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Double pipe heat exchangers are widely used in different industries due to simplicity.
Geometry modifications have led to higher effectiveness in double pipe heat exchangers.
Using nanofluids in double pipe heat exchangers has presented higher heat transfer rates.
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 17 July 2016
Revised 31 August 2016
Accepted 7 September 2016
Available online 13 September 2016
Keywords:
Double pipe heat exchanger
Nusselt number
Pressure drop
Heat transfer enhancement methods
Nanofluids
a b s t r a c t
Growing need to develop and improve the effectiveness of heat exchangers has led to a broad range of
investigations for increasing heat transfer rate along with decreasing the size and cost of the industrial
apparatus accordingly. One of these many apparatus which are used in different industries is double pipe
heat exchanger. This type of heat exchanger has drawn many attentions due to simplicity and wide range
of usages. In recent years, several precise and invaluable studies have been performed in double pipe heat
exchangers. In this review, the development procedure that this type of heat exchanger went through has
been analyzed in details and the heat transfer enhancement methods in aforementioned heat exchangers
have also been widely discussed. Having also tried the best to present a comprehensive research, the
authors gathered information regarding the usage of these methods such as active, passive and compound methods which is worth noting that the studies concerning using passive methods in double pipe
heat exchangers have been frequently cited. Moreover, various studies concerning using nanofluids in
double pipe heat exchangers have been discussed in details. In this review, correlations of mostly
Nusselt number and pressure drop coefficient are also presented. It is believed that this review provides
new insights for further investigations.
2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
An overview of double pipe heat exchangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geometry change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Heat transfer enhancement methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.1.
Active method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.
Passive method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.1.
Twisted tapes insert in double pipe heat exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.2.
Extended surfaces (fins) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.3.
Wired coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2.4.
Other kinds of turbulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3.
Compound method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nanofluid in double pipe heat exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.1.
Experimental investigations of using nanofluids in DPHEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2.
Numerical investigations of using nanofluids in DPHEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: Omidi.m1991@stu.nit.ac.ir (M. Omidi), mfarhadi@nit.ac.ir, mousa.farhadi@yahoo.com (M. Farhadi), m.jafari177@gmail.com (M. Jafari).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.027
1359-4311/ 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1076
1076
1080
1083
1083
1084
1084
1084
1085
1085
1086
1086
1087
1088
1076
Nomenclature
A
Cp
D
L
Nu
h
H
p
DP
_
m
f
Pr
T
V
Re
De
/
k
q
6.
hn
Pe
NTU
h
l
m
q
b
helical number
Peclet number (dimensionless)
Number of Transfer Units
temperature difference T T 1
dynamics viscosity, Pa s
kinematic viscosity, m2/s
density, kg/m3
thermal expansion coefficient (K1)
Subscripts
c
cold fluid
h
hot fluid
i
inner tube
o
outer tube
b
bulk temperature
T
tube side
s
shell side
0
smooth tube
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088
1. Introduction
Nowadays, heat exchangers are widely used in industrial and
engineering applications. It is believed that coming up with design
of an efficient heat exchanger is quite complicated for engineers.
The reason towards that is not only an accurate assessment of
the long-term performance and the regarding financial costs is
needed, but a comprehensive investigation of heat transfer, pressure drop and the effectiveness is also inevitable which all require
arduous work. Upon using heat transfer enhancement methods,
pressure drop will also be increased which results in a higher
pumping power. So it is firmly stated that some of these heat transfer enhancement methods may just adversely affect the need to an
optimum case containing the heat transfer rate and pressure drop.
As a result, choosing the methods wisely is of great importance. It
is also believed that having a high and appropriate heat transfer
rate in devices such as computers, electric power systems, automobile engines and other numerous examples is inevitable (see Tables
1 to 3).
One of the most simple and applicable heat exchangers is double pipe heat exchanger (DPHE) (Fig. 1). This kind of heat exchanger is widely used in chemical, food, oil and gas industries. Upon
having a relatively small diameter, many precise researches have
also hold firmly the belief that this type of heat exchanger is used
in high-pressure applications. They are also of great importance
where a wide range of temperature is needed. It is also welldocumented that this kind of heat exchanger makes a significant
contribution to pasteurizing, reheating, preheating, digester heating and effluent heating processes. Many of small industries also
use DPHEs due to their low cost of design and maintenance. As a
result, we came to conclusion that the previous researches carried
out on this type of heat exchanger should be categorized in order
to overcome the perplexities of choosing the most appropriate
methods of interest. To the authors knowledge, no review papers
concerning double pipe heat exchangers have been published so
far and this fact is one of the main objectives of this review paper.
In double pipe heat exchangers, hot and cold fluids flow mostly
in concentric pipes in different configurations which are parallel
and counter flows. In the first case, both fluids flow in the same
direction. While the latter case attributes to ones where fluids flow
in an opposite direction (Fig. 2).
We have traced the history of publications regarding double
pipe heat exchanger back to its beginnings in the late 1940s
[3,4]. The studies broadly support the view that this type of heat
exchanger is heading towards a considerable progress. Through
these years, a plethora of researches have been carried out which
fall into various categories. In some cases, just the working fluids
characteristics and their modifications were studied [317], some
investigated active methods [18,19], passive methods [1,2055],
compound methods [54], geometry change [5665] and the other
heat enhancement methods [3955]. Having been developed
incessantly, each method will be thoroughly investigated in the
following sections.
2. An overview of double pipe heat exchangers
One of the earliest researches done on DPHEs was the one by
Mozley [3] who both numerically and experimentally made a case
for the study and prediction of dynamic characteristics of a special
DPHE using two automatic control methods. These methods were
based on simple mathematical models and also passive electrical
network analogs. He also compared the frequency responses which
were based on basic analog results and concluded that the numerical results were in a good agreement with experimental results.
In the same year, Cohen and Johnson [4] also studied dynamic
characteristics of DPHEs. This numerical and experimental work
shaped some thinking for years to come. In this study, equations
of dynamic characteristics were obtained for a simple system and
it was reported that the characteristics of DPHEs components
could be easily determined by frequency responses of the data.
They also observed that these data were so close to experimental
results.
1077
Methodology
Working fluids
Findings
f=8Pr
1
2
Ma et al. [17]
Comparison of experimental
data with predictions of
standard correlations
Experimental investigation of a
pseudoplastic fluid (solutions of
carboxymethylcellulose)
through a DPHE
Investigation of turbulent flow
and heat transfer
Later on, Lachi et al. [7] studied time constant of a DPHE and a
shell and tube heat exchanger. The particular purpose of this investigation was to classify the characteristics of these heat exchangers
in a transient condition, especially the time when abrupt changes
in inlet velocities are considered. Upon carrying out this study, a
model with two parameters of time delay and time constant have
been employed. It is also noted that the analytical term was
derived by applying energy balance equation. Moreover, it was stated that an experimental method was used to validate the numerical data which the highest observed difference found to be less
than ten percent.
Furthermore, in an experimental study, Aicher and Kim [12]
investigated the effect of counter flow in nozzle section of a DPHE
which were mounted on the wall of the shell side. It turned out
that the counter flow in nozzle section had a significant effect on
heat transfer and pressure drop. It was also concluded that the very
effect would be more conspicuous, if the heat exchanger were
small and also the ratio of free cross section areas were low
enough. They also presented experimental correlations to predict
heat transfer rate in turbulent flow.
Mar et al. [9] studied mixed heat transfer with back flow in
concentric DPHEs both numerically and experimentally. The working fluid in this investigation was water which flowed in laminar
regime. The corresponding velocity vectors were also visualized
by PIV technique which is one of the most prominent flow visualization methods [66]. Velocity distribution showed that a high volume rate of the flow in the annulus results in constant temperature
boundary condition of the inner tube. It was also observed that a
back flow appeared in both inner tube and the annulus in which
Ri
gbLT T ref
buoyancy term
1078
Table 2
Experimental works on passive methods in DPHEs.
Authors
Configuration
Working fluids
Findings
Naphon [20]
Yadav [21]
Akpinar [35]
Helical wires
Naphon [36]
Coil-wire insert
Choudhari and
Taji [37]
Zohir [38]
Coil-wire insert
(adjacent to the outer surface of the inner tube)
1079
Configuration
Working fluids
Findings
Akpinar et al.
[40]
Eiamsa-ard
et al. [41]
Sheikhol-eslami
et al. [43]
Nu 0:07721Re0:7366 Pr 0:4
f 0:5658Re0:2058
9575 Re 20; 776
Using PCRs leads to obtain lower heat transfer
enhancement than the CRs (circular rings) because of
reduction of intersection angle between the velocity and
the temperature field
Thermal performance increases with increase of N
(number of perforated hole) but it decreases with
increase of Reynolds number and pitch ratio
A decrease of the distance between each pair of the
turbulators causes an increase in friction factor due to
the more blockage against the flowing stream
Polynomial correlations are presented thoroughly in the
paper
1080
Table 2 (continued)
Authors
Configuration
Working fluids
Findings
Sheikhol-eslami
et al. [44]
Sheikhol-eslami
et al. [45]
Barga and
Saboya [23]
Jerry Taborek
[1]
of the authors found the DPHEs very efficient in geothermal applications. It is worth noting that DPHEs have been used in some
other applications in which many of them regarding phasechange-materials have been earlier reported [7174].
3. Geometry change
In an experimental work, Yang and Chiang [58] studied the heat
transfer in a DPHE containing a periodic varying-curvature inner
1081
Table 3
Concerning nanofluids in experimental studies related to DPHEs.
Authors
Methodology
Findings
13% increase of heat transfer coefficient for AK nanofluid and 10% increase for AR
nanofluid
AK: alumina particle with 43 nm size and a hydrophobic surface
AR: alumina particle with 2743 nm size and a hydrophilic surface
Correlation:
hi dk 1:7 Re0:4
Heat transfer coefficient is increased with the increase of operational temperature and
nanoparticle concentration
26% increase in heat transfer coefficient for Al2O3 and 37% for CuO in the case of a DPHE
Heat transfer is increased with the increase of Reynolds number and concentration of
nanoparticles
20% increase in Nusselt number for the case of 1% volume concentration
Correlation:
Nunf 1:25Re 15000:357 Pr0:07
1 2:5U0:54
f
Wu et al. [92]
The heat transfer enhancement of the five nanofluids over tap water ranges from 0.37% to
3.43% for the constant flow velocity basis for both laminar and turbulent flows.
Correlation (laminar flow):
Nub 0:089 Deb0:775 Pr 0:4
b
0:5
Where De Re DDcoili
40% increase in heat transfer and 23% increase in friction factor for the case of RGPR and
nanofluid rather than the use of typical twisted tape and nanofluid
Correlations (5000 6 Re 6 25; 000)
p 1:1 GPR0:75
Nu 0:056Re0:72 Pr 0:4 1 pU2:75 1 2TR
0:6
0:24
p
f 0:375Re
1 3pU
1 TR1:4 GPR0:35
Where:
TR: twist ratio
GPR: geometrical twist ratio
10.73% increase in heat transfer rate and 8.73% for pressure drop for the case of nanofluid
use in a smooth tube
13.85% increase in heat transfer rate and 10.69% for pressure drop for the case of
nanofluid flowing in a tube with helical coil insert of P/d = 2.5
Correlations:
0:037
NuReg 0:007523Re0:8 Pr 0:5 1 U7:6 1 Pd
2:723
0:2377
P 0:041
f Reg 0:3250Re
1 U
1d
4000 < Re < 15000; 0 < U < 0:02%
Where:
24:45 < Pr < 32:85; 0 < P=d < 2:5
67% increase in heat transfer coefficient at vol% = 1
Correlation:
p
Nu 0:00564 1 8:14 U Re0:9324 Pr 0:38 Pe0:0038
Due to secondary flow in the outer pipe, the heat transfer enhancement is larger than the
inner pipe
34.24% increase in Nusselt number and 29% increase in pressure drop for the case of 0.03%
concentrations of nanofluid with trapezoidal-cut twisted tape inserts of H/D = 5
12% increase in heat transfer
tube with water as the working fluid (Fig. 3). Effects of Dean,
Prandtl and Reynolds numbers and also the curvature ratio on heat
transfer rate and pressure drop coefficient were widely studied and
1082
Fig. 2. Different flow configurations [2]. (A) Parallel flow. (B) Counter flow.
Nu
Nu0
PEC 1=3
f
f0
rz c h eC 2 jzz0 j
np
c radius ratio
r i
r 2
4
And C 2
L np
Fig. 4. Double pipe helical heat exchanger by Rennie and Raghavan [59].
1083
1084
Fig. 7. Different cross sections of the inner tube in [62]. (A) Circle, (B) oval, and (C)
tri-lobed.
ef
qf
hAc;b hb
where Ac;b is the cross-section area of the fin base. In order to use
these fins properly, the criterion e P 2 should be valid [2].
Considering fins in DPHEs, several investigations have been carried out. In one of both numerical and experimental researches in
the field, Barga and Saboya [23] studied heat transfer, pressure
drop and efficiency of longitudinal rectangular fins in the annulus
of a DPHE in which the experiments and simulations were all in
turbulent flow regime. Working fluids in the experiments were
water and air which flowed in the inner tube and the annulus of
the heat exchanger, respectively. In numerical investigation, the
existing problem was simulated by using two-dimensional heat
transfer analysis. They stated that the fin efficiency was related
to dimensionless physical parameters such as D which is the ratio
of the internal/external diameter of the inner tube/outer tube of
the annulus to the length of the finned annular duct or H which
represents ratio of the fin height to the length of the finned annular
duct. It was also reported that the ratio of the Nusselt number of
the finned annulus to that of the smooth tube was lower than unity
and this ratio decreased with the increase of Reynolds number. As
a result, using these fins adversely affected heat transfer in the
annulus.
Kumar et al. [24] investigated DPHEs with longitudinal fins both
experimentally and numerically in which the fins had three different rectangular, triangular and parabolic geometries. It was concluded that, as a heat transfer base, the efficiency of longitudinal
rectangular fins was higher than the others; while longitudinal
parabolic fins resulted in less pressure drops. They also stated that
the mass flow rate of the hot fluid should be higher than that of the
cold one.
In a comprehensive experimental and numerical investigation,
Taborek [1] studied smooth and rectangular-finned double pipe
and multi tube heat exchangers with the prospect of presenting
the most optimum operating conditions. In this heat exchanger,
hot water flowed in the inner tube, while the cold water flowed
through the annulus. It is noted that the experimental process
was only performed for the smooth DPHE. Having validated the
numerical data with the identical experimental ones, he carried
out further studies regarding the modified DPHE through numerical simulations in which three different rectangular, triangular and
parabolic geometries for the fins were considered. It was also
1085
1086
Fig. 8. Geometry of the DPHE [63]. (A) Properties of the inner tube. (B) Different promoters of the inner tube.
1087
Fig. 10. (a) Typical twisted tape (b) IGPR twisted tapes (c) RGPR twisted tapes [94].
the secondary flows in the annulus. They also observed that the
increase in nanofluid concentration and also the twist ratio leads
to a higher heat transfer and pressure drop.
Furthermore, Reddy and Rao [95] investigated the flow characteristics of a DPHE which was equipped with wired coils. Working
fluid in the experiments was TiO2 in which the base fluid was a
mixture of water and Ethylene Glycol. It was observed for the case
1088
6. Conclusions
Present review paper concerns the experimental and numerical
studies associated to mainly forced convective heat transfer occurring in DPHEs. It is reported that this type of heat exchanger is
widely used in industrial and engineering processes. There are a
lot of studies which emphasize the need of a higher heat transfer
rate and a minimized friction factor, which usually concern passive
heat transfer enhancement methods. In some cases, the heat transfer rate found out to increase about 400 percent, while the most
pressure drop decrease was 1000 percent in comparison to smooth
tube. In double pipe heat exchangers, geometry change is also a
considerable method for increasing the performance evaluation
criterion in heat exchangers which requires more studies in future.
In many of these studies, secondary flow plays a significant role in
increasing the heat transfer rate. In some investigation, the heat
enhancement methods such as coiled wires were also used in the
annulus of the double pipe heat exchanger. The authors believe
that using vortex generators along with low-Prandtl-number fluids
could be a good choice in the annuli. The active enhancement
method is not widely used in double pipe heat exchangers which
is believed that the authors should pay particular attention to this
method. Another scope studied in this review is using nanofluids in
double pipe heat exchangers which has drawn many attentions in
recent years. Further efforts are too necessary in future to focus on
the combination of nanofluids and passive heat enhancement
methods which found out to be a significant solution of many
problems.
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