development of transoceanic empires and a global
capitalist economy. In some cases, people benefited economically from migration, while other people were seen
simply as commodities to be transported. In both cases, migration produced dramatically different societies for both
sending and receiving societies, and presented challenges to governments in fostering national identities and
regulating the flow of people.
I.
Migration in many cases was influenced by changes in demography in both industrialized and
unindustrialized societies that presented challenges to existing patterns of living.
Standard 1A Changes in food production and improved medical conditions contributed to a significant global rise in
population.

Standard 1B Because of the nature of the new modes of transportation, both internal and external migrants
increasingly relocated to cities. This pattern contributed to the significant global urbanization of the 19th century.

II.
Migrants relocated for a variety of reasons.
Standard 2A: Many individuals (such as manual laborers or specialized professionals) chose freely to relocate, often
in search of work. For what reasons did people immigrate in this period?

Standard 2B: The new global capitalist economy continued to rely on coerced and Semi-coerced labor migration.
Slavery
Chinese and Indian indentured servitude
Convict labor
Standard 2C: While many migrants permanently relocated, a significant number of temporary and seasonal migrants
returned to their home societies.
Japanese agricultural workers in the Pacific
Indian workers, merchants in Africa, SE Asia, Pacific
Italians in Brazil, Argentina, the USA
III.

The large-scale nature of migration, especially in the 19th century, produced a variety of
consequences and reactions to the increasingly diverse societies on the part of migrants and the
existing populations.
Standard 3A: Due to the physical nature of the labor in demand, migrants tended to be male, leaving women to take
on new roles in the home society that had been formerly occupied by men.
Impact of the Slave Trade on West African societies

How did the US, British colonies of South Africa, Canada and Australia, Argentina and Brazil react to large-scale
immigration?

Standard 3B: Migrants often created ethnic enclaves which helped transplant their culture into new environments
and facilitated the development of migrant support networks.
Chinese in Southeast Asia and the Pacific Basin

Indians in Africa, Southeast Asia, the Caribbean

Irish immigrants to the English speaking colonies

Italians in the Americas

Jewish immigrants to the Americas, Palestine

Standard 3C: Receiving societies did not always embrace immigrants, as seen in the various degrees of ethnic and
racial prejudice and the ways states attempted to regulate the increased flow of people across their borders.
The Chinese Exclusion Acts, USA 1882

The White Australia Policy

Russian pogroms against the Jews