Promotion of Innovation and Technology for SME in the Near East

2011

Published by:
Deutsche Gesellschaft fr
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Postfach 5180
65726 Eschborn
T

+49 61 96 79-0

+49 61 96 79-11 15

info@giz.de

Internet:
www.giz.de
Name of sector project:
Promotion of Innovation and Technology for SME in Near East
Author
Eng. Manfred Siebert, Energy & Environment Consultant, Germany
Printed and distributed by:
GIZ Regional Project Coordination Office
Syria, 2011


1 ............................................................................................................................
1

2 ...................................................................................................................................

3 ...................................................................................................
2.1 3 ............................................................................................................
2.2 4 ..............................................................................................................
2.3 5 ............................................................................................
2.4 8 ..........................................................
2.4.1 8...............................................................................................................................

2.4.2 9.....................................................................................................................................
2.4.3 13...................................................................................................................................
2.5 17 ....................................................................................................................
3 18 ................................................................................................................................
:I 20 ...................................................................................................................
:II 21 .........................................................................................................................
:III 22 ...................................................................................................


C
Cp
DHW
EF
ET
FP
Gh
Gt
GW
GWh
GWth
JD
K
Kcal
Kg
koe
KW
KWh
KWth
l
LPG
M
m
MW
MWh
NERC
oe
OECD
ppm
SDWH
SWH
SYP
t
Ta
Ti
toe
Wh

Celsius
Capacity
Domestic Hot Water
Efficiency factor
Evacuated tube (collector)
Flat plate (collector)
Annual daily average solar irradiance
Giga ton
Giga watt
Giga watt hour
Giga Watt thermal
Jordanian Dinar
Kelvin
Kilo calorie
Kilo gram
kilogram oil equivalent
Kilo watt
Kilo watt hour
Kilo watt thermal
Liter
Liquefied petroleum gas
Hot water demand
Square meter
Mega watt
Mega watt hour
National Energy Research Center
Oil equivalent
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
parts per million
Solar domestic water heater
Solar water heater
Syrian Pound
(metric) ton
Ambient temperature (in C)
Inlet temperature (in C)
tons of oil equivalent
Watt hour

 1

.
)( .


/.

2000
3200 .
) ( ) .(SWH

.

.

) (
.


.

.



.

 2
2.1
8.9 1990 12.5
) (%40+ 2007 16.1) 2025
( .1
4.2 2018 4.4
2008 .2030
.
) ( .

) ( .
) (
) ( ) ( .
.
.
30 ) (43 ) (37
) (20 .
2
450 .
450 2008

: -IEA 2010
6-4
. 2 2008-2006

1 )(EIA
2 IEA


.2008 :
) (

2006

2007

2008

1235

1269

1215

947

978

957

1000
11630 . 2008 1314
1183 %16-10 .
2008
/

3 024

10 530

4 459

16 092

2 489

1 713

11 685

26 622

6 500 000

22 500 000

1798

1183

686

715

.
) 5 (2010
) % 21 (.

2.2

)( .
" " ) 3600 - 2800
.
(
6000-5000 .

2.3

190 . 2004

) ( ) ( .
107
.
:
) .. ( .
) / (
)/ (.

.
. .
) (SDHW
. .
)(
....

%100 %80-70
. )
(

.

 : Thermosiphons
. .
) thermosiphon (:
) (
.
.
.
. .
.
.
. .

) (SolarPraxis AG

) ( 5-2
200-100.
:
.
. -
. :
.
.thermosiphon
) ( 6-3
400-150.

: .
-
) ( .
)( .
.

selective-surface coatings
.


)
) (
( .
.
.

) (Ti
) (Ta . Ti Ta %75
) %50 ( .
.
70-25 60-40 .
)
( .

www.homepower.com :
-
) -(Ti-Ta
. Ti Ta
) ( ) (
Ti .
.
7


" ".

.
) %95 (
.
.
.
)
(:

) (

) (

)
(

) (

/ ) (

) (

) ( .
Solar Keymark .SRCC
.
.

.
.

2.4
2.4.1
:

)(

)
(

) " "(

 (1 :
.
) (
.
.
(2 .
%100-90
) %80-60 ( .

. :


:
-

3-2
200 -160

5-4
250 -220

5
450 -300

3-2
2

4-3
3

5-4
4

(3 ) ( ) /
( .
(4 )= (.
) (
. .
) 20-15 (
.

.

. ) ( ) (.
) (
) / ( .
2.4.2

%7 2015 %10 .2020
3 74 2009
. 2.8 .
5,6
//2 ) 2,139-1,942 / 2 ( " "
. 300
29 32
.
) (RSS
.
3 )(IEA


1973 /50/ .
/37/ 1984 12,284 .
/20/ .

.
.2006 /20/
.
.

.

.
17/ ) / ( 24/ ) / (
) 40( 200 250 .

Quseful = M x (Tuse - Tomd) x C

)(
17
24
17
24

Tuse

40
40

23
16
23
16

M
/
1

200

250

4600
3200
5750
4000

5,35
3,72
6,69
4,65

:
) (
) (

)(

)(

0,113

0,515

0,52

:
= EF
EF4 .
:
= ) (365 ) (
:
4 . ) .(1

10

 =
:
( 3500 ) (
( 5000 ) (

4118
5882

)(

0,5

7000
10000

0,4

8750
12500

0,85

860
/
10700
/
11200

4,79
6,84

0,65
0,93

0,78
1,12

1748
197
2497
282

239
123
341
176

285
148
407
212

.
:

750
1,000
500
1,250
1,500
1,000

)(

. ) %1
( payback
.

750,00

) (

7,50

) (
197,48

282,11

122,97

175,68
)(
148,28

211,83

11

) (

7,50

) (
189,98
274,61
115,47
168,18
140,78
204,33

)(
3,95
2,73
6,49
4,46
5,33
3,67


1250,00

12,50

) (

) (
197,48

282,11

122,97
175,68
)(
148,28

211,83

) (

12,50

) (
184,98
269,61
110,47
163,18
135,78
199,33

)(
6,76
4,64
11,31
7,66
9,21
6,27

) (
) (

10

758

788

1,263

1,313

1,263 1,375

197

987

1,975

282

1,411

123

615

1,230

176

878

1,757

148

741

1,483

212

1,059

2,118

825

10

1
758

788

825

1,313

1,375
2,821

breakeven
6-4 ) ( 10-6
) ( 5-3 7-4
.

12

 2.4.3
" " 3237
. 5 /
1,8 / . 4,4 /
5,2 / .
2,820 3,270.

. /7/
.2010

)(.

.
)
%25-14 (
13


.

.
15/ ) / ( 20/ ) / (
) 40( 150 200 .

Quseful = M x (Tuse - Tomd) x C
Tuse
)(

15
40
20
15
40
20

25
20
15
20

M
/

150

200

3750
3000
5000
4000

4,36
3,49
5,81
4,65

:
) (
) (

)(

)(

20

21

:
= EF
EF5 .

:
= ) (365 ) (

:
=
:
( 3200 ) (
( 4500 ) (

5 . ) .(1

14

0,85

3765
5294

0,50

6400
9000

4,38
6,16

0,60
0,84

0,71
1,00

860
/
10700
/

8000
0,40
11250

11200

1598
2247

218
307

261
367

4793
6741
4366
6140
5475
7699

.
:

45,000
20,000

57,500
27,500

70,000
35,000

. )
%1( payback
.

) (

57,500

) (

) (
4,793

6,741

4,366

6,140

5,475

7,699

575

) (

575

) (
4,218
6,166
3,791
5,565
4,900
7,124

)(
13.63
9.33
15.17
10.33
11.73
8.07

) (

) (

15

27,500
275

) (
4,793
6,741

4,366
6,140

5,475
7,699

) (

275

) (
4,518
6,466
4,091
5,865
5,200
7,424

)(
6.09
4.25
6.72
4.69
5.29
3.70

) (
) (

1
58,075
27,775
4,793
4,366
5,475

5
60,375
28,875
23,967
21,832
27,375

10
63,250
30,250
47,934
43,664
54,750

1
58,075
27,775
6,741
6,140
7,699

5
60,375
28,875
33,704
30,701
38,496

10
63,250
30,250
67,408
61,402
76,992

breakeven
8-5 ) (
10 ) ( 5-3 10-8
.

16

 2.5

.

) ( .
)
( . ) (

.
PROSOL .6 PROSOL
2005
) (ANME .UNEPMEDREP
PROSOL
) GEF ( . PROSOL

.
.
)( PROSOL :

100 ) 57(

6 GTZ 2009 " :

"

17

 :
. ANME
:

) (

PROSOL
. .
PROSOL ANME
.ANME

.
.
. :

ANME 200 ) 114 ( 200 400 )228

( 300

750 ) 428 ( 200 950 ) 542 (

300.

.
.
:

3

%60 %75 .
80 150
.
.
.

18


.
) (

. 100

1500 1,5
.
1 .

19

 :I
1 metric tonne = 2204.62 lb.= 1.1023 short tons
1 barrel (bbl) = 159 l
1 tonne oil equivalent (toe) = 7.3 barrels
1 kilocalorie (kcal) = 4.187 kJ = 3.968 Btu
1 kilojoule (kJ) = 0.239 kcal = 0.948 Btu
1 British thermal unit (Btu) = 0.252 kcal = 1.055 kJ
1 kilowatt-hour (kWh) = 860 kcal = 3600 kJ = 3412 Btu
Calorific equivalents
One tonne of oil equivalent (toe) equals approximately:
Heat units

10 million kilocalories
42 gigajoules
40 million Btu

Solid fuels

1.5 tonnes of hard coal

3 tonnes of lignite

Gaseous fuels

See natural gas and LNG table

Electricity

12 megawatt-hours

One million tonnes of oil produces about 4400 GWh (=4.4 terawatt hours) of electricity in a
modern power station.

 :II
1) International Energy Agency (iea), energy report 2010
2) BP statistical review of world energy consumption, 2010
3) GTZ, workshop report 2009, Solar thermal application in Egypt, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian
Territories, Syria and Tunisia: Technical aspects, framework conditions and private sector
needs
4) Samar JABER on behalf of GIZ, 2011, Feasibility study for the Domestic Solar Water Heaters
(SWH) in Jordan
5) Rasha SIROP on behalf of GIZ, 2011, Feasibility study for the Domestic Solar Water Heaters
(SWH) in Syria
6) Brian Mehalic, 2009, home power 132, thermal collectors

International energy agency, www.iae.org
British Patrol (BP), http://www.bp.com/productlanding.do?categoryId=6929&contentId=7044622
European Solar Thermal Industry Federation (ESTIF), http://www.estif.org/

 :III
Energy demand calculation
Energy demand to heat: Water

Capacity:

4,18 KJ per Kg and 1 C temperature rise

Specifications in KJ pro Kg
To (C)
10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

41,8

83,6

125,4

167,2

209

250,8

292,6

334,4

41,8

83,6

125,4

167,2

209

250,8

292,6

41,8

83,6

125,4

167,2

209

250,8

41,8

83,6

125,4

167,2

209

41,8

83,6

125,4

167,2

41,8

83,6

125,4

41,8

83,6

41,8

10
20

From (C)

30
40
50
60
70
80
90

Required energy to raise the temperature of 1000 Kg water from 20 to 60 C:

KJ per
1 kg
167,2

X
1000

KJ per
1000 Kg

conversion
factor

167200

Example:
Jordan / Syria:
is sufficient to heat

800 KWh/m
17,22 m

thermal yield per year

of water from 20 to 60 C

3600

KWh
46,44

Deutsche Gesellschaft fr
Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH
Dag-Hammarskjld-Weg 1-5
65760 Eschborn/Germany
T +49 61 96 79-0
F +49 61 96 79-11 15
E info@giz.de
I www.giz.de