CHAPTER 9

9.1 P = 150,000 Pa (gage)

m = 2000 kg/m3
g = 9.8 m/s2
From Eq. 9.2 for s <<m,

P
150000
=
= 7.65m
m g 2000 9.8
This is an impractical height in most cases - a manometer fluid with greater
density is required.
R=

9.2 h = 28.6 cm fluid (or 11.3 in fluid)

S = 1.5
From Eq. 9.2 for s <<m,
P = h m g = hS w g

(28.6cmfluid )1.5(1000kg / m 3 )(9.81m / s 2 )

=
(100cm / m)
= 0.421kPa
9.3 h = 45.3 in Hg
S = 13.6
From Eq. 9.2 for s <<m,
P = h m g = hS w g

(45.3 in Hg )13.6(62.43 lbm / ft 3 )(3217

. ft / sec 2 )
(3217
. lbm ft / lbf sec 2 )(144 in 2 / ft 2 )(12 in / ft )

= 22.3 psid
9.4 P=5.1 psi
Eq. 9.2, P = Rg; R = P/g
(144in 2 / ft 2 )(Plbf / in 2 )(32.17 ft lbm / lbf sec 2 )
144 5.1 3217
.
Rin Hg =
=
= 10.4 in Hg
3
2
13.6 62.43 3217
. 12
( Hg lbm / ft )(32.17 ft / sec )(12in / ft)

Rft H2O

(144in 2 / ft 2 )(Plbf / in 2 )(32.17 ft lbm / lbf sec 2 ) 144 5.1 3217

.
=
=
= 118
. ft H 2O
3
2
62.43 3217
.
( w lbm / ft )(32.17 ft / sec )

9.5 P = 65 kPa

Pmm Hg =
Pm H2O =

Hg g

65000 1000
= 487.7 mm Hg
13.6 1000 9.8

P
65000
=
= 6.63 m H2O
w g 1000 9.8
9.1

9.6 (a)

To convert column of liquid to pressure, we use the relationship:

P = gh
[Where P is pressure, is the density ( = H2O S )]
and g is gravitatio nal acceleration
1m
m
kg
P (Pa ) = h (mmHg ) *
* 9.81
* 13.6 * 1000 3
2
1000 mm
sec
m
= 133.42 h
So, to convert mm Hg to Pa we need multiply it by 133.42 (Pa/mmHg)

(b)

1 ft
ft
lbm
1
* 32.17
* 62.42 3 *
* (1 ft 2 / 144 inches 2 )
2
ft. lb. m
12 in
sec
ft
32.17
= 0.03612 h (in H 2O )
lb f. sec 2

P ( psi ) = h (in H 2O)

So, to convert in H 2O to psi, we need to multiply it by 0.036 (Psi/in H 2O ).

p
N
= Pa , h =
2
g
m
Pa
h
=
kg
m

1000 3 * 9.81

m
sec 2

h(m) = 1.019 * 10 - 4 * Pa

(c)

So, to convert Pa to m H 2O, we need to multiply it by 1.019 * 10 - 4 (m H 2O / Pa ).

9.7 R = 130 mm
S = 13.6
From Eq. 9.2 for s <<m,
P = h m g = hS w g

= 0.13 13.6 1000 9.81 = 17.34kPa

Since the sensing line is connected to the column port, this pressure will be
negative (below atmospheric) and the pressure should be stated as -17.34 kPa.
9.8 R = 25 in
S = 13.6
From Eq. 9.2 for s <<m,
P = h m g = hS w g

= 25 13.6 62.43 32.17 /(32.17 1728) = 12.28 psi

Since the sensing line is connected to the column port, this pressure will be
negative (below atmospheric) and the pressure should be stated as -12.28 psi.
9.2

9.9 The applied pressure is (Eq. 9.2):

P = hg = 7.5cm

1 m
kg
m
1 kPa
1000 3 9.81

= 0.736kPa
2
100 cm
1000 Pa
m
sec

This pressure is applied to the inclined manometer. Using Eq.9.3:

P = R sin g

0.736kPa = R sin7.5o 800

kg
m
9.81 2
3
m
sec

R = 0.72m
9.10 The applied pressure is (Eq. 9.2):
P = hg = 3in /(12in / ft )(62.4lbm / ft 3 ) /(32.17lbm ft / lbf sec 2 )32.17 ft / sec 2 = 15.6lbf / ft 2
This pressure is applied to the inclined manometer. Using Eq.9.3:
P = R sing

15.6(lbf / ft 2 ) = Rsin7 o 50.0(lbm / ft 3 )32.17(ft / sec 2 ) / 32.17(lbm ft / lbf sec 2 )

R = 2.56 ft
9.11 From Eq. 9.3: P = R sing
For this linear device, the sensitivity is constant:
R
1
1
=
=
= 0. 0255 cm / Pa
o
P sin g sin 30 0. 8 1000 9. 81
0.5 mm in the reading R corresponds to 0.05cm/.0255 cm/Pa = 1.96 Pa
9.12 First convert the pressure value from cm water to Pa:
P = Rg = 0.1 1000 9.8 = 980 Pa
Using Eq. 9.3:

P = R sing
980 = R sin 30 0.8 1000 9.8
R = 250 mm

9.13 Using Eq. 9.3

P = R.sin. g
Where R is the reading on the inclined column
kg
m
P = 0.102(m) * (sin 15) * (0.7 * 1000 3 ) * 9.81 (
)
m
sec 2
= 181.28 Pa

9.3

9.14
Considering Eq. 9.3, systematic error due to error in the angle of inclined
manometer:
P = Rg sin , where R is the indicated length on the inclined tube.
For the actual and indicated cases we have:
Pact = Rg sin 15.5 and Pind = Rg sin 15.

Systematicerror as a percentage of reading :

Pact Pind sin 15.5 sin 15.

=
Pact
sin 15.5

= 0.0325 or 3.25%
An alternative to the above solution:
P = Rg sin = Rgcos for small changes in
P
= cot
P
P
0 .5 o
= cot 15 *
= 0.0326 or 3.26 % of reading
P
180
9.15 The expansion of the aluminum will decrease the reading while the
expansion of the mercury will increase the reading. The temperature change is
15K.
The effect on R of the aluminum scale is:
Ral = -(2310-6 m/m-K)(15K)(760 mm) = -0.2622 mm
The increased temperature will decrease the density of the mercury. The
increase in volume for the mercury is:
V/V = 1.8210-415 = 2.7310-3.
Considering the condition at the the hotter temperature to be state 2 and the
condition at the initial temperature to be state 1:
V2 = V1(1 + V / V ) = V1(1 + 0.00273)

V2 / V1 = 100273
.
The length of the mercury column is inversely proportional to the density (=m/V)
and hence
R2Hg/R1Hg = 1/2 =mV2/(mV1) = V2/V1 = 1.00273
Consequently, the new length of the mercury column is 760(1.00273) = 762.07
and the increase in length is 2.07 mm. The net change in reading is thus 2.07 0.2622 = 1.81 mm and the new reading is 761.81 mm.

9.4

9.16 Both aluminum and mercury will contract due to reduction in temperature.
The contraction of the aluminum will increase the reading while the contraction of
the mercury will decrease the reading. The temperature change is 5K.
The effect on R of the aluminum scale is:
Ral = -(2310-6 m/m-K)(-5K)(760 mm) = +0.0874 mm
The decreased temperature will increase the density of the mercury. The
decrease in volume for the mercury is:
V/V = -1.8210-45 = -0.9110-3.
Considering the condition at the the colder temperature to be state 2 and the
condition at the initial temperature to be state 1:
V2 = V1 (1 + V / V ) = V1 (1 0.000910)

V2 / V1 = 0.99909
The length of the mercury column is inversely proportional to the density (=m/V)
and hence
R2Hg/R1Hg = 1/2 =mV2/(mV1) = V2/V1 = 0.99909
Consequently, the new length of the mercury column is 760(0.99909) = 759.308
and the decrease in length is 0.692 mm. The net change in reading is thus -0.692
+ 0.087 = -0.605 mm and the new reading is 759.395 mm.
9.17 V = 2.5 mV
Type R, 0oC reference junction
Interpolating from Table 9.2:
2. 5 2. 400
T = 300 +
( 350 300 ) = 310 .1 deg. C
2. 896 2. 400
9.18 V = 3.7 mV
Type R, 32o F reference junction
Interpolating from Table 9.2:
3.7 3.407
T = 400 +
(450 400) = 427.85 deg .C (or 802.13F )
3.933 3.407
9.19 V = 4.005 mV
Type S with ice reference
4. 005 3. 743
T = 450 +
( 500 450 ) = 476 . 7 deg. C
4. 234 3. 743
9.20 Using Table 9.2 for K-type thermo-couple,

a)

At T1 = 492 0 C

VOutput = 20.30 mV

b)

At 17.51mV

T = 426.3 0C

9.5

(By interpolation)
(By interpolation)

9.21 For the Fig. P9.16,

VT1 V100 = VT1 Vo - (V100 V0 ), where VT1 V0 and (V100 V0 ) can be obtained

from Table 9.2, V100 - V0 = 5.268

T1 ( C )

VT1 V0 (mV )

VT1 V100 = DVM (mV )

0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200

0.000
1.019
2.058
3.115
4.186
5.268
6.359
7.457
8.560
9.667
10.777

-5.268
-4.249
-3.210
-2.153
-1.082
0.000
1.091
2.189
3.292
4.399
5.509

9.22 V = 30C
Type E with 30 C reference junction.
To use 0C ref junction tables, first find the voltage corresponding to 30C.
Interpolate in Table 9.2:
30 20
V30 = 1.192 +
( 2. 419 1.192 ) = 1. 806 mV
40 20
If we add this to the output for the 30C reference, we can use the 0C reference
tables. The 0C output is then 37.0 + 1.806 = 38.806 mV. Interpolating in Table
9.2, the temperature is:
38. 806 36. 999
T = 500 +
( 600 500 ) = 522. 3 deg. C
45. 085 36. 999

9.6

9.23 V = 20C
Type R with 20 C reference junction.
To use 0C ref junction tables, first find the voltage corresponding to 20C, which
corresponds to 0.111 mV in Table 9.2.
If we add this to the output for the 20C reference, we can use the 0C reference
tables. The 0C output is then 4.20 + 0.1111 = 4.211 mV. Interpolating in Table
9.2, the temperature is:
4.211 3.933
T = 450 +
(500 450) = 462.2deg .C
4.471 3.933

9.7

9.24 The differential output is 22 mV. Using Table 9.2, the output for type J at 4C
is:
1.0194/20 = 0.204 mV
The output for the hot junction with a 0C reference would then be:
22.000 + 0.204 = 22.204 mV.
Interpolating in Table 9.2, the temperature is:
T = 400+50(22.204-21.846)/(24.607-21.846)
T = 406.5 C
9.25 The differential output is 24 mV. Using Table 9.2, the output for type K at 5C
is:
0.7985/20 = 0.200 mV
The output for the hot junction with a 0C reference would then be:
24.000 + 0.200 = 24.200 mV.
Interpolating in Table 9.2, the temperature is:
T = 500+100(24.200-20.640)/(24.902-20.640)
T = 583.5 C
9.26 Interpolating in Table 9.2, the voltage output for 1C is 0.0399 mV. This is the
voltage error which will have to be added to all readings. The systematic error on
the temperature depends on the temperature since the sensitivity of the
thermocouple depends on the temperature. The sensitivity of the type K
thermocouple can be obtained by differentiating the data in Table 9.2 to obtain
mV/deg.C. The error is then the voltage error divided by the sensitivity. The
following results are obtained:
T
sensitivity (mV/deg.C)
Error, deg. C
-250
0.010
-4.0
0
0.040
-1.0
500
0.043
-0.9
1300
0.036
-1.1
The uncorrected temperature readings will always be low relative to the correct
values. Type K thermocouples are fairly linear except at low temperatures.

9.8

9.27 Vs = 3 V, V0 = - 0.5V, R2 = 100

(a) Neglecting the lead resistance, we use Eq. 9.11:
V 2V0
3 2( 0.5)
RRTD = R2 s
= 100
= 200
Vs + 2V0
3 + 2( 0.5)
(b) Including the effect of Rlead, we use Eq. 9.12:
V 2V0
4V0
3 2( 0.5)
4V0
RRTD = R2 s
Rlead
= 100
1
= 201
Vs + 2V0
Vs + 2V0
3 + 2( 0.5)
3 + 2( 0.5)
(c)The error in resistance due to neglecting the lead resistance is (201-200)/201
= 0.5%.
(d)Interpolating for the temperature values corresponding to 200 and 201 ohms
in Table 9.3, we obtain 261.8 C and 264.5 C respectively. The temperature error
is thus -2.7 C if we neglect lead resistance..
9.28 R = 100 at 0C
Interpolating from Table 9.3, the resistance at 375C is 240.8 .
9.29 R2 = 100
Vs = 2 V
RRTD = 246.1 at 390 C from Table 9.3
(a) Neglecting the lead wire effect, we use Eq. 9.11:
V 2V0
RRTD = R2 s
Vs + 2V0
246.1 = 100

2 2V0
2 + 2V0

V0 = 0.422V

(b) Considering the lead wires, we use Eq. 9.12:

V 2V0
4V0
RRTD = R2 s
Rlead
Vs + 2V0
Vs + 2V0
2 2 V0
4 V0
246 .1 = 100
2
2 + 2 V0
2 + 2 V0

V0 = 0. 417 V

9.9

9.30 Rlead = 2
Vs = 2 V
RRTD = 123.6 from Table 9.3
To obtain V0, we use Eq. 9.12:
RRTD = R2

Vs 2V0
4V0
Rlead
Vs + 2V0
Vs + 2V0

123.6 = 100

2 2V0
4V0
2
2 + 2V0
2 + 2V0

V0 = 0.104V

Assuming that the lead resistance is zero, the output is -0.105 V.

9.31 T1 = 20C = 293 K, P1 = 110 kPa (abs)
Assuming argon to be an ideal gas, the ideal gas law gives the following relation:
P1V1 P2 V2
=
T1
T2
For a constant volume, this becomes:
P1 P2
=
T1 T2

P2 =

PT
1 2
T1

Differentiating wrt. T2:

dP2 P1 110,000
=
=
= 375.4 Pa / K
dT2 T1
293
9.32 P1 = 110 kPa
T1 = 20 C = 293K
T2 = 120 C =393K
Assuming argon to be an ideal gas:
P1V1 P2 V2
=
T1
T2
With V1 = V2:
PT
110000 393
P2 = 1 2 =
= 147.5 kPa
T1
293

9.10

9.33 The volume of the bulb will change as the diameter cubed. For a given T,
the diameter is given by:
D2 = D1(1 + T)
So:
V D23 = D13 (1 + T)3 and V/V0 =(1 + T)3
Then the ideal gas law gives:
P1V1 P2 V2
=
T1
T2
Consider T1 = 293K, T2 = 393 K, P1 = 110kPa (abs).
Neglecting the bulb expansion, V1 = V2:
PT
110000 393
P2 = 1 2 =
= 147.5 kPa
T1
293
Considering the volume change:
V1/V2 = 1/(1+16.510-6100)3 = 0.995
and then:
V PT
110000 393
P2 = 1 1 2 = 0.995
= 146.8 kPa
V2T1
293
The bulb expansion changes the pressure 0.5% for a 100 C temperature rise.
9.34 Gas pressure thermometers work on the basis of perfect gas law:
PV= mRT
Where, P is absolute pressure, V is volume, m is mass, R is gas constant and T
is absolute temperature.
Assuming m, R and V to remain constant (for a gas pressure thermometer m and
R actually remain constant, but V may slightly vary that can be corrected for),
T2 P2
T
=
P2 = P1 * 2
T1 P1
T1
= 110 *

120 + 273
= 147.5 kpa
20 + 273

9.11

9.35 Gas pressure thermometers work on the basis of perfect gas law:
PV= mRT
Where, P is absolute pressure, V is volume, m is mass, R is gas constant and T
is absolute temperature.
Assuming m, R and V to remain constant (for a gas pressure thermometer m and
R actually remain constant, but V may slightly vary that can be corrected for),
The temperature scale given in oF, must be converted to absolute value, oR
T2 P2
T
=
P2 = P1 * 2
T1 P1
T1

= 15psia *

459.67 + 250
= 20.48 psia
459.67 + 60

9.12

9.36 Gas pressure thermometers work on the basis of perfect gas law:
PV
PV=mRT T =
mR
Where, P is absolute pressure, V is volume, m is mass, R is gas constant and T
is absolute temperature.
Assuming that P is measured accurately, and m and R remain constant,

T=

P
P0 0
V and T 0 =
V
mR
mR

where 0 refers to the condition filled. The error in measurement of T due to

P
T V
expansion in V is: T =
, showing that error in
V or
=
mR
T
V
temperature, T, is directly proportional to error in volume, V.
Variation in volume is related to variation in length through V/V = 3d/d. Yhis
can easily be shown through a simple differentiation of V = d3/6 for sphere.
Now we need to calculate the error in volume in terms of thermal expansion
coefficient, as it relates length to temperature through, dL/L = dT , where L is
length and dL is differential of L. For the case of sphere, L is equivalent to
diameter, d. So for change in diameter due to increase in temperature,
(d diameter)/ (d diameter)
(T-T0)
= 12*10-6 (150-20)
= 1.56*10-3
As a result, the error in temperature will be: T/T
= V/V = 3d/d
= 4.68*10-3
So the error in temperature will be:

T = (150+273)* 4.68*10-3
= 2.0 K

9.37 Ts = 800 C = 1073K

Tw = 700 C = 973K
= 0.3
h = 200 W/m2-K
Using Eq. 9.26:

Tgas - Ts = (Ts 4 - Tw 4 )
h
0.3
4
4
=
5.669 10 8 [(1073) ( 973) ] = 36.5deg .C
200

9.13

9.38 Ts = 1000F = 1459.7 R

Tw = 900F = 1359.7R
= 0.75
h = 150 Btu/Hft2F
Stefan Boltzmann constant = 5.669E-8 W/m2K4 = 0.1712E-8 Btu/hrft2R4
Using Eq. 9.26:

Tgas - Ts = (Ts - Tw )
h
0.75
4
4
=
0.1712 10 8 (1459.67 ) (1359.67 ) = 9.60deg .R
150

9.39 Ts = 500C = 773K

Tw = 350C = 623K
Using Eq. 9.26:

Tgas - Ts =

(Ts - Tw )

h
0.7
4
4
Tgas = 500 +
5.669 10 8 (773) (623) = 541deg.C
200

9.40 Ts = 900 oF = 1,359.67 oR

Tw = 800 oF = 1,259.67 oR
Using Eq. 9.26:

Tgas - Ts = (Ts - Tw )
h
0.75
4
4
Tgas = 900 +
0.1712 10 8 (1359.67 ) (1259.67 ) = 908deg .F
150

9.41 Ts = 500 C = 773K

Tw = 460 C = 733K
= 0.7
h = 200 W/m2-K
Using Eq. 9.26:

Tgas - Ts =

(Ts 4 - Tw 4 )

h
0.7
4
4
=
5.669 10 8 [( 773) ( 733) ] = 13.6deg .C
200

9.14

9.42
There are two errors associated with the gas temperature measurement,
conduction error (Eq. 9.22), and radiation error (Eq. 9.26)

Ts T
1
=
T0 T
cosh mL

Conduction error :

(Eq. 9.22)

hP
W
W
h = 100 2 , K = 20
, P = d = (0.001)
KA
mK
m K
d 2
A=
= (0.001) 2 = 0.785 10 6 m 2
4
4

Where m =

100 * 3.14 10 -3
= 141m -1 , mL = 1.41
20 * 0.785 10 6
coshmL = 2.17
500 - T
1
=
= 0.46 T = 627.8 o C
350 T
2.17
m=

Conduction

= (Tgas - Ts ) = 127.8 0 C

Radiation Error : Tgas - Ts =

Trad = (Tgas Ts ) =

(Ts4 - Tw4 ) - - - - - - - - - - Eq. 9.26

h

0.2
4
4
* 5.66 10 5 [(273 + 500) (273 + 350) ]
100

= 23.4 0 C
Total error in temperature measurement :
T = TConduction + Tradiation = 151.2 o C

Note: The conduction error is very high due to the low length to diameter ratio of
the thermometer and the assumption that it is solid stainless steel.

9.15

9.43 Using Eq. 9.26, we can calculate the temperature correction due to
radiation:

T = Tgas Ts =

(Ts4 Tw4 )

h
0.7
4
4
=
* 5.669 * 10 8 [(500 + 273) (350 + 273) ]
200
= 41 K

Based on Eq. 7.5 and 7.6,

2
2
w T w
w h
=
+

T
h

0.1 2

2
=
+ (0.15 )
0.1

= 0.21

1/ 2

1/ 2

So the uncertaint y in temperature correction is :

w T = 0.21 * 41
= 8.5 K
or T = 41 8.5 K
9.44 V = 250 m/s
R = 0.8
Cp = 1200 J/kg-K
Rearranging Eq. 9.27:

Taw Tstatic = R

V2
2502
= 0. 8
= 20. 8 deg. C
2 cp
2 1200

9.16

9.45
Using Eq. 9.27, we can calculate the air velocity
V2
Tmeasured = Tgas + R
2c p
or

T R V 2
=
T
T 2c p

V = 2c p

T
= 1%
T

T T

R T

= 2 * 1005

J
298K
*
* 0.01
kg. K 0.75

V = 89.4 m/sec

9.46 Tdb = 80 F
Twb = 80 F
From Figure B.2, the relative humidity is 100%.
9.47 Tdb = 80 F
Twb = 80 F
From Figure B.2, the humidity ratio is 0.0223 lbwater/lbair. The mass of 1 lb of air
and the moisture would be 1.0223 lbm. Therefore, the moisture represents
0.0223/1.0223 = 0.0218 lbmmoisture/lbmmixture.
9.48 Tdb = 30C
Twb = 15C
From Figure B.1, relative humidity = 17% and the humidity ratio is 4.6 g/kg dry
air.
9.49

Tdb = 25 o C, Twb = 22 0 C
Reffering to Fig. 3.1, relative humidity, = 78% and humidity ratio,
= 15.6 g/kg dry air

9.17

9.50
From a psychrometric chart, at 75oF dry-bulb and 55oF wet-bulb temperature,
Relative humidity, ,= 25%
Humidity ratio, ,= 0.004686 lbs moisture/lbs of dry air

9.18