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\J
(Fft
USES.
BY
WITH FORTY-EIGHT
PLATES,
LONDON:
JOHN VAN VOORST,
PATERNOSTER ROW
1853,
IDiU
PREFACE.
1 HE materials
travels
1852.
for this
work were
Though
collected during
my
from 1848 to
its tributaries
I yet
life
forests of the
be seen in
Amazon
all its
In the vast
luxuriance.
Huge
and
gaze of the
naturalist
heaths of Europe.
Everywhere too
meadows and
rise the
graceful
PREFACE.
IV
and
which
I visited
In the
variety
first
which
to
endeavoured to familiarize
know
it
by
its
native
this
was not a
dif-
me
were quite
distinct,
More
different properties
and
uses.
me
to
it,
and
stinguish one
natives themselves.
peculiarities of
forest,
descriptions to impress
them upon
visible
individual character,
ground
allied
I could di-
by which every
my memory.
These
though permanent
which in each
the swelling of
PREFACE.
marked,
the
generally erect
its
or curving position,
it is
is
it
armed;
size
in the
and form
The
branched
and the
in size, in shape,
many-
and
little
work
careful engravings
from
my original
it
is
applied,
it.
Several of
among them
is
now
which brooms
for street-sweeping
generally made.
am
PREFACE.
VI
my
little
which he
is
To
of
many
entire plants, of
And
hope
it
is inti-
among which
forests,
accompanying Plates
will give a
it is
hoped the
Some
Amazon
valley.
is
Museum
still
at
Kew
investigating
LIST OF PLATES.
Plate
distribution of
piece)
Palms
in
America {Frontisi
Raphia
2.
Mauritia flexuosa,
3.
Manicaria saccifera,
taedigera.
4.
Lepidocaryum tenue
5.
Astrocaryum tucuma.
6.
Leopoldinia pulchra.
(all
Attalea spectabilis.
2.
Maximiliana
3.
regia.
Leopoldinia pulchra
major
giassaba
Euterpe oleracea
catinga
CEnocarpus baccaba
batawa (with
10
fruit)
10, 11
12
Iriartea exorhiza
Roots of an Iriartea
13
14
and Gravatana)
15
Raphia tsedigera
16
1/
carana
18
aculeata
19
gracilis
20
pumila
21
LIST OF PLATES.
V1U
Plate
22
Lepidocaryum tenue
Geonoma
23
24
paniculigera
25
26
Desmoncus macroacanthus
27
(with a fruit)
28
29
n.s
30
elatior
n.s. (with
31
a leaflet)
macrocarpa (with a
fruit
and
leaflet)
'.
32
33
34
integrifolia
35
36
37
Astrocaryura
murumuru
gynacanthum
fruit)
38
39
vulgare
40
41
jauari
42
aculeatum
43
44
humile (with
45
Attalea speciosa
fruit)
46
Maximiliana regia
47
Cocos nucifera
48
RLaphia Laedigera
aria
5 /v u
2.Mauritia
fora
[Ie
en
^Lepidocaryum
PA
Ibrdft'/Ves'.
tabilis.
?,
...
...rLea
Maximiliana regia
i
exorhiza.
speciosa.
r$>
USES.
INTRODUCTION.
X
to the
as the Grasses,
Bamboos,
They
all
stems
plants,
trees.
jtre simple or
Kingdom
named
and
Lilies
age.
Their
most other
trees
The
or head at the
large
size,
summit of the
tree
bunch
The margins
folded
plicate verna-
PALM TREES
and give out a variety of singular
The
They
or polygamous.
The ovary
spathe or sheath.
celled or three-lobed,
or seed-vessel
is
three-
generally one-
is
is
warmer
we approach
become both
parts of
it,
the
in species
a Prussian botanist
and
and
individuals.
traveller in
they
Dr. Martius,
of plants.
He
five regions,
namely,
limit of
The
transition
Cancer to 10 north
tropic of
latitude.
to 10 south
latitude.
The
transition
and
tropic of Capricorn
OF THE AMAZON.
The Northern
Palms
limit of
is,
in
Europe 43
of
latitude, in
The Southern
limit
is
New
34 in Africa, 38 in
To the north
of Palms
species
of
tropic
known, and
Capricorn only
the
to
we advance
while as
13,
creases,
and 10 south
in-
there
latitude,
43
south of the
are
Map).
its
in
prolific.
extent,
America
is
contain
307
New
Holland and
all
New World
species, the
or America alone
In the
New
is
the case,
The
total
than 600.
42 kinds of Palms.
number
of
Palms
at present
known
b2
to
is less
num1200
PALM TREES
though, as similar calculations have hitherto almost invariably been proved, as our
far
may
knowledge increased, to be
it is
esti-
mate.
Palms present
picturesque, as well as
in the vegetable
kingdom.
Though many
is
of
them have
a sufficient contrast
The stems
in the landscape.
some
in
species do not
the
rise to
hang
in tangled festoons
The trunks
of
some
too,
which
and shrubs, or
between them.
are
woven
Many
spines, often
as sharp as a needle
to the traveller
flat
who attempts
are
8 or
and the
forests.
The
In some species
leaflets
placed at
OP THE AMAZON.
length and
form of
or 5 in width.
siderable
number
feet or
them such
it,
to ordinary
fan-shaped leaves
are,
known
The
in
more
species.
a very powerful
swarms of minute
insects
odour, which
and a newly-burst
The
flies
and
beetles
the
common
woody; but
many
The*kernel of
fibrous or
it.
is
often
The purposes
to
which the
different parts of
Palms
the stem
all
and
PALM TREES
for
existence.
The Cocoa-nut
and
fruit,
countries
and
oil
made
fibrous
its
and
coir ropes,
it
its fibre,
hundred purposes
from
are obtained
of
to us only as
but in
its
native
its fruit,
its leaves,
is
the very
staff of life
but an agreeable
fruit,
men and
camels almost
and
To us
the Date
live
it is
upon
tribes.
is
inhabitable
palm
and
many
desert
those inhospitable
truly indigenous to
oil
an agreeable
serves a
its leaf-stalks
it,
known
is
it
would be un-
by man.
candles.
is
carried on,
and
it is
country
thought by
persons best acquainted with the subject that the extension of the trade in
tual check to that
may be
zation
palm
inhuman
oil will
traffic
be the most
so that a
palm
Sago
is
effec-
is
tree
civili-
race.
of com-
paratively little importance to us, but in the East supplies the daily food of thousands.
Indian Archipelago
it
in America,
and
OF THE AMAZON.
is
worthy
gifts of
nature to mankind.
most precious
neither
is
is
the wood
itself,
it
the
fit
it
for food
and
it is
so
abundant that a
for chair
They
1000
feet,
number
must
find
employment
of persons
in cutting them.
Toddy
is
in
South America.
Indeed, at the
mouth
of the Orinoco
on
its
They build
Among
upon
its
fruit
and
fruits of a species of
species.
The
PALM TREES
common
which, in
other trees,
is
is
The Ceroxylon
of tooth powder.
palm
andicola, a lofty
wax which
is
is
The
is
for
of resin, but
in-
other purposes.
vinces of Brazil
the
of
its
from our
hives.
made
some
and cordage
The Chip,
class of plants.
which in tem-
by a very
different
or Brazilian-grass hats, so
palm
tree
and
in Sicily
manner
to
an
the palm
is
the
European palm),
is
Chamcerops
Chamarops
applied in a similar
articles.
The papyrus
tallic plates
OF THE AMAZON.
ters of the Pali
The
library.
Malays
is
furnished
Areca catechu
is
the betel-
The
fruit of the
chew with
by a palm.
lime,
and which
is
their
One
domestic economy
which
is
now
is
brushes
We
own
a native, the
cables,
is
same material
is
it
manufactured into
at a
how much
in
Indian's
life,
we must
enter into his hut and inquire into the origin and structure of the various articles
Suppose then we
visit
we
shall see
around
Amazon
South America.
are trunks of
us.
some
forest tree of
The roof
is
PALM TREES
10
palm.
it
made
is
The door
strips of
of the house
wood
is
neatly thatched
the cow-fish
it
is
Pashiuba barriguda.
By
its
little
it
it is
is
his bow-string
in
is
a fibrous
leaves.
His hammock,
from the
fibres
palm
trees,
hammock from
fishing-line
on
his
head
and
of a palm, and he
them
the
makes
to puncture
fish
his tribe.
and yellow
fruit of the
Pupunha
or peach palm,
and
which he
offers
you
to taste.
OF THE AMAZON.
gourd contains
oil,
another species
fruit of
11
elastic plaited
make
his bread,
is
made
gular climbing palms, which alone can resist for a considerable time the action of the poisonous juice.
may be formed
of
how important
him
some
as well, so that
it
is
which
little
idea
South American
to the
trees,
his
In
is
weapons.
To the
lover of nature
of interest, reminding
Palms
him
that he
and
is
offering to
him the
or lofty
surrounding
and mas-
or on the hill
trees, creating, as
Humboldt
styles
some
it,
"a
are to
to.
in
his
PALM TREES
12
is
by having
characterized
flowers con-
on the
same
spadix,
The female
The male
The spadix
mentary stamens.
is
and rudi-
much-branched and
decomposed.
The
any
The
petioles,
or sometimes even
or four spadices
abundance of small
flowers,
Four
down
species are
on a
tree,
There
bearing
fruit,
is fleshy.
all
found in
the same limited district near the Rio Negro, some ex-
Orinoco near
its
opposite the
mouth
All however
America than
in
Two
is
here
They
are not
of the sea.
feet
PI IV
JBBBk
Ebri&Westlmp.
LEOPOLDINIA PULCHRA.
Ht .12 Ft
OF THE AMAZON.
PLATE
13
IV.
The
The stem
feet high.
(little
Jara)
from ten to
is
cylindrical, erect,
is
The
fifteen
and about
The
leaf-stalks
persistent, giving
flat
fibrous pro-
down
and
The
is
rubbed away or
falls
off,
and very
large and
much branched
to
and the
about an
fruits are
ish-yellow colour.
and some of
source,
Orinoco.
is
its tributaries,
from
is
bitter taste.
its
mouth up
It
the
to its
of
tributaries
is
not
known
to occur
beyond
in the
wet
this very
limited district.
The stem of
this tree
PALM TREES
14
drical,
much used
it is
for
is
The want
purposes.
on the Amazon,
settlers
is
fences.
It is never
poles
all
are brought in
from the
forest
is
and Indian
up with a Jara
up
just as they
city
may
often be seen
most unpicturesque
railing of
irregularity.
it
On
certain
and
its
graceful
wax
tapers which
The
next
effect.
species
offers
a fine
station for
the
epiphytal
mental flowers.
Plate II. figure 6. represents a fruit of this species
of the natural size.
Fl.V
LEOPOLDINIA MAJOR.
Ht 25
Ft.
OF THE AMAZON.
PLATE
15
V.
Leopoldinia major,
n. sp.
The
last species,
but
it is
considerably larger.
The stem
is
part,
The
much
bare.
and the
and
is
It
grows too
at a lower
level,
water.
The Indians
article.
and
They
salt
may be
is less
among
salt is
as a circulating
is
it.
very uncertain,
it
being
PALM TREES
16
tribes
them
which
it
of the Jara.
is
and
it
is
among
It is doubtful,
however, whether
it
fruit
con-
more
tains
any true
bitter
their fish
salt, for
it
is
described as being
we
may not be
such
it.
Pl.V]
LEOPOLDINIA PIASSABA.
Hi 20
OF THE AMAZON.
PLATE
17
VI.
Leopoldinia piassaba,
Piassaba, Lingoa Geral.
n. sp.
Chiquichiqui, Barre.
[An
This
tree, the
hesitation in referring
little
The
in flower or in fruit.
leaves, the peculiar
texture
it
show it
The stem
is
to
be very closely
genus.
and
is
much
The
two former
species.
flat
on each
The
leaflets are
The spadix
is
The
tips.
to
petioles are
large, excessively
two former
species,
strips,
petioles
which afterwards
PALM TREES
18
The
tree a
most
form an
leaves
excellent thatch,
in
The
but
fruit is said to
it
is
off
pulp.
The
tensive article of
grows.
commerce
it is
It
is
it
made
of
it
not sinking
It twists readily
an ex-
which
in water)
is
in the countries in
is
and firmly
The
fibre,
and 800
inch in circum-
all
made
32 lbs. of
which
is
the
to.
at the
mouth
of the Paduari,
making these
and
as a
government monopoly.
all
Till
OF THE AMAZON.
the spot, but
it is
19
in long conical
bun-
it is
and
will
poses.
It
children,
is
trees, so
which have
untouched.
It is said to
The
trees are
grow again
produced
in five or six
new
snakes,
when
at work,
and some-
The
grows in swampy or
banks of black-water
is
It is first
northern
side,
very peculiar.
It
on the
found on the
Rio Negro on
its
The Piassaba
is
The next
river,
itself
it
ceases.
not a tree
is
On
the
to be seen.
The
no Piassaba
all
we
is
is still
is
till
Here
it
none immediately
at the
mouth
or on the banks
PALM TREES
20
The next
On
appears.
entering Venezuela
and
sources,
in the
of the
tributaries
is
is
it
again
all
up
to its
This
Orinoco.
it
abundant
tributaries.
black-
all
Amazon
its
again appear-
its
or Orinoco or their
district
from E. to
W.
am
its
whom no
locality for it
is
we
The
fibre
who
are
trackless depths as
own
island.
species
London Journal
the
Amazon
district.
In the
W. Hooker
ducing
it
stating that he
fruit of the
with Brazil, and that the fruit was that of the Attalea
funifera.
This
species
is
mentioned by Martius as
OF THE AMAZON.
in
Southern Brazil,
distinct trees
localities
and he
21
that
states
name
is
it
is
called
applied to two
to
England
under the same name and from not very distant ports
of the same country, were naturally supposed to be
now
tree.
The greater
her cargo.
England without
its
forming a part of
PALM TREES
22
more abundant
in the
male with
entire,
Flowers with
six
upper part of
Spathe
sessile
stigmas.
same
Spadix
pistil,
simply
smooth and
plume.
The bases
faintly ringed.
The
are
leaves
The
ground
and
The
fruit
seed.
have figured.
Some
Amazon
prefer
height of
4000
feet-
district,
to
be
two of which
PI VII.
EDcdSLWest Lap.
EUTERPE OLERACEA
Hi 60
Ft.
OF THE AMAZON.
PLATE
23
VII.
The
Assai of Para
is
The stem
is
size,
much
curved.
The
leaves are
of a
leaflets
much
The
of an olive colour.
The
drooping.
leaves
two or
are generally
six
three,
falls off as
when
about the
ripe
is
consists of a
exterior,
There
five or
spadices,
is
little
and colour of a
size
is
and
The
sloe.
fruit
It
flesh.
This species
of Para,
flooded
is
by the high
city itself. It
tides,
and
rafters;
valuable to be cut
favourite drink
is
never
is
grows in swamps
on dry land.
Its
is
PALM TREES
24
vended in the
may be
streets of Para.
Assai
If
i.
you
down her
call
pot,
and you
worth of
a
little
this will
fill
plum
a tumbler, and
colour.
with
penny-
may
great deal of at
a few times,
first
you
but,
if
will inevitably
become
so fond of
as
it
place produces.
It is generally
to the taste of
the consumer.
Para we had
in the suburbs of
Two
The women
strip
them
of
into
in.
water
is
now most
of
it
vessel,
poured away, a
little
off.
The
cold added,
it is
required,
till
25
OF THE AMAZON.
left
The
bare.
liquid
The smiling
now
is
vessel,
and
fill
mix
to your taste
and nothing
more
refill it.
The inhabitants
without
this beverage,
They
it.
are
it
variety of soil
and
is
in
months once
is
so
in the
much
market.
too,
though in most
journey, there
their lives
particularly favoured
trees to get
it,
with a cord
its
own
leaves
home.
palm swamps
fruit are
city,
where half
to
make
it,
main subsistence.
The
trees of this
genus
of food.
PALM TREES
26
may
It
much used
who have no
not
forest
it
Indies
is
an
oil
is
a very
be eaten
and vinegar.
by
in Para, except
travellers in the
West
also
allied species,
and
is
of the
Very
fine
Palm House
great
at
may be
seen in the
as
on the same
tree.
Euterpe
On
genus,
is
to be
It
winter's
examine into
to
so
Para
was
there
is
unfortunately neglected to
had considered
common
I
its
it
my
return
there.
also
it.
fruit,
but
PI VIII
OF THE AMAZON.
PLATE
27
VIII.
Euterpe catinga,
n. sp.
This
and
from the
species differs
less
The
much
The
smaller.
d' Assai
quantity of fruit
it
makes more
of the
The column
larger kind.
The
stem
grows to
It
leaflets.
last species,
is
smaller
is
on a dry
Rio Negro.
by the
These
natives,
ductions,
Upper
Catinga forests
differing
The preparation
and more
is
finely flavoured
therefore
much sought
after,
but
month
sweeter
it
much
as a single spadix
is
found the
Falls.
d 2
PALM TREES
28
flowers
complete,
ments of a
pistil,
male with
six
Flowers without
These are
tall
The
column
The
spadices
when
except
The spathe
is
forced outwards
the
is
small,
vertically
fruit.
moment
off
down
by the ripening
it.
The
falls
fruit
pulpy
all
inhabit tropical
feet
above
BACCABA
Ht
SO
Ft-
OF THE AMAZON.
PLATE
29
IX.
This
is
and reaching
ringed,
are long
tree, faintly
The
fifty
and pinnate.
The
leaflets
When
leaf,
the
flat,
leaflets are in
groups of
at different angles
so as to give
leaf.
The
from the
an irregular
The
The spathe
ripe,
is
The
visible.
pulp
when
is
same way
the liquid
is
more
what resembling
ever, not
districts
oily,
and of
filberts
and cream.
wholesome
and
some-
delicious flavour,
It is said,
how-
and
in
to
to be so
as the Assai,
very beautiful
oil is
PALM TREES
30
lamps.
The
when none
is
it
as
good
for
oil,
not
much
used.
it
is
The
GE. baccdba is
One
figure
growing
at
Kew.
fruit.
ARPUS BATAWA.
Ht.50Pt.
OF THE AMAZON.
PLATES
31
X. and XI.
This
species
In the full-grown
The stem
in old trees is
stem
is
and
forest,
in all
young
have figured
They
and gene-
much
sought after by the Indians, who use them to make
One of
arrows for their "gravatanas" or blow-pipes.
these arrows
is
They
are
They
is
little
of the soft
off in
down
the wound.
of the silk-
spindle-
32
PALM TREES
" bromelia."
The cotton
offering a light
just
resisting
fits easily
body
fibre of a
upon.
The
Baccaba, and
is
The Patawa
said to
is
Palm House
The
though apparently
forest,
Kew.
at
fruit is represented
on PL X. of the natural
size.
This
a small species
is
Negro.
The stem
QL. baccaba,
is
and the
flavoured,
and ripens
It
common on
but
is
at a different
The
forest.
My
on
my
lost
CHNOCARPl"
\WA
Hr.
6C
33
OF THE AMAZON.
This
is
known
the species
is
allied species
as the
not found.
Baccaba
at
Para,
It is quite distinct
distichous;
it
other Palm.
On my
suffering so
much from
was
ague, as to be unable to go in
had
intended.
This, like
all
34
PALM TREES
Pavon.
et
flowers
with from
rudiments
of
Male
membranous, incomplete.
Spathe
bracteate.
twelve
to
fifty
pistil.
sessile stigmas.
These singular
have
lofty,
The
ringed.
roots
grow more or
above ground.
less
The
are
curled,
leaflets
The sheathing
The
Euterpe.
leaves
and drooping.
The
ripens.
fruit is
and
fall
oval, of
in
spadices
number and
moderate
generally
size,
and uneatable.
thickness
within
The stems
certain
size
off
is
bitter
limits,
differing
is
from most
once formed,
Nine
species of this
South America.
district,
all
natives of
in the
Amazon
8000
feet.
PI. XII.
Tui-i&'West jb$>
IRIARTEA EXORHIZA.
Ht.60Ft.
OF THE AMAZON.
PLATE
35
XII.
beautiful
tree
is
common
in the
forests about
any rings or
The
scars left
by the
triangular
fallen leaves.
The
gracefully,
is
leaflets
foliage
at
The
leaf-stalks is swollen at
The
They
are small
pulp of which
is
renders
it
bitter
strikes attention
so peculiar,
is,
which secures
and
are almost
when they
birds.
in this tree,
till
divide
into
the
itself in
last,
and extend
many
soil.
As
rootlets,
each of
out from the stem, those below become rotten and die
off;
and
it is
not an
uncommon
person
may walk
by three or four
roots, so that a
PALM TREES
36
tree seventy feet
head.
In the
young
forests
may be
legs,
The
figure
blown down
partly
My
Negro.
in
friend
it is
it,
and scarcely
The wood
but
of these trees
is
soft
straight,
and
is
much used
and very
forming the
floors of
for
purposes.
other
readily
Perfectly
made from
it
straight
and various
laths
and
are
more
for harpoons.
The
fish- weirs,
air-roots are
Young
at
plants
may be
Kew.
fruit is
natural
size.
fig. 5.
of the
PI XIV
IRIARTEA VENTRICOSA
Ht 20 Ft
OF THE AMAZON.
67
PLATE XIV.
IHIARTEA VEKTRICOSA, MaHklS.
Pashiuba barriguda, Brazil.
This
The
is
and
feet in height,
stantly
more or
less swollen
The trunk
the top.
is
it
when
it
about twenty
feet to the
summit.
It is
only
when
the
the
swelling
commences.
size,
but quite
cylindrical
column of
The
The
triangular and
much
column
is
very thick,
much
The
leaf-
and curved
PALM TREES
38
The wood
and
is
of this tree
is
is
The swollen
a canoe,
is
on
hill sides
A
size.
it
abounds salsapa-
fruit is represented
PI
XV
TRTARTEA SETIGERA.
Ht. 20 Ft.
OF THE AMAZON.
39
PLATE XV.
Iriartea setigera, Martins.
Pashiuba miri, Lingoa Geral.
This small
feet high,
stem from
fifteen to
twenty
which
it
never exceeds.
The stem
The
The
and
is
smooth and
cylindrical,
The column
and both
or down.
it
and the
The
is
large
grow from
The
size
Negro
in
This species
the
Rio
is
Negro.
With
its
made from
little
down monkeys,
parrots
PALM TREES
40
When
in the forest
When
and
elastic
with
it
wood
little
bunch of the
inside
inserts
placing
it
the
so that
he binds
it
Should
it still
He
and dry.
to the smaller
then
work
fits
till it is
per-
a mouth-piece of
finish his
then care-
slenderer
fectly straight
may go
He
wood
and
till
of the hard
then with a
cleans
made
neatly,
winds
round
spirally
it
to
from end
less
is
then
fit
for use.
enough
The bore
is
41
OF THE AMAZON.
breath more readily
fills
The
vertical
direction
is
is
best adapted.
When
birds are
erring aim.
it,
skilful
his powerful
up
The w ounded
T
fall
fly
away
to a neighbour-
marks the
and when
direction in
his quiver is
falls,
weapon makes no
The hunter
noise,
up the game.
His
On
Plate
fig. 2. is
his double-barrel
XV.
fig. 1. is
Manton.
PALM TREES
42
spadix.
sheaths.
common
Male
flowers intermixed on
spathe, but
many
the same
small incomplete
and no rudiments of a
pistil.
The stems
and ringed.
and pinnate
The
linear
leaves
The
are fibrous.
leaves,
and the
The
fruit is
oblong and
while a third
Lower Amazon.
is
one
is
Mada-
R.APH1A
T/hDMBRA
Mi
60 P
43
OF THE AMAZON.
PLATE XVI.
Eaphia t.edigera, Martins.
Jupati, Lingoa GeraL
This
is
many
noble
ciate the
enormous
They
which are
at the
plume seventy
feet in height
and
forty in diameter.
leaflets
They
rather
are
closely
The
set
irregularly
scattered
and
is
of the leaf-stalks
The
compoundly branched
The
and densely
PALM TREES
44
is large,
The
first leaflets,
and four or
five
inches in dia-
When
long
sively useful.
below the
most exten-
dried,
lightness,
owing
to its thin
But
for
him
to use
rind
glossy
baskets and
it
it is
entire.
perfectly
in
window
blinds.
He
strips
purposes.
the
this
of a
up
into
shutters,
little village
kind
is split
is
Window
and even
titions
and makes
smooth
off the
splits
straight
may be
seen in which
material, supported
all
In
it.
many houses
of
by a few posts
at the angles
and
easily
them
and iron
bolts shut
more advanced
civili-
zation.
The same
bottles,
material
is
also
and we found
it
more uniform
OF THE AMAZON.
This
it
is
inhabits
When
of the
rivers,
45
some of our
I observed
" Sertao."
It is probable that the leaf,
though not
few years we
may be
Palm House
at
entire, is the
able to see
200 square
them
feet.
In a
in the magnificent
are
now grow-
ing.
Plate II.
natural
size.
fig.
1,
46
PALM TREES
flowers
tubular
six imperfect
The stems
female or hermaphrodite
tree,
The spathes
sheaths.
The female
stamens.
and
on one
on another.
The male
flowers
are either
tall,
conical spines.
The spadix
is
six
stamens.
The
have
from a centre.
leaves.
The
fruits are of
mo-
with by
Amazon
me on
district,
from the
feet.
PI .XVII.
MAURI T I A
F L EXUO S A Ht
.
100 Ft
OF THE AMAZON.
PLATE XVII.
Mauritia
flexttosa, Linnceus.
Lingoa Geral.
Miriti,
Murichi, in Venezuela.
Ita
This
Mouth of the
Orinoco.
is
American Palms.
It
a hundred feet.
The stem
about
drical,
five feet in
but sometimes
is
straight
The
is
They
middle or
of the stem.
leaflets
the
near
swollen
and smooth,
and only
sides
all
The
leaves stand
is
a grand sight.
a foot in diameter
on long
much
An
which are
the petiole
is
a solid
stalks
is
beam ten
is
or
nine or ten in
man.
drooping.
The
and horizontal or
PALM TREES
48
pulp.
often
a thin coating of
is
is
of
immense weight,
The
to
leaves, fruit
and stem of
of the
the natives
The
interior.
are
leaf-stalks
The epidermis
of the leaves
and cordage
unopened
hammocks,
made.
The
leaves
fall apart.
is
by a
little
Each one
is
This
foliage.
is
leaflets
its
outer covering,
after-
article
netted
hammock, which
is
it is
Amazon.
till
The
fifty
six or
parallel
by cross
tudinal one.
strings twisted
A strong
loop formed by
all
cord
and
is
tied
on
to every longi-
hammock
is
hung up
OF THE AMAZON.
49
we do
in our
beds of down.
Other
com-
tribes
manner
plicated
hammock
so that the
is
more
elastic,
and the Brazilians have introduced a variety of improvements by using a kind of knitting needles producing a
closer web, or
by
a large
rollers,
on
They
many
also
there called,
among
From
They
duced.
pro-
is
they begin to
till
ferment, and the scales and pulpy matter soften and can
be easily rubbed
a sieve
it is
When
off in water.
strained through
and a peculiar
flavour
of
the fruit
at
rather
first
In the
tidal districts
water between
mud
generally
left
at
low
is
it is
it is
proportionately
you
will
a visit to
you
many
arrive at low
PALM TREES
50
The
Miriti
is
tide-flooded lands
places there
is
no underwood
In these
among
interminable ranges of huge columnar stems rising undisturbed by branch or leaf to the height of eighty or a
hundred
feet,
yield in grandeur
and sublimity
to those of
Palmyra or
Athens.
Of
ledge, but
size,
it is
we have no know-
young
tree over
now
flooded daily
by the
One would
tide.
therefore
at present,
and that
young
plants,
become unfavourable
for the
till
it
the
growth of
explanation
of
the
occurring
at
Para,
my
mentioned by Martius
is
friend
Mr. Spruce
On
ascer-
Mauritia
Amazon and
Rio Negro a palm is found supposed to be the M.
flexuosa, but it is not so lofty a tree, which may pervinifera, also occurs there.
its
the Upper
growing on annually
It is believed to
in-
be
OF THE AMAZON.
The
Serra Duida.
the Orinoco
On
I
is
Ita
also
51
delta of
species.
rana assu."
much
smaller.
Palm House
On
Plate
at
Kew.
XVII.
a single leaf
is
represented, showing
midrib.
Plate II.
fig. 2. is
f2
Fl.XVIII.
MAURITIA CARANA
Ht 40
Ft.
53
PLATE
XVIII.
Mauritia C ARAN a,
n. sp.
This
smooth-stemmed
a large
is
species
allied
to
The stem
is
The
straight
at
the tips.
and
cylindrical
The
which clothe
though rather
The
dilated
distance
down
less densely.
spadices
somewhat more
and the
Miriti,
it
their
and
petioles are
erect
leaves
and
are
slightly ovate.
The
as those
this is abundant.
ever,
is
the
leaf,
The
which
its
having so
PALM TREES
54
Carana
and the
durable texture.
it is
Though
is
my
asking an Indian
it
was quite impossible because the Carana " did not produce any thread."
This tree grows in the district of the Rio Negro and
is
It
but
still
it
preserving
It is called
stemmed
At
Javita
distinctive characters.
species being
known by
the
name
of Caranai.
PI XIX
MAURITIA ACULEATA.
Ht 45
Ft
OF THE AMAZON.
55
PLATE XIX.
Mauritia aculeata, Humboldt.
Caranai, Lingoa Geral (Rio Negro).
Carana? (Para).
This
species has a
about forty or
numerous, long,
The
rings.
rigid
conical,
woody
are long
arranged in
leaflets are
and rather
This species
and united
The
to be partly concealed
oval
spines
is
in height
The
erect
feet
and very
petioles
tall,
fifty
The midrib
grow somewhat
among
spinules.
erect so as
small.
mon
Para,
in the
is
swamps
may be
PI
XX
r^^^^
MAURITIA GRACILIS
Ht. 30 Ft
57
PLATE XX.
Matjmtia gracilis,
n. sp.
The stem
The
M.
leaves are
much-drooping
and greatly
is
feet high,
slender, waving,
smaller than in
species
is
aculeata.
from
to eight in
five
The
leaflets.
number with
The
and drooping.
which
is
of an oval shape
quantities of fruit,
and nearly
as large as that of
This beautiful
palm
little
is
is
common
thence
individuals,
and
its
render
native river.
it
It
always grows
much crowded
first
as to lose their
The
its
being softened by
seems closely
allied
to
M. armata
of Martius,
PALM TREES
58
which
is
found
much
is
banks of
Fiixr.
MAURITJA PUMILa.
Ht.lOR.
OF THE AMAZON.
59
PLATE XXI.
Mauritia pumila,
n. sp.
This curious
little
palm
is
slender, ringed,
conical spines.
The
more
leaflets are
rigid than in
much
and few in
shorter, broader
and rather
thick,
this genus.
much
and
The
sheathing at
down
distance
stemmed
I only
in
two
The spadix
species.
and drooping.
The
met with
localities
fruit
this
is
rivers
and
PALM TREES
60
flowers
on one
flowers on another.
tubular sheaths.
The female
female or hermaphrodite
tree,
Spathes,
The male
imperfect,
bract-like,
and
six
imperfect stamens.
The stems
tubercles
The
spadices
are
petioles
spines or
elongate
unarmed with
The
leaves.
The
fruits are
oblong
from the
last
little
genus.
Palms scarcely
Two
species
PI XXII
Ford
LEPIDOCARYUM TENUE.
Ht.8R.
&West Imp
OF THE AMAZON*.
61
PLATE XXII.
Lepidocaryum
tentte, Martins.
This,
the smallest
of the
fan-leaved
Palms, has a
and
Its
leaflets,
and lengthened.
The
and
slender,
and the
fruits,
size of a
large hazel-nut.
shaded by the
Plate II.
rivers,
and
fig. 4.
62
PALM TREES
Male
incomplete.
rudimentary
same
flowers with
Spathe small,
tree.
six
stamens and a
pistil.
The
stems.
irregularly pinnate,
bases
of the
slender and
petioles
more or
with the
leaflets
The
sheathing.
less
spadices
are
The
fruits
are
eatable.
of small
size,
the
above
it.
Palm House
at
Kew.
2000
seen flourishing in
PI .XXIII
Fitoh litk
GEONOMA MULTIFLORA
Ht
12 Ft.
OF THE AMAZON.
63
PLATE XXIII.
Geonoma multielora,
Martins.
This handsome
species
from eight to
is
fifteen
feet
giving
it
large,
regularly pinnate
a reed-like appearance.
every side.
The
The
leaflets are
The
much
larger
petioles are
and
and
The
spadices
and when
leaves,
and
The spathes
petioles.
The
comparison of specimens
it
is
allied that
very
without a
difficult absolutely
to identify them.
I
have found
it
fruit is represented
it
size.
g2
PI XXIV.
Kjri
GEONOMA
PANICULIGERA.
Ht.9 Ft.
iWest Imp
65
PLATE XXIV.
Geonoma paniculigera,
Ubim
This
is
a species
Martins.
from
six to
The
leaflets of irregular
leaves, however,
The spadix
is
large,
The
fruit is small
and round.
same
the
soil as
last,
but
is
It
Mar-
There
is
much used
is
"gapo"
on side by
durable kinds
They
are said to
of roof,
of the
for thatching.
make one
The
and hitched
and secured
Arums and
of the
most
for covering
They
are also
salt,
66
PALM TREES
them
I
cies
had no opportunity of
which produces these
" Ubim,"
closely
leaves,
and which
is
called
(false
ubim),
"Ubim
and
all
are said to be
much
less durable.
PI
XXV
W Btet Mi
Ford
GEONOMA RECTIFOLIA
Ht. 8 Ft.
OF THE AMAZON.
67
PLATE XXV.
Geonoma
kectifolia, n.
sp.
This
little
to the last.
It
down
The
it.
petioles
The
and rather
spadices are
axils
of the
is
which
narrow
and
This palm
to
rigid
it
may be
is
leaflets
most
closely allied,
by
its
erect habit
very long
and by
its
found
it
leaves.
margin of the
A
size.
river.
fruit is represented
PALM TREES
68
flowers in the
same
spadix.
Spathe
Male
Fesessile
Stem
short, thick
Leaves
Spadices
sistent.
among
simply branched,
growing from
Only one
habits the
species of this
Lower Amazon
genus
is
known, which
in-
pi
xxvi
.?
44
&
<\
k
\
'Ail
mm
'
\
:
'
W Fitck
Y\
1 V
Jifli
Fora.
MANICARIA SACCIFERA
Ht 40
Ft.
a "West
imp
OF THE AMAZON.
69
PLATE XXVI.
Manicaria saccifera, Gartner.
Bussii,
Lingoa Geral.
This unique and handsome palm has the stem from ten
to
fifteen
feet
The
ringed.
gularly with
and four or
age.
The
five
petioles
slender
broadly
and
at
with a
the
base.
down
to the ground.
The spadices
leaves,
are numerous,
fruit is of
an
olive colour,
is
fusiform and
texture and of a
it
brown
The
entire, of
colour.
As
covering.
The
a fibrous cloth-like
is
70
PALM TREES
sufficient
to
tear
fibrous sheath.
on
down
The
thatch.
leaves are
and serve
and an Indian
more
lie
many
so
as
rapidly.
voyage
house.
Taken
is
with
off entire it
much
an
excellent
and
durable
cloth.
red paint for his toilet or the silk cotton for his arrows,
or he even stretches out the larger ones to
self a cap,
or joining.
flat,
it is
palm
"bussu"
seam
and pressed
make him-
dresses,
leaves
between
of
layers
the
smooth
cloth.
Amazon.
the Rio
palm
called
"bussu"
is
is
found on
also
it
is
of
OF THE AMAZON.
A spathe
is
natural
size.
71
fig. 3,
fallen.
PALM TREES
72
woody,
at length
deciduous.
Male
Spathe fusiform,
flowers with six
six
small scaly
rudiments of stamens.
Stems
much
The
and the
and generally
red.
The
less prickly.
feet
remarkably from
all
sea.
They
differ
PI XXVII.
W.l u.ch
:
Bwl it West
Ub
DESMONCUS MACROACANTHUS. Ht
50 Ft
Imp.
OF THE AMAZON.
73
PLATE XXVII.
Desmoncus macroacanthus, Martins.
Jacitara,
The stem
of this
flexible, often
Lingoa Geral.
palm
is
and climbing
grow
alternately
is
prickles.
;
The
It
leaves
leaflets,
beyond which
waved or
into long
The
curled.
The
membranous
spadices
The bases
sheaths.
grow on long
stalks
from the
and
prickly,
and not
and the
are
fruit is
eatable.
axils of
The spathes
The rind
is
much used
for
used
in the
manufacture of farinha.
times
made
and of
difficult
to
PALM TREES
74
When
tribes.
pulp.
long lever
is
The
pole.
it
is
sitting
cylinder
in a
for
it
to be carefully
to
and
is
caught
thrown away,
it.
of the
unwary
its
armed
traveller.
on every
leaves
How
side to
making a dash
at
some
is
Woe
a pull or a tug
garment
and
it is
its
fangs that
filled
creepers,
among which
it is
OF THE AMAZON.
never cut
down
which wind
75
and repass
like snakes
They
daily
among
the
are thus
who
often attack
carry
fire
them
in their
and children.
retreats,
such as
most distant
winding stream
cut branch
is
This species most nearly agrees with the D. macroacanthus of Martius. Fine specimens of an allied species
may be
fruit is represented
Palm House
at
Kew.
h 2
size.
PALM TREES
76
parts
terior short
Male
more abundant
in the upper.
and membranous,
interior complete,
woody.
Female
flowers with
same
in the lower
The stems
in this
The
more or
much
The spathe
The
is
also
few in num-
axils
The
of the leaves.
is
often
Two
species
described
all
by Martius
are
here figured,
where
left
may
some
unnamed.
it
fruit,
sufficient to give
pi xxvnr
F-ird S-.TAfest
BACTRIS PECTJNATA.
Ht.8Ft.
Imp
OF THE AMAZON.
77
PLATE XXVIII.
Bactris pectinata, Martins.
Iu,
The
Lingoa GeraL
is
from
six to
but
all
spathes,
&c.,
are prickly.
The
beneath.
hairy
the
down
of
to the ground.
The
spadices
sheaths
persistent leaf-
is
of a red colour,
not eatable.
little
palm grows
in the
localities.
It
fruit is
size.
'fillS
Hi
{'?.
Fi
79
PLATE XXIX.
Bactris
n. sp.
The stem
of this species
is
The
being in
little
it.
The
leaflets are
set alter-
armed with
flat
The
petioles are
the long
met with
this
in the dry
Though
it
is
species.
It
macroacantha of Martius.
allied to the
new
Bactris
F1..XXX.
End
feWssI
';
81
PLATE XXX.
Bactris elatior,
n. sp.
This
is
a tall
fifteen to
and elegant
twenty
feet
species.
The stem
is
from
The
leaves
narrowed
at the base
and
The
point,
petioles
whitish spines.
The
spadices
leaves
on
The spathes
persistent.
The
fruit is small
and
spiny,
and are
and globular.
found
it
and
it
forest streams
by Martius.
Pi .XXXI
Ford S
BACTRIS
Ht 20
Bi
VW
Imu
83
PLATE XXXI.
Bactris
Native
The stem
five feet
slightly
n. sp.
name unknown.
of this curious
palm
is
It is
marked with
The
The
narrowed
number and
spines.
terminal.
to a point.
They
are
The
petioles
and
their
pointing downwards.
fruit.
The form
leaflet is
peculiar form.
p:i
ixm
Ht.10 Ft
85
PLATE XXXII.
Bactris macrocarpa,
Iu,
This
n. sp.
Lingoa Geral.
smooth
The
grow
in pairs
at
The
leaflets often
at the base
and
The
The
petioles
flat prickles.
rather long-stalked.
persistent.
The
The spathe
is
small,
and
smooth and
fruit is oval,
and not
The smooth
its
fruit.
it
It
is
also
remarkable for
86
PALM TREES
soil
It
A
size,
allied to
fruit is represented
and a
form.
leaflet
B. mitis of Martius.
OXXII
BACTRIS TENUIS
Ht.6
Ft.
OF THE AMAZON.
87
PLATE XXXIII.
Bactris tenuis,
Iu,
In
quill,
Lingoa Geral.
stem
is
The
The
and smooth.
distinctly jointed
pinnate.
n. sp.
are elongate
leaflets
five in
leaves are
with
acute,
number, on each
side
The
petioles
small,
black spines.
flat,
The
and
spadices
persistent
and smooth.
The
and are
leaves
The spathes
are fusiform,
fruit
is
small,
This
part of
is
its
While
a quill;
and while
their fruit
than a bunch of
currants.
It is allied to
B. cuspidata and to B.
fissifrons
of
PALM TREES
88
them.
It
An
on the
PL XXXI
BACTRIS SIMPLICIFRONS.
Ht.6Ft.
OF THE AMAZON.
89
PLATE XXXIV.
Bactris simplicifrons, Martkis.
Iii,
The stem
of this
pearance that
six in
of
Lingoa Geral.
little
B.
palm resembles
The
tenuis.
in size
leaves
and ap-
are five or
bifid leaflet, or
leaflets.
more properly
The
petioles
and
The
spadices
leaves
they are
sistent.
This pretty
little
forests of the
It
is
not
PALM TREES
90
is
palm rather
larger than
subacid flavour,
The
places where
it
am
acquainted with.
Mu-
Kew.
P1XDCV
&>..
BACTRIS INTEGRIFOLIA.
OF THE AMAZON.
91
PLATE XXXV.
Bactris integrifolia,
Iu,
This beautiful
the
n. sp.
Lingoa GeraL
little finger,
The
distinctly jointed.
feet high,
smooth and
num-
are wide,
petioles
long,
The
flat,
The
with
set
black spines.
and two-branched,
The spathes
brown
spines.
and
The
miles,
river-
most of the
traffic
In both cases
it
grew
in the
shady virgin
forest.
92
PALM TREES
bracteate.
complete, woody.
double;
Male
in the
exterior
same spadix,
bifid;
interior
a rudimentary pistil.
and
sessile
The stems
The
plants entire,
and the
petioles
are very
spiny.
The
mealy and
eatable.
this
They
are lofty
is
which
commonly
New
Gra-
district,
cultivated.
One
species
in all parts of
GUILIELM
OF THE AMAZON.
93
PLATE XXXVI.
GUILIELMA SPECIOSA, Mavtius.
Pupunha, Lingoa Geral.
Pirijao, Indians
of Venezuela, Humboldt.
and thickly
set
situations
are very
it
erect,
It reaches sixty
though
in exposed
The
tions,
leaves
and the
direc-
The young
The
spadices
are ventricose,
leaflets.
leaves,
and drooping.
woody and
and are
The spathes
spadix.
The
fruit is
about the
size of
an
apricot, of a trian-
is
abortive, the
whole
In
fruit
PALM TREES
94
of undeveloped fruits
soil
and climate,
Amazon
but
is
invariably planted
In their
Indians' houses.
may
district,
these trees
may
and they
This production
near the
many hundreds
villages
of
In
much
is
almost as
esteemed.
As the stems
up them
are so spiny,
it
is
impossible to climb
The
by securing
cross
fruit
The
when
kind of
flour,
like cassava
They
are also
bread
or the
meal
ground up into a
eat
is
fermented in water
liquid.
Parrots,
macaws
them
greedily,
and
The wood
ingly
When
hard,
of this tree
when
old
and black
is
exceed-
OF THE AMAZON.
number
had a
upon
restraint
Their
first
they had
95
of parrots
me much
trouble.
tried,
gnaw
required to
Then tough
themselves at liberty.
all set
that through.
wood
of the Pashiuba.
was
chipped
now began
when one
of
my
my
that
it,
if
me
to try
Pu-
tree
and
had the
satisfaction of
for bars
Indians recommended
me
piinha, assuring
these
despair
to
and
to be procured
less
now made
impression.
are
is
said to
make
On
It
the
is
Very
great
fine
is
a mistake.
Palm House
Plate III.
it is
mentioned by Humboldt as
fig.
at
Kew.
size.
PALM TREES
96
Male
in the inner,
same
spadix.
The stems
of these
or less prickly.
The
Palms are
leaves
tall,
strong,
and more
much
The
The spadix
prickly.
is
round or
oval, of
is
is
often eaten.
One
or perhaps
more
particularly
at Para,
and dense
soil
PI
XXXVII
ACROCOMIA LASIOSPATHA
Hi
4-0 Ft
OF THE AMAZON.
97
PLATE XXXVII.
ACROCOMIA LASIOSPATHA, Martins.
Mucuja, Lingo a Geral.
The stem
of this tree
is
The
The leaflets
are long
and narrow,
is
in
young
The
very spiny.
trees clothe
it
down
to the ground.
spadices
leaf-
leaves, erect or
The
The
an
apricot, globular,
and of
feathery leaves
oily
and
sought
common
is
its
is
It
The
fruit,
grows on dry
it
is
of
crown of drooping
very ornamental.
bitter, is very
after.
the neighbourhood
in
nearly globular
soil
quite
is
though
eagerly
unknown
in the
interior.
Several
resembling
young plants of
it,
this
and a
species closely
98
Palm House
place
are
at
Kew, and
in the
Museum
at the
fruit
same
sent by-
found
at Para,
allied, if
species.
A
size.
fruit is
PALM TREES
100
Male
and a rudimentary
pistil.
The
some
species are
leaflets
The
and the
above the
sea.
part,
stem,
a repulsive aspect,
leaves, fruit-stalk
in
some
and
cases a
ASTROCARYUM MURUMURU. Ht
20 Ft.
OF THE AMAZON.
10L
PLATE XXXVIII.
AsTROCARYUM
MTTRTJMURTJ, MartiuS.
The
spines.
and of moderate
size,
The
petioles
directed downwards,
The
spadices
and
fruit.
generally
when
The spathes
The
and are
in flower, but
are elongate,
fruit is of a
mode-
They
is
to vegetable ivory.
approaching
PALM TREES
102
little
Upper Ama-
which had
They might
jaws,
on which the
make any
impression.
some cases
kernels,
The black
it.
vultures (Cathartes)
palm
fruits,
when hard-pushed
and other
for food.
may be
distinct species.
Palm House
at the
and
possible that
The specimen
figured
portion of a leaf
and a
it is
of the
rivers
is
Kew
Gardens.
ASTROCARYUM GYNACANTHUM.Hi
>Fi
OF THE AMAZON.
103
PLATE XXXIX.
ASTROCARYUM GYNACANTHTJM, MartiuS.
Mumbaca, Lingoa
This
Geral.
in regular rings
with long,
flat,
and pinnate.
The
The
leaves
leaflets
acute,
The bases
broader.
ing,
and are
The
all
spadices
and are
erect
ripe fruit,
pair
being
rather
shorter
and
densely spiny.
when
in flower, but
is
very spiny, as
The
leaves,
is
at the
end of
is
common
allied
or perhaps identical
PI .XL.
ASTROCARYUM VULCARE
Ht.50Ft.
105
PLATE XL.
AsTROCARYUM VULGARE,
Tucum, Lingoa
This
is
MartillS.
Geral.
growing to a height of
is
The
them.
The
pinnate.
and regularly
large
spreading
and drooping.
flat,
dusky
The edges
expanded margin.
of
The spadix
hid
among
the fruit
is
is oval,
as to render
is
The spathe
it
is
palm
it difficult
bristles
to handle
not indigenous,
mandiocca
is
often
persistent,
and
fields
is
any portion of
fruit,
and
it
yet
in places
and about
to
is
where
their
the foliage.
Every part of
it
erect
fruit trees.
Yet they
PALM TREES
106
fleocuosa.
They
same manner
in the
species,
hammocks, the
and prepare
it
for
bow
strings, fish-
with strength,
is
required.
it
completion.
They then
sell
at
about
each,
and
at
to
Rio de Janeiro.
Dr. Martius has mistaken the species from which
this
cordage
is
manufactured, stating
names
is
The
it
to
be the
allied, is
never
It is
grow-
Pl.XLI.
ASTROCARYUM TUCUMA
Ht.40
Ft.
107
OF THE AMAZON.
PLATE
XLI.
ASTROCARYUM TUCUMA,
Tucuma, Lingoa
This palm
Geral.
is
McirtklS.
and
height,
feet in
The
nate.
The
leaflets
are
elongate,
and much
The
branched.
fruit is
much
The spadix
is
simply
much resembling
Mu-
This species
is
readily be distinguished
drooping
aspect of
Para, and
its
its
swollen petioles.
also
last,
but
may
leaflets,
is
by
It is
abundant near
forests of the
fig. 5.
size.
PI XLII
ASTROCAKYUM JAUARI
Ht 40 Ft
109
PLATE
AsmocARYUM
XLII.
jauari, Martins,
The
and of moderate
The
size.
The
narrow
The
amongst the
and not
The
black spines.
flat,
The
leaves.
eatable.
one of the
is
and hidden
fruit is
increased
by
combined
altogether
and the
abundance in many
its
it
feeling
localities, ex-
among
It is
least
is
ladies of the
is
unknown
in the neighbourhood of
Nova, about
where the
tidal rise
five
and
river,
and the
PALM TREES
110
annual floods
point upwards
it is
months
rivers, in places
in the year
species of
it
is
for
which are
under water.
From
this
floods,
for six
It is never
and in travelling
PI XLT1I
jEFWft^*.*
^STROCARYUM A.CULEATUM
".
Jit
20Ft
OF THE AMAZON.
Ill
PLATE XLIIL
Astrocaryum aculeatum
Meyer.
This small
feet
fifteen to
twenty
irregular
The
from
leaflets are
The
intervals.
The
spadices
The
trees
and
are
The spathes
are
leaves
fruit.
of
forest of the
A. aculeatum.
It
113
PLATE XLIV.
ASTROCARYTJM ACAULE, MartlUS.
Lingoa Geral.
Iu,
They
The
leaves springing at
leaflets are
intervals
the
separate
is
leaflets
long,
flat,
spiny beneath.
and
is
The spathe
simply branched.
and fusiform,
at first erect,
The
fruit is oval
is
long-
elongate
is
on a
leaves
is
densely
with a produced
is
not very
agreeable.
The rind
making
baskets.
It
palm
is
used by
PALM TREES
114
A
and
It
fruit is
a spadix
size,
it.
OF THE AMAZON.
115
PLATE XLV.
ASTEOCAHYUM
Iu,
This
species has a
HITMILE, n. Sp.
Lingoa Geral.
feet high, or is
The
leaves are
in spreading groups,
midribs
and
A.
in
are
six
leaflets
much
but not so
petioles
The
drooping.
The
slender,
The
erect
spadices
set
spines.
bristly
fruit,
The
stiff hairs,
and are
are erect or
is
globular,
and of an orange-red
not eatable.
It is
This species
as the last.
leaves
The spathes
is
not
uncommon
in the
a stem
It
same
situations
was growing in
seems to be an unde-
scribed species.
shown on the
the natural
size.
Plate,
and a
fruit is represented of
116
PALM TREES
and male
and woody.
on the same or on a
in another spadix,
different tree.
six to
twenty-four
Female
pistil.
The stems
drical
The
pinnate
and the
species.
leaves,
and
is
simply branched
and has
a dry fibrous
outer covering.
Sixteen species of these beautiful Palms are known,
4000
feet
above it.
Their
One
same
tree supply
OF THE AMAZON.
117
PLATE XLYI.
Attalea speciosa, Martins.
Uauassu, Lingoa Geral.
fifty
The
out
flat
on each
leaves are
The
leaflets
and spreading
The sheathing
young
in
trees
down
to
The
spadices
The
leaves
and are
The
The young
is
formed, and
as,
shaken
leaflet is
it
is
till it falls
leaves
from
partially open,
The
secure
it
The unopened
its
derives its
thatching.
leaf is
it
firmly.
is
however quite
all
sufficient to
at right angles to
118
the midrib of the
generally
known
leaf,
in a very regular
manner on the
as
laid
They
rafters.
are
leaves,
and
Upper Amazon.
called "
On
the Rio
On
uncommon.
It is a
on lands flooded
natives Urucuri.
the smoke
is
at
is
species
found and
high
lofty species
tides,
and
is
is
Amazon and
the Lower
handsome
The
Negro a stemless
spectabilis)
is
not
which grows
by the
called
and
fruit of the
A. speciosa
A.
is
used
found in the
excelsa is
abun-
dant there.
Several species of Attalea are cultivated in the
House
at
Palm
Kew.
Plate III.
the natural
fig. 1. is
size.
PALM TREES
120
woody.
rudimentary
Spathes
tree.
Male
pistil.
style
membranaceous cup.
The stems
of these magnificent
The
and smooth.
The bases
pinnate.
The
is
are
tall,
erect
and irregularly
spathe
Palms
down
The
to the ground.
spadices
are
which
is
Only three
handsome
ovate,
species of this
plants.
One
Amazon
district.
is
a native of the
and a third
is
all
very
West India
common
in the
MILIANA RE GIA
Ht 80 Ft
.
OF THE AMAZON.
121
PLATE XLVXI.
Maximiliana regia, Martins,
Lingo a Geral.
Inaja,
lofty
The
scurely ringed.
The
leaflets are
terminal
arranged in groups of
from
The
times
down
down
when
The
They
The spathes
and
The
is
The
I have
fifty
feet long,
however, to
the
loose
irregular
distribution
Owing,
of the
122
leaflets,
size as those of
The
woody spathes
great
are used
by hunters
to cook
meat
in, as
They
sometimes
The
for cradles.
and
to
some
fire well.
monkeys
is
to the
and
fruit
by
fruit-eating birds.
Young
and
trees are
clusters
growing
It
forest.
Palm House
in the
and spathes
at
Kew,
Museum.
Plate III.
fig. 3. is
size.
fig. 2,
PALM TREES
124
double,
outer
Male
bracts.
mentary
pistil.
The stems
drical
woody.
interior
flowers
with
six
Spathe
Flowers with
and smooth.
pinnate.
is
small,
and
less
situated
The
The spadix
is
and regularly
fruit
known, seventeen
drier
it
a native
is
them reaching an
the sea.
is
altitude of
"&&*.
rrr^t
>ord&West Imp.
FERA
Hi
60 Ft:
OF THE AMAZON.
125
PLATE XLVIII.
Cocos nucifera, Linnceus.
Coqueiro, Portuguese.
The Cocoa-nut.
The
seldom quite
erect,
The
The
leaflets
at the
From
bottom.
are rigid,
very smooth,
is
flat
on each
The spadices
large,
and have
among
the leaves,
The fruits
are very
This tree
is
is
it
the rigidity of
slightly,
flatness
and the
and
massive in
fruit
which
its
it.
leaves,
leaflets
regularity.
The
accordance with
it
the
stem
also
is
rather
immense weight
of
appearance which
It is
it is
it
may have
ac-
PALM TREES
126
by
quired
its
naturalization
somewhat
differing
from
There
and the
it is
in
its
America an aspect
characteristic
features
Pacific.
Its
oil.
fibres are
It supplies
woven into
it
fattened entirely on
On
its fruit.
it
is
Amazon, on the
in a foreign land.
an occasional luxury.
fruit
among
unknown.
we
it is
applied
contrary,
It flourishes
and
settled
it
it is still
quite
of the amazon.
127
Work, with
Botanical Name.
Leopoldinia
pulchra
major
piassaba
Native Name.
Uses.
Jara
Jara assu
Piassaba
rafters,
&c.
able.
Euterpe
oleracea
Fruit for
Assai
catinga
CEnocarpus
baccaba
Baccaba
Fruit
oil
leaves
for thatching,
batawa,
Patawa
disticha
Baccaba
Baccaba miri
minor
...
Iriartea
exorhiza
Stem
Pashiuba
&c.
ventricosa
Pashiuba
guda
barri-
Stem
and
ceilings,
split
floors,
&c.
lances, harpoons,
swollen part of stem
for
;
for canoes,
setigera
Raphia
taedigera
Jupati
Miruti
Mauritia
flexuosa
for
hammocks, &c.
leaf-stalks
as the last.
pumila
Caranai
Caranai
Caranai
carana
Carana
aculeata
gracilis
makes a drink.
makes a drink.
Not known.
Leaves good for thatch; leafstalks used as those of Raphia
Fruit
Fruit
tcedigera.
Lepidocaryum
tenue
PALM TREES
128
Botanical Name.
Native Name.
Uses.
Geonoraa
multifl ora
pamcuhgera
1
...
nK lTr;"l
Ubim
de Coti-
Ubhmana
reetifolia
Manicaria
Bussu
saccifera
Desmoncus
macroacanthus. Jacitara
elastic
squeezing
grated mandiocca.
cylinders
Bactris
pectinata
for
the
Iu
elatior
Marayarana
Marayarana
n.s
Unknown..
Iu
Iu
Iu
Maraja
Iu
cular uses.
n.s
macrocarpa
...
tenuis
simplicifrons
...
maraja
integrifolia
These
little
prickly
palms seem
Fruit eatable.
None.
Guilielma
speciosa
Pupunha
Acrocomia
lasiospatha
Mucuja
Fruit eatable.
Murumuru
Astrocaryum
murumuru
None.
Tucum
Tucuma
jauari
Jauari
aculeatum
Maraya
acaule
Iu
Iu
vulgare
tucuma
humile
Attalea
speciosa
excelsa
spectabilis
Uauassu
Fruit eatable.
Curua
Inaja
Fruit eatable.
Coqueiro
The Cocoa-nut
Urucuri
Maximiliana
regia
Cocos
nucifera
fruit eatable.
OF THE AMAZON.
The genera
six in
number.
in
America are
to the
it,
List of the
Name
of Genus.
thirty-
common
fined to
New
Palms found
of
129
list
Old and
<SMM
rm
sss
^
c^\m
W/9