ANALOGIES

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I.

What is an Analogy?
An analogy is a problem of the form A is to B as C is to D. For notational convenience, the problem is often written
as A : B :: C : D.

II.

Ways of Presenting Analogies

Type 1: One of the terms A, B, C or D will be missing. In its place will be four options and you will have to
choose the option that best fits the analogy.
E.g.: BLACK : WHITE :: DARK : LIGHT
This may be presented as
1. BLACK : WHITE :: DARK : ___________
(a) grey
(b) shaded

(c) light

(d) heavy

2. BLACK : WHITE :: ___________ : LIGHT

(a) somber
(b) blue

(c) grey

(d) dark

3. BLACK : ____________ :: DARK : LIGHT

(a) color
(b) white

(c) grey

(d) coal

4. _____________ : WHITE :: DARK : LIGHT

(a) grey
(b) black

(c) heavy

(d) somber

Type 2: One pair of words A : B or C : D is presented and you will have to find another pair with a similar
relationship.
E.g.: BLACK : WHITE :: DARK : LIGHT
This may be presented as
1. BLACK : WHITE :: ______ : ______
(a) grey : dull
(b) dark : light

(c) shaded : open

(d) red : green

2. ______ : ______ :: DARK : LIGHT

(a) bulb : fuse
(b) dull : cheerful

(c) black : white

(d) thunder : rain

III. 2-Step Approach Methodology

DOG : PUPPY :: ______ : ______
(a) mother : troublemaker
(c) deer : fawn

(b) butterfly : cocoon

(d) hound : barnacle

When you encounter any analogy question, use this simple 2-step method:
Step 1: Use both words of a pair in a descriptive sentence.
Make a sentence using the two words that also conveys their relationship. Avoid generic or vague words like
has. Imagine an alien asking you about the relationship between a dog and a puppy. If you say something like A
dog has a puppy, it conveys no actual meaning. The alien could think that a puppy is a body part or food even!
However, if you were to tell, A dogs young one is a puppy, it gives a clear idea about the relationship.

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Step 2: Apply the exact sentence to each answer option.

Option (a) A mothers young one is a troublemaker.
Not necessarily!
Option (b) A butterflys young one is a cocoon.
At first glance, it seems plausible. But NO! A cocoon is only the silk casing that temporarily protects the
caterpillar which could be perceived as the young one of a butterfly.
Option (c) A deers young one is a fawn.
Looks like the right fit. However, always read through all the options to ensure you dont miss out a better
answer option.
Option (d) A hounds young one is a barnacle.

TRAP

Now this is a classic trap option! The trap here is that the dog (from the question) and the hound
are the same in meaning. But, just because words are linked by meaning does not make the
answer option correct. Remember, you are matching relationships, not meanings.
And secondly, if you dont know the meaning of barnacle, dont be tempted to pick this choice
just for that reason!

SMART Tip!
Read all the options.
Test creators take deliberate effort to make the incorrect answer options appear plausible. So read all answer
options before making your choice.
Ace and Davis (1973) found that analogies in which the last option is the correct one tend to be most difficult. This
could be attributed to the fact that most test takers do not read all options thoroughly. They simply pick a plausible
wrong answer before getting to the last but correct option.

IV. Identifying Relationships

You may conceive of the relationship between the terms of the above analogy in two ways. First, you may say to
yourself something like White is the opposite of black, and light is the opposite of dark. Instead, you may say
Black is dark and white is light. Either way you will arrive at the same answer.
The first way looks at the two terms on the left (A : B) as one unit and the two terms on the right as a unit (C : D).
The second way looks at the first and their terms as a unit (A : C) and the second and fourth terms as another unit
(B : D). The important thing is to discover a relationship that is the same between the two terms in each unit.
Sometimes it is more convenient to solve an analogy in one way, and sometimes in the other.
Example
DOCTOR : PATIENT :: LAWYER :
(a) judge
(b) jury

(c) district attorney

(d) client

If the analogy is presented in this form, it is easier to consider the first and third terms as one unit, and the
second and fourth terms as another.

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A Common Mistake
A common mistake made by those who are relatively unfamiliar with analogies is to try to find a relationship
between the first and fourth or the second and third terms. Dont do this. Often an incorrect answer option is
waiting to be picked by those who use this kind of faulty reasoning.
In solving analogies, keep the following diagram in mind:

V.

A : B :: C : D

This is OK.

A : B :: C : D

This is OK.

A : B :: C : D

This is NOT OK.

Errors of Reversal
Errors stemming from reversals are frequent.
Example 1
BIRD : SPARROW :: _______________ : HUMAN BEING
(a) boy

(b) species

(c) mammal

(d) phylum

The relationship is that a sparrow is a type of bird, and a human being is a type of mammal.
Someone might carelessly interpret the analogy as requiring him or her to infer that a sparrow is a type of bird
and a boy is a type of human being. This relationship is correct, but it is not the one posed by the analogy.
Examples
It is important to realize that an analogy cannot be inverted. That is, in the analogy A : B :: C : D, the relationship
of A to B must be the same as that of C to D. Or the relationship of A to C can be the same as that of B to D.
But the relationship CANNOT BE that A is to B as D is to C, or A is to D as B is to C. Inversions are not allowed.
Consider some examples:
Example 2
CAT : SIAMESE :: ____________ : DOG
(a) animal

(b) boxer

(c) angorra

(d) pedigree

The correct answer is (a). The reason is that a Siamese is a kind of cat and a dog is a kind of animal. The tempting
distracter is b. But note that if you were to choose (b), you would be committing an inversion. View the analogy
as taking the form A : B :: C : D. The relationship cannot be A (CAT) is related to B (SIAMESE) in the same way that
D (DOG) is related to C (BOXER). Rather, it must be that A (CAT) is related to B (SIAMESE) in the same way that C
(ANIMAL) is related to D ((DOG). It cannot be that A is related to B as D is related to C.
Example 3
PROTON : ATOM :: DIAL : ___________
(a) numeral

(b) watch

(c) band

(d) time

The correct answer is (b). A proton is part of an atom and a dial is part of a watch. Note that the inverted form
PROTON is to ATOM as DIAL is to NUMERALdoes not work, because the analogy does not permit A to be
related to B in the same way as D is related to C.

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Example 4
____________ : DECIDUOUS :: SPRUCE : EVERGREEN
(a) tree

(b) hemlock

(c) maple

(d) trunk

The correct answer is (c) because a maple is a kind of deciduous tree and a spruce is a kind of evergreen. Note
that (a) does not work because it inverts the analogy. It would make a tree a superset of deciduous trees, but a
spruce is not a superset but rather a subset of evergreen trees.
Example 5
STREPTOCOCCUS : BACTERIUM :: HERPES : ____________
(a) type I

(b) virus

(c) bacteria

(d) simplex

The correct answer is (b) because streptococcus is a type of bacterium and herpes a type of virus. Note that one
cannot invert the analogy. Thus, Type I is a type of herpes virus, but one is not allowed to have an analogy where
A relates to B and D relates to C. Hence, the correct answer must be (b).

SMART Tip!
Pay attention to the parts of speech.
Parts of speech can be important context clues especially when you do not know the meaning of words or cannot
zero in on their relationship. While it is not necessary that all words of an analogy belong to the same part of
speech, they can be of no more than two parts of speech. So, if an option you are considering belongs to a third part
of speech, it is most probably wrong.

VI. Types of Analogies

The most frequently tested relationship types are as follows:
1. Degree or Size
With degree or size relationships, one word is a bigger or smaller version of another.
E.g.: PEBBLE : STONE
If two words appear to have the same meaning, there is most likely a degree relationship. There are usually
no analogy relationships where one word means another. For instance, you wouldnt make a descriptive
sentence that says A pebble is a stone. Even if you do make such a statement, look again to identify the
degree relationship.

TRAP

In analogy questions based on degree relationships, putting answers in reverse order is a

common trap. If the question goes from greater to lesser, the answer must also go from
greater to lesser. If any answer option is given in the reverse, immediately ELIMINATE IT.

Given below are some more word pairs that look like they may mean the same thing but are actually degree
relationships:
LIVID : ANGRY
TRIFLING : SIGNIFICANCE
GIGANTIC : LARGE

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2. Kind of
With kind of relationships, one word is a type or kind of another.
E.g.: GERMAN : LANGUAGE
Similar to degree relationships, dont make lazy sentences like German is a language. Make sure you use
kind of in your sentence.
3. Means with/ Means using/ Pertains to
With these relationships, one word means with or means using or pertains to another word. Now see
how it works with the following word pairs.
E.g.:
SUN : SOLAR
AQUATIC : WATER
DISHONESTY : LIAR
FELINE : CAT
SIMIAN : MONKEY

TRAP

In these kinds of relationships, dont make sentences based on a specific aspect. For instance,
SOLAR : SUN (dont think energy)
AQUATIC : WATER (dont think sports or animals)

4. Means without/ Lacks

Means without/lacks relationships are those where one word means without or lacks the other word.
E.g.:
CHAOS : ORDERChaos lacks order.
NAIVE : SOPHISTICATION Nave means without sophistication.

TRAP

Test takers sometimes fall into the trap of making sentences using the word opposite. Like
Chaos is the opposite of order. Such word pairs may not always be exact opposites of one
another and lead to confusion while scouting for the right answer. So it would work well to stick
with the means without or lacks format for these types of analogies rather than opposite.

5. Purpose of/ Used to

In a purpose of/used to relationship, the purpose of one word is to do the other.
E.g.:
KITCHEN : COOKING
GLOVE : HAND
KNIFE : CUT

TRAP

The only way to get an easy analogy like this wrong is to make a sentence that is too simple,
such as A knife cuts. Dont be lazy with easy analogies such as KNIFE : CUT. Make sure your
sentence is good by using the format A knife is used to cut or The purpose of a knife is to
cut.

6. Divided into
Divided into relationships are highly specialized, but easy to solve. In these relationships, one word is
divided into another.
E.g.:
POEM : STANZAS
PLAY : ACTS
ESSAY : PARAGRAPHS
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ARMY : BATTALION
CAKE : LAYERS
BUILDING : STORIES
YEAR : DAYS

TRAP

When you see a divided into relationship, you may want to say A poem is made of stanzas
or There are many days in a year. These sentences will sometimes work on easy analogies,
but as analogies get more difficult, you will probably need to use the more specific divided
into sentence.

7. Made of
Made of (or consists of) relationships are also highly specialized, but they too can be easy to spot.
E.g.:
CONSTELLATION : STARS
ARCHIPELAGO : ISLANDS
FLOWERS : BOUQUET

Exercise 1: Making Sentences

Directions for Q1 to Q30: Making good sentences is harder than it seems. Not all of these will be related. Decide if
each pair has a strong bridge, weak bridge, or no bridge.
1.

RECUPERATE : SURGERY
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2.

TRIAL : JURY
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3.

STEAMROLLER : FLATTEN
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4.

TERRESTRIAL : LAND
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5.

CHEESE : MILK
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

6.

COLLAGE : IMAGES
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

7.

SKETCH : ARTIST
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

8.

PURCHASE : RENT
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

9.

DISPUTE : ARBITER
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. BILLBOARD : ADVERTISE

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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11. DRAFT : WRITER

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. ANNOY : IRRITATION
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. ENGINE : TRAIN
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14. DRILL : DENTIST
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15. ARID : DESERT
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16. MEDLEY : SONGS
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
17. RUSH : PATIENCE
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
18. INVEST : GAIN
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
19. SLEEP : INSOMNIA
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
20. REVIVE : FAINT
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
21. DATABASE : INFORMATION
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
22. COBBLER : SHOE
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
23. OBEY : LEADER
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
24. TENT : CIRCUS
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
25. THEATER : PLAY
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
26. MAGNETIC : ATTRACT
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
27. FORT : ATTACK
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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28. VAULT : THEFT

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
29. THEATRICAL : EMOTION
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________
30. LIGHT : ILLUMINATION
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Exercise 2: Solving Type 1 Analogies

Directions for Q31 to Q70: In each of the following questions, you will find three initial terms and four answer
options designated a, b, c and d. You are to select from the four answer options the one that best completes the
analogy with the three initial terms.
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.

PEN : INK :: PENCIL : __________

(a) limestone
(b) graphite

(c) talc

(d) gypsum

HORRIFIC : HORROR :: SOPORIFIC : ________

(a) joy
(b) boredom

(c) sleep

(d) stupidity

PTOLEMY : EARTH :: COPERNICUS : ________

(a) moon
(b) sun

(c) Jupiter

(d) universe

QUICK : RABBIT :: __________ : OWL

(a) sleepy
(b) wise

(c) hungry

(d) angry

PATRICIDE : __________ :: MATRICIDE : MOTHER

(a) brother
(b) sister

(c) king

(d) father

___________ : MULTIPLICATION :: + : ADDITION

(a)
(b) +

(c)

(d) undefined

PSYCHOLOGY : MIND :: PHYCOLOGY : __________

(a) herbivores
(b) carnivores

(c) algae

(d) cacti

BACTERIA : __________ :: MANY : ONE

(a) bacteria
(b) bacterium

(c) bacterius

(d) bacterion

SCURVY : VITAMIN C :: KWASHIORKOR : _________

(a) vitamin A
(b) vitamin B12

(c) protein

(d) niacin

UNCLE : _________ :: BROTHER : FRATERNAL

(a) paternal
(b) avuncular

(c) uncial

(d) uncinate

__________ : MISOLOGY :: NOVELTY : MISONEISM

(a) women
(b) marriage

(c) falsehood

(d) enlightenment

LIE : ________ :: LAY : LAID

(a) lie
(b) lay

(c) laid

(d) lain

SPOOL : LOOPS :: ________ : SLOOP

(a) water
(b) pools

(c) dinghy

(d) tools

FROM : TO :: ________ : JUGULAR

(a) artery
(b) ventricle

(c) atrium

(d) carotid

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45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
61.
62.
63.

INVOCATION : __________ :: START : FINISH

(a) benediction
(b) recessional

(c) prayer

(d) vesper

________ : MANIFEST :: COVERT : OVERT

(a) obvious
(b) latent

(c) proximate

(d) apposite

DIRGE : REQUIEM :: GRIEF : _________

(a) thanksgiving
(b) mourning

(c) penitence

(d) joy

_________ : BISHOP :: PARISH : PRIEST

(a) metropolitan
(b) synod

(c) district

(d) diocese

CONSONANT : VOWEL :: COMPOSITE : _________

(a) prime
(b) irrational

(c) integer

(d) zero

IMPLODE : __________ :: IMPLY : HINT AT

(a) explode
(b) beseech

(c) implicate

(d) burst inward

EARTH : SUN :: PLANET : _______

(a) heavenly body
(b) sol

(c) star

(d) nova

OCTOPUS : _________ :: PERSON : TWO

(a) six
(b) eight

(c) ten

(d) twelve

WORK : ___________ :: POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE : VOLT

(a) joule
(b) ohm
(c) ampere

(d) coulomb

PHILOLOGY : LANGUAGES :: MYCOLOGY : __________

(a) flowering plants
(b) ferns

(d) fungi

(c) weeds

DEPENDENT : INDEPENDENT :: __________ : SELF-RELIANT

(a) autochthonous
(b) canonical
(c) anaclitic

(d) irrecusable

CAMEL : RHINOCEROS :: HUMP : _________

(a) armor
(b) snout

(c) horn

(d) hide

ONTOLOGY : __________ :: DEONTOLOGY : ETHICS

(a) being
(b) metaphysics

(c) growth

(d) knowledge

_________ : ANEMIA :: INSULIN : DIABETES

(a) leukocytes
(b) platelets

(c) hormones

(d) erythrocytes

_________ : AGGRESSION :: IRENIC : PEACE

(a) bellicose
(b) periphrastic

(c) altruistic

(d) nihilistic

FIRST : LAST :: GENESIS : ___________

(a) Exodus
(b) Deuteronomy

(c) Leviticus

(d) Numbers

MAN : NAME :: ________ : GIRL

(a) rig
(b) appellation

(c) maiden

(d) woman

_________ : GARRULOUS :: AUDACIOUS : BOLD

(a) loquacious
(b) refractory

(c) ostentatious

(d) timid

FOUR : APRIL FOOLS DAY :: _________ : MAY DAY

(a) one
(b) two

(c) five

(d) ten

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64.
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.

AMPERE : _________ :: WATT : POWER

(a) current
(b) magnetism

(c) speed

(d) gravity

KILOGRAM : POUND :: 1 : __________

(a) 2.2
(b) 5

(c) 0.2

(d) 7.3

COBBLER : SHOES :: __________ : BARRELS

(a) tanner
(b) smith

(c) cooper

(d) miller

RHOMBUS : HEXAGON :: 4 : __________

(a) 8
(b) 7

(c) 6

(d) 5

________ : ELEPHANT :: STRENGTH : ANT

(a) feet
(b) obedience

(c) thought

(d) memory

DIAMOND : SAPPHIRE :: __________ : LOGAN

(a) Hope
(b) Dianas

(c) Indian

(d) Pharoahs

X : ________ :: VERTICAL : HORIZONTAL

(a) W
(b) Y

(c) U

(d) A

Exercise 3: Solving Type 2 Analogies

Directions for Q71 to Q100: Each of the following analogy questions presents a related pair of words linked by a
colon. Five lettered pairs of words follow the linked pair. Choose the lettered pair of words whose relationship is most
like the relationship expressed in the original linked pair.
71.

72.

73.

74.

75.

76.

77.

CAPTAIN : SHOAL ::
(a) lawyer : litigation
(d) doctor : hospital

(b) pilot : radar

(e) corporal : sergeant

(c) soldier : ambush

GULLIBLE : DUPED ::
(a) credible : cheated
(d) myopic : misled

(b) careful : cautioned

(e) articulate : silenced

(c) malleable : molded

DUNGEON : CONFINEMENT ::
(a) church : chapel
(d) hospital : mercy

(b) school : truancy

(e) courthouse : remorse

(c) asylum : refuge

MENDACITY : HONESTY ::
(a) courage : cravenness
(d) turpitude : depravity

(b) truth : beauty

(c) courage : fortitude
(e) unsophistication : ingenuousness

NAVE : INGENUE ::
(a) ordinary : genius
(d) crafty : artisan

(b) venerable : celebrity

(e) modest : braggart

(c) urbane : sophisticate

SHALE : GEOLOGIST ::
(a) catacombs : entomologist
(d) love : philologist

(b) aster : botanist

(e) reef : astrologer

(c) obelisk : fireman

HACKNEYED : ORIGINAL ::
(a) mature : juvenile
(d) evasive : elusive

(b) trite : morbid

(e) derivative : traditional

(c) withdrawn : reserved

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78.

DWELL : DENIZEN ::
(a) shun : outcast
(d) obey : autocrat

79.

(b) dismay : groan

(e) contentment : matter

(c) happiness : grimace

(b) satire : mockery

(e) benediction : curse

(c) tirade : abuse

(b) complainer : petulant

(e) philanthropist : prodigal

(c) physician : noble

(b) chortle : glee

(e) glower cheerfulness

(c) frown : indifference

(b) aphorism : boring

(e) critique : insolent

(c) prologue : conclusive

TIRADE : ABUSIVE ::
(a) monologue : lengthy
(d) encomium : laudatory

87.

(c) credit : purchase

SNICKER : DISRESPECT ::
(a) whimper : impatience
(d) sneer : detachment

86.

(b) alias : charge

(e) reference : recommendation

MENDICANT : IMPECUNIOUS ::
(a) critic : quizzical
(d) liar : compulsive

85.

(c) dogged : pursue

EULOGY : BLAME ::
(a) elegy : loss
(d) simile : likeness

84.

(b) lily-livered : flee

(e) eagle-eyed : discern

SURPRISE : EXCLAMATION ::
(a) insolence : bow
(d) deference : nod

83.

(c) digressive : conciseness

SIGNATURE : ILLUSTRATION ::
(a) byline : column
(d) note : scale

82.

(b) affable : permissiveness

(e) aboveboard : openness

PIGHEADED : YIELD ::
(a) lionhearted : retreat
(d) featherbrained : giggle

81.

(c) squander : miser

MEANDERING : DIRECTINESS ::
(a) menacing : ambition
(d) circuitous : rotation

80.

(b) inherit : heir

(e) patronize : protg

DRUDGERY : IRKSOME ::
(a) encumbrance : burdensome (b) journey : wearisome
(d) dissonance : forced
(e) dissonance : harmonious

88.

DESCRY : DISTANT ::
(a) mourn : lost
(d) destroy : flagrant

89.

(b) whisper : muted

(e) entrap : hostile

(c) discern : subtle

(b) statue : marble

(e) cord : wood

(c) tablet : clay

(b) ironic : jests

(e) verbose : words

(c) morose : speeches

REAM : PAPER ::
(a) carton : milk
(d) ink : pen

90.

(c) ambivalence : suspicious

LACHERYMOSE : TEARS ::
(a) effusive : requests
(d) profound : sighs

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91.

SKINFLINT : STINGY ::
(a) daredevil : alert
(d) spendthrift : weak

92.

(c) headstrong : control

(b) convict : culprit

(e) involve : bystander

(c) testify : witness

(b) diagnosis : accurate

(e) pursuit : trivial

(c) notion : farfetched

(b) triumph : failure

(e) memory : oblivion

(c) grief : loss

(b) slander : mockery

(e) satire : lamentations

(c) approval : criticism

(b) fume : anger

(e) snivel : hypocrisy

(c) yawn : civility

(b) colossus : gigantic

(e) despot : immaculate

(c) demagogue : liberal

CALUMNY : ASPERSIONS ::
(a) approbation : praise
(d) expectation : threats

99.

(b) elastic : stretch

(e) gullible : trick

ROUT : DEFEAT ::
(a) ovation : applause
(d) pathway : ruin

98.

(c) anecdote : humorous

PECCADILLO : TRIFLING ::
(a) pariah : popular
(d) squabble : petty

97.

(b) saga : heroic

(e) proverb : modern

IMPANEL : JUROR ::
(a) accuse : defendant
(d) enroll : student

96.

(c) deify : sinner

ELUSIVE : CAPTURE ::
(a) persuasive : convince
(d) sensible : decide

95.

(b) guard : dignitary

(e) humanize : scholar

EPIGRAM : PITHY ::
(a) allegory : lengthy
(d) elegy : satiric

94.

(c) blackguard : protective

CANONIZE : SAINT ::
(a) train : athlete
(d) lionize : celebrity

93.

(b) braggart : carefree

(e) diehard : stubborn

GROVEL : SERVILITY ::
(a) titter : arrogance
(d) preen : modesty

100. JUGGERNAUT : INEXORABLE ::

(a) cosmonaut : worldly
(d) philistine : cultivated

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