Articulo Chimeneas Kimberliticas

Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17
H O S T E D BY
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China University of Geosciences (Beijing)
Geoscience Frontiers
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/gsf
Research paper
Sheared peridotite xenolith from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe,

Arkhangelsk Diamond Province, Russia: Texture, composition, and
origin
Alexey Vladimirovich Kargin a, *, Lyudmila Vyacheslavovna Sazonova a, b,
Anna Andreevna Nosova a, Vladimir Anatolievich Pervov c,
Elena Vladimirovna Minevrina a, Vladimir Anatolievich Khvostikov d,
Zhanna Petrovna Burmii d
a
Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences (IGEM RAS), Moscow, Russia
Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
Departamento de Geologia, Sociedade Mineira de Catoca, Repblica de Angola, Lunda Sul, Catoca
d
Institute of Technological Problems of Microelectronics and Ultrapure Materials, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Russia
b
c
a r t i c l e i n f o
a b s t r a c t
Article history:
Received 21 August 2015
Received in revised form
15 February 2016
Accepted 1 March 2016
Available online xxx
The petrography and mineral composition of a mantle-derived garnet peridotite xenolith from the V.
Grib kimberlite pipe (Arkhangelsk Diamond Province, Russia) was studied. Based on petrographic
characteristics, the peridotite xenolith reects a sheared peridotite. The sheared peridotite experienced a
complex evolution with formation of three main mineral assemblages: (1) a relict harzburgite assemblage consist of olivine and orthopyroxene porphyroclasts and cores of garnet grains (Gar1) with sinusoidal rare earth elements (REE) chondrite C1 normalized patterns; (2) a neoblastic olivine and
orthopyroxene assemblage; (3) the last assemblage associated with the formation of clinopyroxene and
garnet marginal zones (Gar2). Major and trace element compositions of olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and garnet indicate that both the neoblast and clinopyroxene-Gar2 mineral assemblages were
in equilibrium with a high Fe-Ti carbonate-silicate metasomatic agent. The nature of the metasomatic
agent was estimated based on high eld strength elements (HFSE) composition of olivine neoblasts, the
garnet-clinopyroxene equilibrium condition and calculated by REE-composition of Gar2 and clinopyroxene. All these evidences indicate that the agent was a high temperature carbonate-silicate melt that is
geochemically linked to the formation of the protokimberlite melt.
2016, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Production and hosting by
Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Keywords:
Sheared peridotite
Mantle metasomatism
Kimberlite
Olivine
Garnet
Clinopyroxene
1. Introduction
Sheared peridotite is a garnet- and spinel-bearing rock with
distinct ductile deformation features. It contains large porphyroclasts embedded in a deformed and recrystallized matrix of neoblasts and shows mainly porphyroclasticemosaic to blastomylonitic
textures (Harte, 1977; Ionov et al., 2010).
* Corresponding author.
E-mail
addresses:
kargin@igem.ru
(A.V.
Kargin),
sazonovalv52@mail.ru
(L.V. Sazonova), nosova@igem.ru (A.A. Nosova), vlad.pervov@gmail.com
(V.A. Pervov).
Peer-review under responsibility of China University of Geosciences (Beijing).
Sheared peridotite xenoliths are common within kimberlites.

Based on PeT estimates, they are considered the deepest mantle
nodules found in kimberlites. Kennedy et al. (2002) reviewed early
models of their genesis, and at present, there are two main opinions
on their origin:
(1) these rocks are derived from shear zones concentrating melt
and uid ows in the transitional area between the lithosphere
and asthenosphere and are resulted from the motion of lithospheric plates (Boyd and Nixon, 1975; Kennedy et al., 2002) and
others; they are widespread at the base of the lithosphere
beneath Archean cratons (OReilly and Grifn, 2010);
(2) they are metasomatic rocks formed along the fractures conducting kimberlite melts and only locally occur at various levels
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2016.03.001
1674-9871/ 2016, China University of Geosciences (Beijing) and Peking University. Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NCND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Please cite this article in press as: Kargin, A.V., et al., Sheared peridotite xenolith from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe, Arkhangelsk Diamond
Province, Russia: Texture, composition, and origin, Geoscience Frontiers (2016), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2016.03.001
A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17
of the lithospheric mantle (Moore and Lock, 2001; Ionov et al.,

2010; Katayama et al., 2011; Agashev et al., 2013); traceelement chemistry of garnet and clinopyroxene in these rocks
indicates their close relation to minerals of the megacrystic
assemblage in kimberlites (Burgess and Harte, 2004; Soloveva
et al., 2008).
Detailed studies performed for xenoliths of deformed garnet
peridotites in kimberlites demonstrate a complex history of their
transformation and several stages of mantle metasomatism (Harte,
1983; Dawson, 1984; Grifn et al., 1999; OReilly and Grifn, 2013).
It was demonstrated for xenoliths of deformed peridotites within
kimberlites of the Udachnaya pipe in Yakutia (Agashev et al., 2013)
that at the initial stages the rock could suffer cryptic metasomatism
by melt/uid of carbonatite composition, resulting in LREE
enrichment. This process was followed by silicate metasomatism
under effect of asthenospheric melts with signicant changes of
mineralogical and chemical compositions of the deformed peridotites. The mantle processes were concluded by Fe-Ti metasomatism, which was genetically related to the formation of
minerals of the megacrystic assemblage and kimberlitic magmas.
The majority of petrogenetic models suggest melt or uid with
asthenospheric origin to be metasomatic agents (Ehrenberg, 1979;
Burgess and Harte, 2004; Agashev et al., 2006; Soloveva et al.,
2008) and others. However, the composition and nature of these
agents are still highly debatable.
Trace-element features of garnet and clinopyroxene of the
megacrystic assemblages implies their afnity to kimberlites,
namely, they could be in equilibrium with protokimberlitic melts
and uids (Rawlinson and Dawson, 1979; Burgess and Harte, 2004;
Moore and Belousova, 2005; Agashev et al., 2006). Close genetic
relation of large porphyroclasts in the deformed peridotites with
minerals of the megacrystic assemblage in kimberlites (Burgess and
Harte, 2004; Soloveva et al., 2008) may suggest similar models for
their origin.
Kimberlites from the V. Grib pipe within the Arkhangelsk Diamond Province (ADP) contain numerous unaltered mantle xenoliths (peridotite, eclogite, and diverse deep-seated metasomatites),
as well as megacrysts of clinopyroxene, garnet, olivine, phlogopite,
and ilmenite (Sablukov et al., 2000; Kostrovitsky et al., 2004;
Shchukina et al., 2012, 2015; Afanasiev et al., 2013; Golubkova
et al., 2013; Sazonova et al., 2015). Sablukov et al. (2000)
mentioned some scarce nds of mosaic-porphyroclastic rock varieties (sheared peridotites) among mantle xenoliths in kimberlites
of the province.
Based on the study of garnet from heavy mineral concentrates,
Sablukov et al. (2009) concluded that pyropes from the V. Grib pipe
were only moderately affected by mantle processes, such as garnet
depletion and high-T melt-related or low-T phlogopite-accompanied metasomatism (in terms of Grifn et al., 1999). Based on the
study of garnet peridotite xenoliths, Shchukina et al. (2015) also
revealed these two types of mantle metasomatism occurred at the
base of the lithospheric mantle beneath the V. Grib pipe and suggested a multistage model for these processes involving carbonatitic, picritic and basaltic metasomatic agents.
Our paper focuses on the major and trace element characteristics of minerals of a deformed peridotite xenolith (Sample Gr-106664) and garnet megacrysts from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe to get
insight into the metasomatic processes in the lithospheric mantle
beneath this pipe. The aim of our study is to decipher the role of
carbonate and silicate components in mantle metasomatism, as
well as to unravel the genetic link of metasomatic agents with
kimberlite (protokimberlite) melts.
Kimberlites and associated alkaline-ultrabasic rocks of the ADP
are late Devonian in age (Sablukov, 1984). The same age was
determined for the carbonatite-bearing ultrabasic complexes in the

Kola alkaline province located northwestward of the kimberlite
province (Arzamastsev and Wu, 2014). Temporal and spatial relations of these provinces give grounds to suggest that they are
products of a single tectonothermal event. The study of the role of a
carbonate component in the metasomatic reworking of lithospheric mantle and its genetic link with kimberlite melts in ADP
may provide insight in the formation of large carbonatite-bearing
alkaline-ultrabasic provinces.
Note that this study continues our previous work devoted to
kimberlites of the V. Grib pipe, particularly to olivine porphyroclasts and neoblasts from a deformed peridotite sample (Sazonova
et al., 2015).
2. Geological setting
The Arkhangelsk Diamond Province (ADP) is situated on the
northern East European craton (Fig. 1). Several elds of kimberlites
and related rocks were distinguished within the province. The V.
Grib pipe is located in the central part of the ADP and belongs to the
Chernoozero kimberlite eld (Tretyachenko, 2008). Petrographic
and geochemical characteristics of kimberlite and related rocks of
the ADP are described in detail previously (Beard et al., 1998;
Mahotkin et al., 2000; Sablukov et al., 2000; Bogatikov et al.,
2001, 2007; Kononova et al., 2002, 2007).
The V. Grib pipe intruded Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks
and is overlain by Carboniferous siliciclastic and carbonate rocks
and Quaternary sediments (Fig. 1). It is dated at 372 8 Ma (Rb-Sr
ve-point whole-rock isochron, Shevchenko (2004)), which coincides with dates obtained on most magmatic complexes of the
Kola Province (379 5 Ma; Arzamastsev and Wu, 2014), which is
located within the Kola Peninsula (Fig. 1).
The upper diatreme zone is lled with pyroclastic kimberlite. This
kimberlite contains abundant fragments and ne material of host
Neoproterozoic sedimentary rocks. The majority of the diatreme
zone is occupied by massive pyroclastic kimberlite with minor
xenogenic material (Verichev et al., 2003; Kononova et al., 2007).
3. Analytical techniques
Detailed petrographic studies of sheared peridotite xenolith
were performed using a Jeol JSM-6480LV scanning electron microscope (Laboratory of local analytical methods of the Faculty of
Geology, Moscow State University, Petrology department, Moscow,
Russia). Electron images were obtained in the backscattered electron mode.
Electron microprobe analysis (EMPA) of garnet, orthopyroxene
and clinopyroxene were carried out using Jeol JXA-8200 electron
microprobe equipped with ve wavelength spectrometers and an
energy dispersive system (Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits,
Petrography, Mineralogy, and Geochemistry Russian Academy of
Sciences, Moscow, Russia). Minerals were studied at an accelerating
voltage of 20 kV, beam current of 20 hA, and beam diameter of
1e2 mm. Counting times were 10 s for major elements and 20e40 s
for trace elements. The measurements were corrected using the
ZAF (JEOL) routine. Standardization for major elements was done
using phases of compositions similar to those of the studied
minerals.
Concentrations of trace elements (Ti, Cr, Sr, Zr, Ba, Th, Y, Nb, B, Li,
Be, REE) in olivine, garnet and clinopyroxene were determined in
situ in polished sections by secondary-ion mass-spectrometry
(SIMS) using Cameca IMS ion probe (Institute of Microelectronics of
the Russian Academy of Sciences, Yaroslavl, Russia). The relative
uncertainties of element contents were no higher than 10% at
contents >1 ppm and no higher than 15e20% at contents from 0.1
Figure 1. Location of the V. Grib kimberlite pipe within Arkhangelsk Diamond Province (ADP). (a) ADP location within the northern the East European Craton, after Samsonov et al.
(2009): (1e3) Archean blocks: (1) Mesoarchean, (2) Neoarchean, (3) undened; (4) Belomorian mobile belt; (5e12) Paleoproterozoic structures: (5) initial Paleoproterozoic
(2.45 Ga), (6) with established multistage development (2.45e1.75 Ga), (7) Svecofennian domain (2.0e1.7 Ga); (8e12) Lapland-Kola and Zimniy suture zones: (8) metasediments
(2.0 Ga), (9) tonalite-trondhjemite-granodiorite orthogneisses, granitoids (2.0e1.8 Ga), (10) enderbites, charnokites (1.91e1.94 Ga), (11) anorthosites (2.45 and 1.9 Ga), (12) collisional melange; (13) tectonic fractures; MC e Murmansk Craton; KC e Kola Craton; KAP e Kola alkaline province after Arzamastsev and Wu (2014). (b) Geological map of the central
part of ADP, after Tretyachenko (2008): (1e3) Platform deposits: (1) Neoproterozoic siliciclastic sediments, (2) Carboniferous siliciclastic and carbonate sediments, and (3) early
Permian chemogenic and carbonate rocks; (4) position of pipes of kimberlites and related rocks under platform deposits; and (5) contour of a kimberlite eld. Age of the V. Grib
kimberlite pipe by Shevchenko (2004).
to 1 ppm. The detailed technical description of SIMS is provided in

the Supplementary data 1.
The geochemical study of olivine was carried out by LA-ICP-MS
on an X-Series II inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometer
(Institute of the Problems of Microelectronics Technology and Extra Pure Materials Russian Academy of Sciences) using 1400 W
plasma power, gas ow rates of 13 L/min and 0.90 L/min for the
sample and Ar-auxiliary gas, respectively; 0.6 L/min for the He
carrier gas, and 0.6 L/min for He-Ar mixture, and resolution of 0.4
and 0.8 M. A UP266 MACRO laser microprobe coupled to the mass
spectrometer operated at a wavelength of 266 mm, a pulse frequency up to 10 Hz, pulse intensity up to 5 mJ, counting time of
4 ns, and crater diameter from 30 to 300 mm.
The geochemical composition of garnet and clinopyroxene was
also analyzed by LA-ICP-MS on an X-Series II coupled with NWR213 laser ablation sampler (Laboratory of mineral analysis of the
Institute of Geology of Ore Deposits, Petrography, Mineralogy, and
Geochemistry Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia). The
measurement errors were 1e3% for REE, U, Th, and Pb, and 30e50%
for Ni, Cu, Zn, and Co. The detailed technical description of LA-ICPMS is provided in the Supplementary data 1.
We used two approaches to estimate T and P parameters for
mineral equilibria in the rock studied. The rst one assumed that all
minerals of peridotite are in equilibrium. The mineral compositions
meeting the equilibrium criteria suggested by Nimis and Grtter

(2010) were used to calculate T and P by Opx-Cpx thermometer
(Taylor, 1998) and Gar-Opx barometer (Nickel and Green, 1985). In
the second approach, PeT parameters were calculated separately
for the relict harzburgitic assemblage (the central parts of the
olivine and orthopyroxene porphyroclasts and garnet Gar1) and for
pairs of clinopyroxene and outer zones of garnet grains (Gar2). We
used Opx and Ol thermometers (Brey and Kohler, 1990; De Hoog
et al., 2010) and Opx-Gar barometers (MacGregor, 1974; Brey and
Kohler, 1990), which do not require equilibrium with Cpx. T and P
data for experimental and natural systems are reproduced with
uncertainties of 30 C and 2.2 kb (Brey and Kohler, 1990; De
Hoog et al., 2010).
The temperature of equilibrium of clinopyroxene and outer
zones of the garnet grains (Gar2) were determined using Cpx-Gar
thermometers (Ellis and Green, 1979; Powell, 1985; Krogh, 1988),
which t well to experimental data at T 1150e1200 C
(Nakamura and Hirajima, 2005). The pressure was assumed at 60
and 40 kb according to values estimated at 3.7e6.8 GPa for crystallization of Cpx megacryst in kimberlite of the V. Grib pipe
(Kostrovitsky et al., 2004; Golubkova et al., 2013). The calculation
was performed with the PTEXL code created in the mid-1990s by
Thomas Kohler, maintained and modied then by Andrei Girnis
(personal communication).
4. Petrography
4.1. Sheared peridotite
The xenolith of sheared garnet peridotite is angular in shape,
approximately 10 cm 15 cm in size (Fig. 2a). It is weakly altered by
secondary processes. The xenolith is coated with a rim (up to 1 cm
thick) of ne-grained kimberlite, which also penetrates into the
peridotite nodule along thin fractures.
The xenolith consists of olivine porphyroclasts (w35 vol.%),
olivine neoblasts (w35 vol.%), orthopyroxene (w10 vol.%), clinopyroxene (w15 vol.%), garnet (w5 vol.%), and accessory ilmenite
and titanomagnetite. Phlogopite and chrome spinel are subordinate. The sheared peridotite shows intense ductile deformations
with porphyroclastic, ne-grained mosaic, locally lenticularbanded textures (Fig. 2b). Based on structural-textural features,
this xenolith may be ascribed to the porphyroclastic type after
Harte (1977) and mosaic type characterized by olivine and orthopyroxene porphyroclasts enclosed in an olivine-rich polygonal
matrix after (Baptiste et al., 2012).
4.1.1. Olivine
Olivine forms two types of grains. The rst type (around 50% of
all olivine) is represented by large (from 1 to 7e10 mm) relict
Figure 2. (a) Macro-photo of sheared peridotite xenolith: Sp e sheared peridotite, rim e kimberlite rim with microlitic-microporphyritic texture, kimb e massive pyroclastic
kimberlite, white line traces a boundary of pelletal lapillus with sheared peridotite core; (bed) optical micrograph (cross polarizers) showing the characteristic textural features of
sheared peridotite xenolith: (b) porphyroclastic-mosaic texture, (c) olivine porphyroclast with deformation lamellae, (d) development of later clinopyroxene along rims and
fractures in orthopyroxene with kink bands and deformation lamellae; (eef) back-scattered electron images: (e) orthopyroxene (Opx) replaced by clinopyroxene (Cpx); (f) fragments of zoned garnet (Gar1 and Gar2 zones).
equant-lenticular porphyroclasts, which have clear signs of

ductile deformations (intracrystalline sliding) such as deformation lamellae (Fig. 2bec) and blocky extinction. The lamellae are
visible in cross polarized light by a slight change in birefringence
across them. The lamellae represent the active slip plane in the
deformed olivine (Raleigh, 1968). The grains of the second type
are ne (up to 0.1 mm) weakly rounded olivine neoblasts, which
form a mosaic matrix around large porphyroclasts (Fig. 2b).
Serpentine is developed along fractures in porphyroclasts and
contacts of ne grains.
4.1.4. Garnet
Garnet is observed as strongly fractured equant grains up to
5e7 mm across with smoothed edges and zoned structure. Inner
zones (Gar1) occupy 80e95%. Outer zones (Gar2) are patchy with
embayed outlines and sharp boundaries (Fig. 2f); more rarely the
boundaries between the zones are blurred and gradual. Garnet is
rimmed by a narrow fringe consisting of phlogopite, Cr-spinel, and
subordinate carbonate.
4.1.2. Orthopyroxene
Orthopyroxene (1e5 mm across) forms irregularly-shaped isometric grains evenly distributed over the rock and is only locally
grouped in patches or lenticles. Under stress effects, the mineral
acquires elongated shape and locally displays kink banding structure, it is grinded and recrystallized into the nest neoblast
aggregate along margins and fractures (Fig. 2d).
Garnet megacrysts are rounded or ellipsoidal, up to 2e3 cm in

size, and generally orange in color. In many cases, garnet megacrysts show evidence of intense fragmentation and mylonitization.
Phlogopite and carbonate locally exist in the megacryst fractures.
4.2. Garnet megacryst
5. Results
The representative major and trace element compositions of
olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and garnet, from peridotite
xenoliths and garnet megacrysts are provided in Tables 1e3. The
full data set is given in Supplementary data 2.
4.1.3. Clinopyroxene
Clinopyroxene (1e3 mm across) forms polycrystalline aggregates and separate grains of irregular shape, it is developed in interstices between orthopyroxene and olivine. In many cases
clinopyroxene partially replaces orthopyroxene, and orthopyroxene relicts are preserved (Fig. 2d and e). Distinct deformation features (kink bands or deformation lamellae) are not seen in
clinopyroxene. Thus, this mineral crystallized later than olivine and
orthopyroxene.
5.1. Garnet megacryst

Garnet (Pyr0.720.78Alm0.120.14Gros0.040.08Adr0.040.08) is comparable with Cr-poor garnet megacrysts from kimberlite by Cr2O3
(2.28e3.24 wt.%), CaO (3.18e5.60 wt.%), and TiO2 (0.53e1.18 wt.%)
Table 1
Representative garnet and clinopyroxene compositions (EMPA, SIMS, LA-ICP-MS) (in wt.% and ppm) of the sheared peridotite xenolith 106-664 and garnet megacrysts from the
V. Grib pipe.
Mineral
sample No.
Gar1
106-664
Gar1
106-664
Gar2
106-664
Gar2
106-664
Gar2
106-664
Gar
Meg-1
Gar
Meg-2
Gar
Meg-3
Gar
Meg-5
Cpx
106-664
Cpx
106-664
Zone
Core
Core
Rim
Rim
Rim
Core
Core
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Cr2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Total
41.24
0.10
17.74
6.57
6.36
0.31
19.98
6.21
0.04
0.01
98.56
41.50
0.10
17.77
6.75
5.95
0.32
19.80
6.02
0.02
0.00
98.22
41.82
0.85
20.51
3.45
8.28
0.34
19.71
4.93
0.10
0.00
100.00
41.55
0.80
20.11
3.62
8.31
0.42
19.99
4.86
0.08
0.00
99.74
41.47
0.84
20.03
3.77
8.19
0.37
19.91
4.81
0.10
0.02
99.49
41.84
0.86
20.25
2.42
8.39
0.30
19.94
5.07
0.01
0.09
99.18
42.37
0.74
20.41
3.13
7.96
0.33
19.98
5.05
0.00
0.10
100.06
Core
Core
Core
Rim
42.66
0.89
20.41
2.39
8.52
0.31
20.02
5.22
0.09
0.00
100.50
41.95
0.68
20.40
3.00
8.28
0.36
20.44
4.15
0.08
0.01
99.38
56.08
0.37
2.27
0.89
3.82
0.12
16.95
18.25
2.17
0.02
100.94
55.79
0.32
2.27
0.89
3.91
0.10
16.73
18.10
2.23
0.02
100.36
Method
SIMS
SIMS
LA-ICP-MS
LA-ICP-MS
LA-ICP-MS
LA-ICP-MS
LA-ICP-MS
LA-ICP-MS
LA-ICP-MS
SIMS
SIMS
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Ba
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Tb
Dy
Ho
Er
Tm
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
U
1.44
0.47
15.89
0.58
0.29
0.13
1.25
0.43
3.67
0.52
0.09
0.36
e
0.10
e
0.08
e
0.20
0.06
0.25
0.03
0.01
1.40
0.61
17.42
0.57
0.26
0.12
1.27
0.42
3.56
0.56
0.09
0.28
e
0.18
e
0.06
e
0.24
0.07
0.25
0.02
0.03
12.63
12.16
26.51
0.89
11.75
0.73
1.12
0.19
e
0.50
0.22
1.32
0.22
2.48
0.61
1.55
0.24
1.77
0.28
0.80
e
e
20.09
13.07
27.02
1.05
3.26
0.47
1.27
e
e
e
e
e
0.23
1.89
0.57
1.53
0.27
1.79
0.18
0.78
e
e
9.10
12.72
25.09
0.97
2.09
0.40
1.17
e
e
e
e
e
0.23
2.28
0.39
1.82
0.27
1.97
0.33
0.86
e
e
66.13
11.30
40.53
0.12
e
0.01
0.05
0.03
0.29
0.36
0.21
0.88
0.20
1.61
0.44
1.29
0.20
1.29
0.22
1.19
0.02
e
65.09
9.31
26.70
0.18
e
0.01
0.08
0.03
0.49
0.36
0.19
0.78
0.19
1.41
0.33
1.02
0.17
1.09
0.16
0.64
0.02
e
63.20
10.75
39.71
0.12
e
0.01
0.07
0.02
0.29
0.29
0.23
1.19
0.23
1.66
0.39
1.27
0.21
1.53
0.21
1.01
0.01
e
62.84
8.59
21.57
0.14
e
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.26
0.23
0.13
0.58
0.15
1.30
0.35
1.16
0.17
1.05
0.15
0.49
0.02
e
78.79
1.99
6.80
0.31
0.39
0.85
3.19
0.53
2.78
0.87
0.27
0.71
e
0.56
e
0.21
e
0.12
0.03
0.49
0.04
e
83.69
2.15
6.65
0.31
0.33
0.99
3.57
0.58
3.41
0.90
0.33
0.85
e
0.51
e
0.19
e
0.15
0.03
0.49
0.05
0.01
Mineral sample No. Ol 106-664 Ol 106-664 Ol 106-664 Ol 106-664 Ol 106-664 Ol 106-664 Ol 106-664 Ol 106-664 Ol 106-664 Ol 106-664 Ol 106-664 Ol 106-664 Ol 106-664 Ol 106-664 Ol 106-664
Type
SiO2
FeO
MgO
Mg#
Ti
Al
Mn
Ca
Ni
Co
Cr
Li
B
Na
V
Cu
Zn
Sr
Zr
Nb
Ba
Ti/Na
Ti/Nb
Zr/Nb
Ni/Zn
pc
pc
nb
nb
nb
nb
nb
nb
nb
nb
nb
nb
nb
nb
10
11
12
13
14
15
40.91
7.73
50.54
0.92
78
37
743
157
2931
149
171
1.69
1.6
180
6.3
7.7
52
0.11
0.18
0.11
0.5
0.4
709
1.6
56
40.49
9.15
49.27
0.91
126
48
898
222
2562
149
99
1.86
1.2
130
8.9
5.4
48
0.2
0.15
0.05
0.23
1.0
2518
3.0
53
41.03
10.32
48.90
0.89
240
48
953
236
1980
149
51
1.49
2.1
120
8.8
4.8
63
e
0.07
0.06
e
2.0
3997
1.2
31
41.05
10.23
49.23
0.90
234
58
906
264
2067
126
86
1.63
5.7
130
9.3
5.2
67
0.42
0.11
0.07
e
1.8
3340
1.6
31
40.62
10.34
48.91
0.89
252
58
922
222
2004
142
62
2.21
1.9
230
9.3
4.6
62
e
0.13
0.07
0.44
1.1
3597
1.9
32
40.73
10.33
48.83
0.89
258
42
898
214
2051
149
68
1.96
2.2
140
9.7
11
69
0.28
0.11
0.09
e
1.8
2864
1.2
30
40.91
10.36
48.70
0.89
276
48
906
200
2067
142
65
1.89
1.5
140
10.3
5.4
74
e
0.1
0.08
0.22
2.0
3447
1.3
28
40.64
10.18
48.02
0.89
354
450
891
200
2145
149
75
2.04
3
170
11.3
5.5
75
0.08
0.07
0.12
0.35
2.1
2948
0.6
29
40.66
10.35
48.60
0.89
264
48
929
200
2098
134
62
2.11
1.7
190
11.1
5.1
57
e
0.1
0.1
0.08
1.4
2638
1.0
37
40.45
10.30
48.98
0.89
258
37
953
207
2114
157
58
1.99
1.1
150
10.7
5.3
68
e
0.12
0.08
e
1.7
3222
1.5
31
40.61
10.36
49.03
0.89
246
48
929
200
2059
134
51
2.18
1.2
150
10.3
5.5
68
e
0.1
0.09
0.2
1.6
2731
1.1
30
41.23
10.44
49.09
0.89
252
42
953
250
2114
149
48
2.16
1.8
150
10.1
5.3
69
e
0.09
0.07
e
1.7
3597
1.3
31
41.04
10.40
49.26
0.89
264
42
914
257
2043
134
62
2.01
2.1
150
10.6
5
57
e
0.08
0.08
e
1.8
3297
1.0
36
40.81
10.46
49.32
0.89
252
48
922
207
2059
142
38
2.23
2
170
10.8
5.2
58
e
0.14
0.09
e
1.5
2798
1.6
35
40.78
10.39
49.36
0.89
252
58
898
200
2067
157
58
2.01
2.2
170
10.1
5.4
67
e
0.06
0.09
0.09
1.5
2798
0.7
31
Mg# [Mg/(Mg Fe2)] in atomic units.

Oxide e wt.%; elements e ppm; e below detection limit.
nb e neoblast, pc e porphyroclast.
nb
Table 2
Representative olivine compositions (EMPS, LA-ICP-MS) of the sheared peridotite xenolith 106-664.
Table 3
Representative orthopyroxene compositions (EMPA) (in wt.%) of the sheared peridotite xenolith 106-664.
Mineral
sample No.
Opx
106-664
Opx
106-664
Opx
106-664
Opx 106-664
Opx
106-664
Opx
106-664
Opx
106-664
Opx
106-664
Opx
106-664
Opx
106-664
Type
pc
pc
pc
pc
pc
nb
nb
nb
nb
nb
143
148
151
153
158
23
31
37
57
73
57.62
0.02
0.42
0.17
4.46
0.09
35.62
0.56
0.08
0.00
99.16
0.93
57.81
0.03
0.48
0.21
4.45
0.15
35.81
0.58
0.12
0.01
99.75
0.93
57.54
0.02
0.42
0.22
4.56
0.10
35.94
0.55
0.08
0.00
99.54
0.93
58.38
0.00
0.40
0.16
4.44
0.06
36.19
0.58
0.09
0.00
100.37
0.94
57.66
0.02
0.37
0.15
4.34
0.11
35.70
0.55
0.06
0.00
99.04
0.94
57.29
0.13
0.53
0.12
6.39
0.14
34.07
0.64
0.19
0.00
99.58
0.90
57.45
0.15
0.57
0.18
6.31
0.14
34.07
0.59
0.17
0.01
99.70
0.91
57.35
0.15
0.55
0.21
6.48
0.15
34.31
0.64
0.19
0.00
100.09
0.90
57.25
0.16
0.58
0.14
6.05
0.12
34.37
0.62
0.16
0.00
99.58
0.91
57.28
0.14
0.59
0.20
6.54
0.12
34.15
0.65
0.21
0.00
99.98
0.90
SiO2
TiO2
Al2O3
Cr2O3
FeO
MnO
MgO
CaO
Na2O
K2O
Total
XMg
nb e neoblast, pc e porphyroclast.
contents (Table 1) and corresponds to the type G1 megacryst by the

Grtter et al. (2004) classication scheme (Fig. 3). The Mg# value is
0.81e0.83.
Garnets from the Cr-poor megacryst suite have an HREEenriched plateau at 6e10 times chondrite values, with LREE and
MREE rising smoothly to the plateau from 0.02 to 0.1 times chondrite values for La (Fig. 4a). Megacrysts have strong enrichment in
HFSE relative to REE contents (Fig. 4b). These are typical proles
and concentrations for many Cr-poor garnet megacrysts from
kimberlites.
5.2. Mineral chemistry of the sheared peridotite
grain boundaries (Fig. 5). However, consistently symmetrical Mg#

distribution has not been found, and this value gradually increases
along the demonstrated prole.
Neoblasts are less magnesian with average Mg# 89.6 0.7 and
high Ti contents of 244 56 ppm. As compared to porphyroclasts,
the neoblasts are richer in Mn, Zn, V and poorer in Ni and Cr
(Table 2).
5.2.2. Garnet
Inner zones of the garnet grains (Gar1) are composed of pyrope
(Pyr0.690.75Alm0.090.15Gros0.100.15Adr00.05) with high Cr2O3
(5.96e6.98 wt.%) and CaO (5.61e6.03 wt.%) at Mg# 0.82e0.86 and
low TiO2 (0.05e0.32 wt.%) contents (Table 1). In the CaOeCr2O3
5.2.1. Olivine
Chemical composition of olivine porphyroclasts and neoblasts
studied in detail by EMPA is presented in Sazonova et al. (2015).
Porphyroclasts have Mg# from 92.8 to 90.7, this value normally
varies within a narrow interval for individual porphyroclasts (91.9
to 90.7 was the maximum range determined). The Ti content in
large porphyroclasts (7e10 mm in size) widely varies from a few
tens of ppm to 250 ppm, averaging 135 58 ppm. The distribution
of Ti contents along the sections crossing the grains is distinctly Ushaped in all porphyroclasts studied with Ti enrichment to the
Figure 3. Garnet chemical classication after Grtter et al. (2004). G1 e low-Cr

megacrysts (grey eld, G1 differs from G4, G5, G9, and G12 by higher TiO2 concentrations); G3 e eclogitic garnets; G4, G5 e pyroxenitic garnets (G5 garnets are
distinguished from G9 garnets by Mg-number <0.7); G9 e lherzolitic garnets; G10 e
harzburgitic garnets; G12 e wehrlitic garnets; G0 e unclassied category. Blue eld
indicates the V. Grib garnet megacryst composition.
Figure 4. C1-normalized REE and PM-normalized (McDonough and Sun, 1995) trace
element patterns for garnets.
Figure 5. Zoned prole of large olivine porphyroclast. Source data are given in Table 1
of Supplementary data 2 (points 39e46).
diagram (Fig. 3), Gar1 corresponds to the G9 type from garnet

lherzolite (Grtter et al., 2004).
The REE distribution patterns of Gar1 (Fig. 4a) show distinct sinusoidal shape at (Sm/Dy)n > 1 and (Dy/Yb)n < 1, which is comparable with those of the G10 harzburgitic garnet (Grtter et al.,
2004). In the spidergrams, Gar1 displays the positive Nb and Ta
anomalies relative to La and strong negative Sr anomaly (Fig. 4b).
Trace-element characteristics of Gar1 sharply differ from those of
megacrystic garnet (Fig. 4) and probably represent composition of
garnet from relict mineral assemblage of the xenolith.
Rims, Gar2 (Pyr0.700.76Alm0.130.16Gros0.060.1Adr0.010.05), have
lower concentrations of Cr2O3 (2.33e3.89 wt.%) and CaO
(4.43e5.09 wt.%) at high TiO2 (0.69e0.85 wt.%) and low
Mg# 0.80e0.82 (Fig. 6). In the CaOeCr2O3 diagram, the data
points of Gar2 plot within the eld of megacrystic garnet (Fig. 3)
and fall into the G1 eld of garnet megacrysts in kimberlites
(Grtter et al., 2004). Gar2 differs from pyroxenitic garnets G5
(Fig. 3) by higher Mg#, TiO2 contents, and calcium-intercept (CA
INT) value (Grtter et al., 2004).
The REE distribution patterns of Gar2 (Fig. 4a) are similar to
megacrystic garnet from the V. Grib pipe in HREE contents, but
have higher LREE abundance as compared to megacrysts. The spidergrams are characterized by positive Ti, Zr, and Hf anomalies
(Fig. 4b), which also make them similar with megacrysts.
Garnets with high LREE and TiO2 contents are known among
megacrysts from the Jericho kimberlite pipe (Kopylova et al., 2009)
Figure 6. Back-scattered electron image of zoned garnet and its zoning prole.
and in rims of garnet from sheared peridotite fragments in kimberlites of the Udachnaya pipe (Sample 00-92; Soloveva et al.,
2008). Some garnets from coarse peridotite xenoliths in kimberlites of the V. Grib pipe (Shchukina et al., 2015) at high LREE concentrations have low TiO2 contents (0.04e0.05 wt.%).
5.2.3. Clinopyroxenes
Clinopyroxenes from the sheared peridotite xenolith (Table 1) are
richer in FeO and TiO2 and poorer in Cr2O3 and Al2O3 than clinopyroxenes from the coarse peridotite xenoliths presented by
Shchukina et al. (2015) (Fig. 7). By contents of these elements and
Mg# values (Fig. 7) clinopyroxenes from the sheared peridotite
studied are closer to clinopyroxenes from the sheared peridotite
xenoliths of the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe (Soloveva et al., 2008;
Ionov et al., 2010) and partly overlap with eld of high-Cr megacrysts from the Jericho kimberlite pipe (Kopylova et al., 2009).
Clinopyroxene in the sheared peridotite is characterized by
moderately fractionated REE pattern, with a hump in the Nd-Sm
region: (La/Sm)n 0.64e0.71, (Gd/Yb)n 4.66e5.09, and (La/
Yb)n 4.72e5.29 (Fig. 8). Spidergrams demonstrate low concentrations of Ba, U, Nb, and Ta (0.1e1 PM), moderate negative Zr
anomaly relative to MREE and Hf, as well as the absence of the
negative Ti anomaly relative to Gd (Fig. 8).
Such weakly fractionated REE patterns and the absence of
negative Ti anomaly are not typical of the clinopyroxenes from the
coarse peridotite xenoliths (Shchukina et al., 2015) and clinopyroxene megacrysts from the V. Grib pipe (Kostrovitsky et al., 2004).
could not be in equilibrium with harzburgitic mineral assemblage,

namely, with central parts of olivine and orthopyroxene porphyroclasts and Gar1. This is also conrmed by the fact that some
Opx and Cpx compositions do not meet the mentioned above
equilibrium criterion (Nimis and Grtter, 2010). Nevertheless, our
calculations with these Opx compositions give T-P estimates for
the harzburgitic assemblage similar to those for the lherzolitic
assemblage. Calculations by olivine thermometers (De Hoog et al.,
2010) show higher T of about 1250 C, which however coincide
within the uncertainty interval of 30 C with estimates by other
thermometers (Table 4).
The data obtained demonstrate (Fig. 10) that the sheared
peridotite fragment could be derived from the deep portions of
the lithospheric mantle (around 180e200 km) and was equilibrated at temperature slightly higher than a geotherm of 40 mW/
m2 (Pollack and Chapman, 1977), exceeding both a geotherm of
36 mW/m2 calculated for the Fennoscandian shield (Kukkonen
and Peltonen, 1999) and the average geotherm of the ADP
(Afanasiev et al., 2013).
Analysis of the REE distribution between clinopyroxene and
outer zones of garnet grains (Gar2) (Section 6.3) gives evidence of
possible contemporaneous crystallization of these minerals from
melts also responsible for the origin of megacrystic mineral
assemblage. Temperatures of CpxeGar2 equilibrium were calculated for P 6 and 4 GPa, which correspond to a P interval obtained for crystallization of megacrysts in kimberlites of the V.
Grib pipe (Kostrovitsky et al., 2004; Golubkova et al., 2013). The
temperatures are about 1250 C at P 6 GPa and 1200 C at
P 4 GPa.
Figure 7. Variation of Mg#, Cr2O3, and TiO2 for clinopyroxene. Fields are shown by
(Soloveva et al., 2008; Ionov et al., 2010) for Udachnaya sheared peridotite xenoliths,
by Shchukina et al. (2015) for the V. Grib pipe coarse peridotite xenoliths G1 and G2
(see in Shchukina et al. (2015)) and by Kopylova et al. (2009) for data from Jericho
kimberlite pipe.
The fractionated REE patterns of the clinopyroxenes are comparable with clinopyroxenes of the sheared peridotite xenolith from the
Udachnaya pipe with coarse-porphyroclastic texture (Fig. 8) (Sample
00-92, Soloveva et al. (2008)) and with clinopyroxenes from the
sheared peridotite xenoliths from kimberlites of the Kaapvaal craton
(samples JAG90-19 and JJG1773; Gregoire et al., 2003).
5.2.4. Orthopyroxenes
Orthopyroxenes can be subdivided into two chemical groups.
The rst group comprises magnesian (Mg# 0.93e0.94) cores in
large orthopyroxene grains (porphyroclasts) with very low TiO2 (up
to 0.08 wt.%) and Al2O3 (0.36e0.48 wt.%) contents (Fig. 9). The
second group includes outer zones of large grains and neoblasts
with lower Mg# value (0.90e0.92), higher TiO2 (0.07e0.22 wt.%),
and Al2O3 (0.41e0.88 wt.%) (Table 3). This indicates that the
compositional evolution of Opx during its recrystallization is
similar to that of olivine. The Ti concentrations in orthopyroxene
neoblasts (Fig. 9) are close to those of the sheared peridotites from
the Udachnaya pipe (Ionov et al., 2010).
5.3. P-T estimates
For the lherzolitic mineral assemblage of Ol-Opx-Gar1-Cpx,
and mineral compositions meeting the equilibrium criterion suggested by Nimis and Grtter (2010), we obtained the following
equilibration conditions for the studied rock fragment: 1220 C
and 7 GPa (Table 4). Petrographic data indicate that Cpx could
crystallize later than Opx and Ol, and we should suggest that it
6. Discussion
Detailed studies performed for xenoliths of deformed garnet
peridotites within kimberlites demonstrate a complex history of
their transformation and several stages of mantle metasomatism
(Harte, 1983; Dawson, 1984; Grifn et al., 1999; OReilly and Grifn,
2013). Indicators of similar mantle metasomatism can be also found
in xenoliths of garnet peridotites without deformation structures
(Gregoire et al., 2003; Soloveva et al., 2008) and others.
It was demonstrated for xenoliths of garnet peridotites within
kimberlites of the V. Grib pipe by Shchukina et al. (2015): (1) the
initial carbonatitic metasomatism, probably pre-kimberlitic, (2)
silicate metasomatism under effect of picritic melts, and (3) the
nal high-T process under effect of basaltic melts with probable
relation to the formation of megacrystic assemblage.
The following section focuses on evidence for mantle metasomatism in the study area using the REE and HFSE compositions of
garnet and clinopyroxene from mantle-derived sheared peridotite
xenolith. These data are used to estimate the possible composition
of the metasomatic agents that interacted with the lithospheric
mantle beneath the V. Grib kimberlite pipe.
6.1. Relict mineral assemblage of garnet harzburgite
Petrographic study of the deformed peridotite sample shows
that the central zones of large olivine and orthopyroxene porphyroclasts can represent the early relict mineral assemblage,
which crystallized before deformation. The central parts of the
garnet grains (Gar1) can also be considered as relict minerals. There
is no direct petrographic evidence of garnet deformation. Blocky
structure of the garnet grains can only be an indirect proof. Clinopyroxene probably crystallized after deformation of peridotite,
because this mineral replaces orthopyroxene neoblasts (Fig. 2d
and e).
10
Figure 8. C1-normalized REE and PM-normalized (McDonough and Sun, 1995) trace element patterns for clinopyroxene from the deformed peridotite xenolith. Field of clinopyroxene megacrysts is shown by Kostrovitsky et al. (2004), elds of clinopyroxene from coarse garnet peridotite xenoliths G1 and G2 from the V. Grib pipe by Shchukina et al.
(2015), compositions of clinopyroxene from sheared peridotite xenoliths from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe by (Soloveva et al., 2008), composition of clinopyroxene from
sheared peridotite, Kaapvaal craton by Gregoire et al. (2003).
High-Mg, high-Ni, and low-Ti compositions of the central parts

of the olivine (Fig. 5) and orthopyroxene porphyroclasts (Fig. 9)
probably indicate their relict depleted nature, while the marginal
zones of these grains were affected by high-Fe-Ti metasomatism. Ti
concentration proles are similar to the diffusion proles obtained
in experiments modeling interaction of olivine with high-Ti melt
(Spandler and ONeill, 2010).
The central zones of garnet grains (Gar1) have sinusoidal patterns of REE distribution. The origin of such garnet is controversial
(see review by Ivanic, 2007 and OReilly and Grifn, 2013). Sinusoidal shape of REE distribution in garnet can be caused by an early
stage of metasomatic enrichment of a depleted mantle rock, which
is not accompanied by the formation of new mineral assemblages.
Carbonate-rich melts/uids could act as metasomatic agents
(Grifn et al., 1992, 1999). A similar origin is suggested for some
coarse peridotite fragments in kimberlites of the V. Grib pipe
(Shchukina et al., 2015). This rock also includes garnet with similar
REE patterns. Alternative models for the sinusoidal spectra were
proposed and used by Burgess and Harte (2004) and Soloveva et al.
(2008)epercolative inltration of the metasomatic uid generated
by fractionation of garnet and clinopyroxene megacrystic assemblage, as well as by assimilation of lithospheric material (Ziberna
et al., 2013).
Gar1 from the sheared peridotite has low Ti and Zr contents and
falls into the eld of garnet from depleted mantle rocks (Fig. 11).
This is consistent with distinct sinusoidal REE proles for these
garnets and their primary harzburgitic nature and also indicates
the absence of high-T melt-related metasomatism (Grifn et al.,
1999).
Our data demonstrate that the sinusoidal REE pattern of garnet
was formed during metasomatic alteration prior to crystallization
of garnet grain margins (Gar2) and clinopyroxene.
Figure 9. Variation of Mg#, TiO2 and Al2O3 for orthopyroxene (red and blue lled
diamonds) from the V. Grib pipe sheared peridotite. Data for sheared peridotites are
taken from the Udachnaya pipe by Ionov et al. (2010).
11
Table 4
P-T estimates for the sheared peridotite xenolith 106-664.
Sample
Gr-106-664
Mineral association
ol, opx,
gar1, cpx
ol, opx,
gar1
cpx,
gar2
Type of mineral association
Lherzolite
Relict
harzburgite
New
T, R
T
P
T
P
T
T
T
P
P
T
T
T
P
T
T
T
P
( C)
(kbar)
( C)
(kbar)
( C)
( C)
( C)
(kbar)
(kbar)
( C)
( C)
( C)
(kbar) for
T estimate
( C)
( C)
( C)
(kbar) for
T estimate
Thermometer/
barometer
T98
NG85
CL90
MG74
DH10
DH10
DH10
NG85
BKN90
K88
EG79
P85
Mineral
Opx-Cpx
Gar-Opx
Ca-Opx
Gar-Opx
AlCr-Ol
Cr-Ol
Ca-Ol
Gar-Opx
Al-Opx
Cpx-Gar
Cpx-Gar
Cpx-Gar
K88
EG79
P85
Cpx-Gar
Cpx-Gar
Cpx-Gar
1221
69
1214
63
1244
1230
1268
67
71
1236
1269
1258
60
1173
1208
1200
40
Temperature estimates: T90 e Taylor, 1998, BK90 e Brey and Kohler, 1990, DH10 e
De Hoog et al., 2010, K88 e Krogh, 1988, EG79 e Ellis and Green, 1979, P85 e Powell,
1985. Pressure estimates: MG74 e MacGregor, 1974, NG85 e Nickel and Green,
1985, BKN90 e Brey and Kohler, 1990.
6.2. Compositions of neoblasts and estimation of composition of

metasomatic agent
Mosaic structures in the deformed peridotites may indicate that
the rocks suffered uid-assisted static recrystallization after
deformation (Baptiste et al., 2012). Metasomatic reaction with
uid/melt led to strong compositional changes of small fragments
of olivine and orthopyroxene grains and their transformation into
neoblasts. The large porphyroclasts were altered only partially and
became out of equilibrium with later mineral assemblages.
Compositional differences between neoblasts and porphyroclasts of olivine (Sazonova et al., 2015) and orthopyroxene (Fig. 9)
indicate that the neoblasts experienced Fe-Ti enrichment. This
enrichment in olivine was accompanied by increase in B and Li
contents (Table 2). Marginal zones of porphyroclasts are also
enriched in Ti (Fig. 5). These features may register strong effects of
Fe-Ti metasomatizing uid/melt. However, high Fe and Ti contents
may be attributed to basaltic (silicate), kimberlitic (silicate-carbonate), or carbonatitic melts (Cordier et al., 2015).
Partition coefcients between major mantle minerals and melts
of various compositions (silicate or carbonate) may strongly differ.
This fact can be used for identication of equilibrium melt
composition. Sweeney et al. (1995) demonstrated that partial silicate melts from mantle peridotites previously metasomatized by
carbonate melts should have lower Ti/Na, Ti/Nb, Ti/Y, and Ti/Sr
ratios than melts derived from peridotites metasomatized by silicate melts. These specic trace-element features of these melts can
determine compositional variations of equilibrium olivines.
To determine whether the metasomatizing agent was essentially carbonate- or silicate-rich, we analyzed the distribution of
trace elements in olivine neoblasts and porphyroclasts. Neoblasts
have Ti/Na 1.4e2.1 and Ti/Nb 2600e4000, while porphyroclasts show Ti/Na 0.4e1.0 and Ti/Nb 700e2500 (Table 2). The
higher values of these ratios in neoblasts could be related to
transformation of olivine under effect of silicate-rich melts.
Figure 10. Equilibrium PeT parameters of mineral phases from sheared peridotite
xenolith: red circle e data for the lherzolite mineral association, blue circle e data for
relict harzburgite mineral association (see Table 4). Dry peridotite solidus (curve 1) and
peridotite solidus with 200 ppm H2O (curve 2) are shown after (Hirschmann, 2000;
Aubaud et al., 2004). Solidus curves for carbonated peridotites (natural
peridotite 2.5% CO2 e curve 3) are shown after Ghosh et al. (2009). Solidus of
carbonated peridotite with ppm CO2 (curve 4) is shown after Dasgupta et al. (2009).
Shown also is hydrous peridotite solidus (curve 5) after Farmer et al. (2002). Curve 6
(G/D) is the graphite-diamond equilibrium, curve 7 (APG) e Arkhangelsk province
geotherm (Afanasiev et al., 2013). Field 8 also shows the position of points of estimated
PeT parameters for minerals from heavy mineral separates (Afanasiev et al., 2013).
Unlike silicate liquids, essentially carbonate melts and carbonatites should be enriched in Nb relative to Zr. This follows both
from DZr < DNb between carbonate and silicate liquids, and from
data on natural carbonatites related to the alkaline ultrabasic
magmatism (Veksler et al., 1998; Martin et al., 2013) and others.
Partition coefcients of Ni between olivine and carbonate-rich melt
can be signicantly (3e5 times) higher than for the olivine/silicate
melt equilibrium (Sweeney et al., 1995; Cordier et al., 2015). This
leads to lower Ni/Zn ratios of olivine in equilibrium with silicate
melt.
Jacob et al. (2009) determined trace-element composition of
olivine from an eclogitic xenolith (Sample XM1-727) that underwent carbonate metasomatism. Zr and Nb concentrations in olivine
were 0.249 and 0.607 ppm, respectively and Zr/Nb ratio was 0.41.
Olivines of dunitic xenoliths from the South African kimberlites,
which were considered to be cumulates of basic melts (Rehfeldt
et al., 2007), have Zr/Nb ratios of 1.7 to 9.6 and Ni/Zn ratios of 14
to 30.
Indicative ratio of Zr/Nb and Ni/Zn are 1.6e3 and 53e56 in
porphyroclasts and 0.7e1.9 and 28e36 in neoblasts, respectively in
the deformed peridotite studied. Hence, variations of Zr/Nb and Ni/
Zn ratios in olivine could reect the elevated fraction of carbonate
component in a metasomatizing melt/uid.
Fig. 12 illustrates the compositions of olivine in equilibrium with
a mixture of 1% partial melt from lherzolite with a high content of
garnet and clinopyroxene (Girnis et al., 2013) compositionally
similar to the primitive mantle (PM) composition (McDonough and
12
Sun, 1995) and magnesiocarbonatites exemplied by (1) composition of inclusion in lherzolitic clinopyroxene formed at a depth of
200 km (van Achterbergh et al., 2002) and (2) the average
composition of carbonate-rich rock varieties from the Mela
kimberlite sills in the Arkhangelsk Diamond Province (Pervov et al.,
2005). It is seen that data points of neoblasts correspond to 10e30%
of carbonate component, thus indicating that equilibrium liquid
was mainly silicate or more specically, carbonate-silicate in
composition.
6.3. Nature of marginal zones of garnet grains (Gar2) and
clinopyroxene
The elevated Ti and Zr contents in Gar2, similar to those of
kimberlite megacrysts (TiO2 > 0.7 wt.%), could reect the impact of
high-temperature melt-related metasomatism (Grifn et al., 1999)
most likely of essentially carbonate nature (Sokol et al., 2013).
Garnets with high LREE, Ti, and Zr contents were also found in a
xenolith of deformed peridotite in kimberlite of the Udachnaya
pipe (Sample 00-92) Soloveva et al. (2008). This sample also contains clinopyroxene with compositions similar to those of our
deformed peridotite sample (Fig. 8ced). Soloveva et al. (2008)
suggested that deformed peridotites originated by penetration of
the asthenospheric material through the matrix accompanied by
fractional crystallization. The LREE enrichment of marginal garnet
zones can be accounted for by magmatic fractionation by a model of
chromatographic separation.
Using a model by Burgess and Harte (2004), we can recalculate
Gar2 and Cpx compositions to equilibrium melt compositions and
estimate the nature of the metasomatic agent. Fig. 13 shows REE
Figure 11. Variation of Ti, Zr, and Y for garnet from sheared peridotite xenolith. Fields
of garnets are shown after Grifn et al. (1999). Grey eld shows composition of garnet
megacrysts from the V. Grib pipe.
spectra for hypothetical asthenospheric silicate melts, which could

be in equilibrium with Gar2 and clinopyroxene.
Calculations with partition coefcients from Burgess and Harte
(2004) revealed that Gar2 and clinopyroxene could be in equilibrium with silicate melts with different REE enrichment levels.
The melts equilibrated with Cpx should be poorer in REE as
compared to those in equilibrium with Gar2. In this case, in
compliance with the Burgess and Harte (2004) model, clinopyroxenes were transformed prior to alteration of the marginal zones
of garnet grains (Gar2) by addition of more fractionated melts
enriched in LREE. Thus, two stages of metasomatic processes
should be implied when the later process related to LREE-rich
melts did not affect clinopyroxene. It looks doubtful, given the
fact that LREE preferentially enter clinopyroxene in equilibrium
with silicate melts (see mineral/melt partition coefcients in
Burgess and Harte (2004)).
To estimate trace-equilibrium of Gar2 and clinopyroxene we
compared experimentally derived garnet-clinopyroxene traceelement partition coefcients Dgar/melt/Dcpx/melt with XiGar/XiCpx
ratios (Fig. 14), where Xi is the concentration of ith element in
mineral. The calculation results are compiled in Table 5.
The XiGar/XiCpx values widely vary depending on the crystallization conditions (temperature) and composition of equilibrium
melt. Experimental works on melting of the peridotite-carbonate
(Dasgupta et al., 2009; Girnis et al., 2013; Kuzyura et al., 2014)
and eclogite-carbonate (Kuzyura et al., 2010) systems, and
carbonate-bearing sediments (Grassi and Schmidt, 2011) revealed
that LREE afnity to garnet is higher than to clinopyroxene in the
presence of a carbonate matter, in spite of the simultaneous
Figure 12. Zr/Nb-Ni/Zn diagram for olivine neoblasts (red circles) and porphyroclast
(blue squares) from the sheared peridotite xenolith. Curves show the compositions
of olivines that are in equilibrium with melts derived by mixing of 1% partial melts
from lherzolite and (1) magnesiocarbonatite (van Achterbergh et al., 2002), (2)
carbonate-rich rock from the Mela kimberlite sill, Arkhangelsk Diamond Province
(Pervov et al., 2005). Numerals to the right of the curve designate the fraction of
carbonate component in the mixture. Phase composition of lherzolite are shown
after (Girnis et al., 2013), concentrations of elements in lherzolite as in PM
(McDonough and Sun, 1995), equilibrium melting partition coefcients after
(Girnis et al., 2013) and for Zn e by Davis et al. (2013), composition of magnesiocarbonatite as that of inclusion in clinopyroxene from garnet lherzolite after (van
Achterbergh et al., 2002), in carbonate-rich rock from the Mela kimberlite sill after (Pervov et al., 2005). Olivine-melt partition coefcients are taken from Girnis
et al. (2013) for silicate liquid and from Sweeney et al. (1995), Dasgupta et al.
(2009) from carbonate liquid; calculations are based on the weighted partition
coefcients.
crystallization of clinopyroxene (Table 5). With a temperature

decrease (Burgess and Harte, 2004) and increase of silicate
component in coexisting melts (Johnson, 1998), LREE are redistributed into clinopyroxene.
In the case of equilibrium carbonate melt, XiGar/XiCpx ratios for
high-eld strength elements (Th, U, Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, and Ti) and LREE
increase up to values above 1 (Fig. 13a). In turn, the XiGar/XiCpx ratios for Th, U, Nb, La-Eu in minerals that are in equilibrium with
essentially silicate basaltic melts (Johnson, 1998), as well as XiGar/
XiCpx ratios in natural garnet pyroxenites and peridotites are below
1 (Fig. 14a) (see review in Ziberna et al., 2013).
The REE XiGar/XiCpx ratios for Gar2 and clinopyroxene are
located between the lines of Dgar/melt/Dcpx/melt values for silicate
and carbonate experimental systems at approximately equal
temperatures (Fig. 14b). Our data overlap with data for the
sheared peridotite sample in kimberlite of the Udachnaya pipe
(Sample 00-92, Soloveva et al. (2008)). Interpolation of Dgar/
melt/Dcpx/melt values between the lines for carbonate (Dasgupta
et al., 2009) and silicate (Johnson, 1998) experimental systems
shows that XiGar/XiCpx ratios for Ce fall on the lines corresponding
to the system with 80e60% carbonate component, and these ratios for La e on the lines for the system with 80e100% carbonate
component (Fig. 14b).
The XiGar/XiCpx ratios for HFSE show also an intermediate location. The carbonate-rich nature of melt/uid in equilibrium with
Gar2 and clinopyroxene is also supported by redistribution of Zr, Hf,
and Ti into garnet. This is expressed in a positive anomaly of XiGar/
XiCpx ratios for these elements relative to XiGar/XiCpx ratios for REE
in Fig. 14c. The XiGar/XiCpx ratios for Zr, Hf, and Ti indicate a possible
20e40% content of carbonate component in equilibrium melts,
which is generally consistent with estimate of carbonate proportion in melt/uid obtained by calculation of composition of the
metasomatic agent participating in rock recrystallization during
the formation of olivine neoblasts. The comparison of calculated
XiGar/XiCpx ratios with experimental garnet/clinopyroxene partition
coefcients showed that Gar1 having sinusoidal REE distribution
pattern and low Ti contents was not in equilibrium with clinopyroxene (Fig. 14). This veries the above-mentioned conclusion on
the relict nature of Gar1.
Thus, the calculation of XiGar/XiCpx ratios for Gar2 and clinopyroxenes from the sheared peridotite conrm that these mineral
most probably were in equilibrium with each other and carbonatesilicate melt. High HFSE concentrations in Gar2 and similarity in
their HREE distribution with that of megacrysts (Fig. 4) may
Figure 13. C1-normalized REE patterns (McDonough and Sun, 1995) for calculated
melts in equilibrium with Gar2 and clinopyroxene from sheared peridotite xenolith.
Mineral/melt partition coefcients ate taken from Burgess and Harte (2004) for
T 1300 C.
13
indicate a possible genetic relation of melts equilibrated with these

minerals (Gar2 and Cpx) with kimberlite magmatism.
In order to estimate the composition of the metasomatic agent,
we calculated melt compositions that could be in equilibrium with
Gar2 and clinopyroxene within the sheared peridotite xenolith. The
calculation depends on the mineral/liquid partition coefcients.
The conditions estimated above for Gar2-clinopyroxene equilibrium include the presence of carbonate melt. Thus, we used mineral/melt partition coefcients obtained by experimental melting of
carbonated peridotites under conditions of the base of cratonic
lithosphere (Dasgupta et al., 2009).
Figure 14. Distribution of trace elements between garnet and clinopyroxene (XiGar/
XiCpx) of the sheared peridotite xenolith of the V. Grib pipe compared to experimental
data (a, b) from Dasgupta et al. (2009) for carbonatite-peridotite system and from
Johnson (1998), Burgess and Harte (2004) for basaltic system. Data for sheared peridotite xenoliths from the Udachnaya kimberlite pipe are shown after (Soloveva et al.,
2008). Circles e data for the sheared peridotite xenolith 106-664: green e data for
Gar1 (inner zone) and clinopyroxene, red e data for Gar2 (margin zone) and clinopyroxene. Gray crosses show the theoretically calculated Dgar/melt/Dcpx/melt values for
silicate system (Johnson, 1998) with increasing proportion of carbonate material
(Dasgupta et al., 2009).
14
Table 5
XiGar/XiCpx of trace elements (in ppm) for garnet and clinopyroxene of the sheared peridotite xenolith 106-664 and DGar/melt/DCpx/melt for experimental systems.
Sample
106-664
106-664
106-664
106-664
106-664
106-664
106-664
106-664
106-664
106-664
Gar zone
Rim
Rim
Rim
Rim
Rim
Rim
Core
Core
Core
Core
Cpx zone
Core
Core
Core
Rim
Rim
Rim
Core
Core
Rim
Rim
T (oC)
P (Gpa)
Ti
Sr
Y
Zr
Nb
Ba
La
Ce
Pr
Nd
Sm
Eu
Gd
Dy
Er
Yb
Lu
Hf
Ta
2.17
0.15
5.66
3.99
2.89
36.09
0.74
0.31
0.33
e
0.56
0.67
1.56
4.83
8.19
11.81
10.78
1.61
e
2.16
0.24
6.08
4.07
3.39
10.01
0.47
0.36
e
e
e
e
e
3.68
8.08
11.89
7.09
1.58
e
2.11
0.11
5.92
3.77
3.13
6.41
0.40
0.33
e
e
e
e
e
4.43
9.61
13.12
13.02
1.74
e
2.37
0.16
6.12
3.90
2.86
30.35
0.86
0.35
0.36
e
0.58
0.83
1.86
4.41
7.47
15.35
9.39
1.61
e
2.35
0.26
6.57
3.97
3.35
8.42
0.55
0.40
e
e
e
e
e
3.36
7.37
15.45
6.18
1.58
e
2.31
0.12
6.40
3.69
3.10
5.39
0.47
0.37
e
e
e
e
e
4.05
8.77
17.05
11.34
1.74
e
0.29
0.02
0.28
2.62
1.85
0.79
0.13
0.36
0.72
1.04
0.62
0.28
0.33
0.35
0.30
1.58
2.57
0.51
0.46
Model melts in equilibrium with Gar2 and clinopyroxene have

strongly fractionated REE patterns (Fig. 15) and differ in level of
LREE abundances (Fig. 15). The REE patterns in melts that could be
in equilibrium with Gar2 are identical to the composition of
kimberlite rim of a pelletal lapillus from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe,
while the compositions of melts that could be in equilibrium with
clinopyroxenes correspond to 1.5% partial melt from carbonated
depleted mantle (Grassi and Schmidt, 2011). In general, the calculated melt composition have parallel REE patterns with REE concentrations of close-to-primary Group I South Africa kimberlites
(Becker and Le Roex, 2005) (Fig. 15). These similarities suggest that
such equilibrium melts could represent the early portions of protokimberlite melts, prior to fractional crystallization of megacrystic
assemblage.
The general compositional similarity of clinopyroxene in the
rock studied with clinopyroxene from the sheared peridotite xenoliths in kimberlite of the Kaapvaal craton (samples JAG90-19 and
JJG1773; Gregoire et al., 2003) also agrees with the model of
participation of metasomatic agents which were related to the
formation of Group I South Africa kimberlites.
0.32
0.02
0.31
2.56
1.84
0.66
0.15
0.40
0.79
1.28
0.65
0.36
0.40
0.32
0.27
2.06
2.23
0.51
0.54
0.23
0.02
0.22
2.39
1.88
0.89
0.13
0.35
0.75
1.08
0.58
0.27
0.42
0.20
0.41
1.36
2.20
0.51
0.65
0.25
0.02
0.23
2.34
1.87
0.74
0.15
0.39
0.82
1.32
0.60
0.34
0.51
0.19
0.37
1.77
1.91
0.51
0.77
D09
J98
BH04
1265
6.6e8.6
8.64
0.27
10.31
44.17
60.00
0.09
1.00
1.25
e
1.82
2.11
2.43
2.89
7.58
13.67
21.88
27.06
22.38
20.50
1310e1470
2e3
0.88
0.02
e
2.08
0.40
e
0.03
0.06
e
0.28
0.86
e
1.89
4.98
8.26
15.35
16.63
1.20
e
1300
1100
900
e
e
e
e
e
e
0.02
0.09
e
0.25
0.76
1.11
e
4.12
7.85
e
53.79
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
0.01
0.03
e
0.15
0.55
0.89
e
3.60
7.19
e
57.52
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
e
0.00
0.01
e
0.09
0.36
0.66
e
3.01
6.38
e
62.38
e
e
lithosphere closely (within several days) before the entrapment of

the rock fragment by kimberlitic melt (Cordier et al., 2015).
The analysis of textural and structural features of the xenolith
studied shows that having a mosaic structure it is devoid of lineation, mylonitic matrix, or uidal texture, and small grains e neoblasts are free of any intracrystalline deformation features. Such
features can indicate annealing with participation of a uid, i.e., a
stage of uid-assisted static recrystallization occurred (Baptiste
et al., 2012).
Evidence of deformations, namely, blocky and undulose extinctions, kink bends, deformation lamellae were noted in olivine
and orthopyroxene porphyroclasts and do not exist in clinopyroxene. Additionally, clinopyroxene locally replaces orthopyroxene
neoblasts and exhibits mobile grain boundaries and its irregular
amoeboid shapes (Fig. 2dee).
6.4. Sequence of textural and structural transformations and

mantle metasomatism
The origin of deformed peridotites is still disputable. Their formation only at the base of the lithosphere, where the rock can
suffer deformations due to motion of lithospheric plates (Boyd and
Nixon, 1975; Kennedy et al., 2002; OReilly and Grifn, 2010) does
not match geophysical data (Goetze, 1975; Skemer and Karato,
2008). The rocks derivation from various depths where they
could be inuenced by deformational and metasomatic processes
related to evolution and ascent of kimberlitic melts (Green and
Gueguen, 1974; Moore and Lock, 2001; Ionov et al., 2010;
Katayama et al., 2011; Baptiste et al., 2012; Agashev et al., 2013)
meets an important objection that the ascent of kimberlitic melts
could not lead to signicant deformations and result in dynamic
recrystallization (Arndt et al., 2010; Cordier et al., 2015). A combined model comprises transformation by protokimberlitic and
basaltic melts of peridotites already deformed in the deep
Figure 15. C1-normalized REE patterns (McDonough and Sun, 1995) for calculated
melts in equilibrium with Gar2 and clinopyroxene from the sheared peridotite xenolith. Mineral/melt partition coefcients are taken from Dasgupta et al. (2009). REE
patterns for the V. Grib pipe kimberlite are shown after (Kononova et al., 2007) and
pelletal lapilli kimberlite rim after (Golubeva et al., 2006), 1.5% melting of carbonatized
peridotite after (Grassi and Schmidt, 2011). Close-to-primary Group I South Africa
kimberlite composition are shown after (Becker and Le Roex, 2005).
Complete transformation of small olivine fragments to neoblasts

with decreased Mg# and Ni and increased Ti, Mn, V, and some other
elements, partial transformation of porphyroclasts with similar
trends, and relict Ti diffusion proles can indicate the peridotitic
protolith had suffered metasomatic inuence related to Fe-Ti melt/
uid.
It is interesting that all neoblasts have similar Mg proportions
equal to Fo 0.89, which coincide with maximum Mg# 0.89 in all
marginal zones of olivines in a fragment of deformed dunite in
kimberlites from the Kangamiut region, Greenland (Cordier et al.,
2015). These authors believe that orthopyroxene assimilation
continues until the percolating melt reaches the composition
equilibrated with Fo 0.89, after that the melt becomes saturated
in olivine, and crystallization of this mineral begins. This similarity
serves as an additional conrmation of metasomatic transformation of the deformed peridotite in our sample.
Relationships of deformation features in minerals and their
chemical compositions enable us to suggest the following scheme
of the peridotite evolution:
(1) Harzburgite formation by removing of high-degree melting
magmas from primary peridotite and its possible early
metasomatic transformations. Large grains of olivine, orthopyroxene, and garnet were formed at this stage. Their
remnants were partially preserved in the central parts of
olivine and orthopyroxene porphyroclasts and garnet grains
(Gar1);
(2) Plastic deformations of harzburgite occurred under conditions
of the garnet depth facies. They led to crushing and fragmentation of some large olivine and orthopyroxene grains and to
the formation of ne clastic matrix;
(3) Strong heating and recrystallization of the ne clastic matrix
under effect of carbonate-silicate Fe-Ti melt/uid, formation of
olivine and orthopyroxene neoblasts, and cryptic metasomatic
transformation of porphyroclasts. The rocks acquired a mosaicporphyroclastic texture;
(4) Crystallization of clinopyroxene and marginal zones of garnet
grains (Gar2) in equilibrium with silicate-carbonate K melt/
uid (probably the portion less contaminated by lithospheric
material (orthopyroxene) from the same source provided the
melt/uid at stage 3). Phlogopite rims around garnet can also
form at this stage. The processes at stages 3 and 4 may occur
closely before the entrapment of the rock fragment by kimberlitic melt. This is veried by Ti diffusion proles preserved in
the olivine porphyroclasts;
(5) Capture of the xenolith by kimberlite melt and lling of thin
fractures in the rock by kimberlitic material. According to
trends of chemical alteration of minerals and comparison of
calculated melt composition of stage 4 with megacrysts and
kimberlites of the V. Grib pipe (Fig. 15) the melts/uids of
stages 3 and 4 can be considered as protokimberlitic.
6.5. Carbonate metasomatism related to the Devonian

tectonothermal event on the northern East European craton
Late Paleozoic tectonothermal activity on the northeastern East
European craton was marked by not only emplacement of the V.
Grib kimberlite pipe and other ADP objects, but also by the formation of the Kola alkaline province. According to the last
geochronological summary (Arzamastsev and Wu, 2014), this
province was generated within an interval of around 30 Ma,
starting from alkaline-ultrabasic magmatism at 383 7 Ma in the
Khibiny and Lavozero calderas to the formation of carbonatitebearing complexes at 379 7 Ma (Kovdor, Afrikanda, etc.).
15
The age of the V. Grib kimberlite pipe (372 8 Ma) indicates that
the kimberlites were formed simultaneously with the early stage
magmatism of the Kola alkaline province, which produced alkaline
ultrabasic, sometimes, carbonatite bearing complexes. With
allowance for this fact, the metasomatic transformation of a
deformed peridotite xenolith under the effect of high temperature
carbonate-silicate melt, which is geochemically similar to a protokimberlite melt, may indicate that lithospheric mantle beneath the
northern East European craton was subjected to the global carbonate metasomatism, which led to the formation of large alkalineultrabasic complexes on the Kola Peninsula and kimberlites within
ADP. In this case, the formation of large alkaline provinces and
closely spaced kimberlite occurrences may be considered as a
manifestation of a single tectonothermal event.
7. Conclusions
Based on petrographic characteristics, the peridotite xenolith
reects a sheared peridotite. The sheared peridotite experienced a
complex evolution. Relationships of deformation features in minerals and their chemical compositions enable us to suggest the
same stages of the peridotite transformation with forming of three
main mineral assemblages. There are: (1) relict harzburgite
assemblage consists of olivine and orthopyroxene porphyroclasts
and cores of garnet grains (Gar1) with sinusoidal REE-normalized
patterns; (2) neoblast assemblage of olivine and orthopyroxene;
(3) the latest assemblage of clinopyroxene and marginal zones of
garnet grains (Gar2).
The trace-element composition of neoblast assemblage, marginal zones of garnet grains (Gar2), and clinopyroxene suggests
their chemical equilibrium with a high-Fe-Ti metasomatic agent
with variable proportions of carbonate and silicate components.
The estimate of the metasomatic agent composition is that of a high
temperature carbonate-silicate melt with geochemical links to a
protokimberlite melt.
Acknowledgments
The part of this research was conducted at the Laboratory of
Analytical Techniques of High Spatial Resolution, Department of
Petrology, Moscow State University. The purchase of the microprobe was nancially supported by the Program for Development
MSU. Microprobe studies of minerals were assisted by S. Borisovskii, E. Kovalchuk (IGEM RAS), and N. Korotaeva (Lomonosov
Moscow State University). We are grateful to V. Karandashev (IPTM
RAS) for help in LA-ICP-MS study of olivines; S.G. Simakin and E.V.
Potapov (Yaroslavl Branch of the Physicotechnical Institute of RAS)
are thanked for SIMS study of garnets and clinopyroxenes, and Ya.
Bychkova (IGEM RAS), for LA-ICP-MS study of these minerals. We
would further like to thank Karoly Hidas and an anonymous
reviewer for extremely thorough and helpful reviews. This study
was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research,
project Nos. 15-05-03778a and 16-05-00298a.
Appendix A. Supplementary data
Supplementary data related to this article can be found at http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gsf.2016.03.001.
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Sheared peridotite xenolith from the V. Grib kimberlite pipe,

Sheared peridotite xenoliths are common within kimberlites.

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

of the lithospheric mantle (Moore and Lock, 2001; Ionov et al.,

determined for the carbonatite-bearing ultrabasic complexes in the

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

to 1 ppm. The detailed technical description of SIMS is provided in

meeting the equilibrium criteria suggested by Nimis and Grtter

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

equant-lenticular porphyroclasts, which have clear signs of

Garnet megacrysts are rounded or ellipsoidal, up to 2e3 cm in

4.2. Garnet megacryst

5.1. Garnet megacryst

Mg# [Mg/(Mg Fe2)] in atomic units.

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

contents (Table 1) and corresponds to the type G1 megacryst by the

5.2. Mineral chemistry of the sheared peridotite

grain boundaries (Fig. 5). However, consistently symmetrical Mg#

Figure 3. Garnet chemical classication after Grtter et al. (2004). G1 e low-Cr

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

diagram (Fig. 3), Gar1 corresponds to the G9 type from garnet

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

could not be in equilibrium with harzburgitic mineral assemblage,

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

High-Mg, high-Ni, and low-Ti compositions of the central parts

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

Type of mineral association

6.2. Compositions of neoblasts and estimation of composition of

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

spectra for hypothetical asthenospheric silicate melts, which could

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

crystallization of clinopyroxene (Table 5). With a temperature

indicate a possible genetic relation of melts equilibrated with these

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

Model melts in equilibrium with Gar2 and clinopyroxene have

lithosphere closely (within several days) before the entrapment of

6.4. Sequence of textural and structural transformations and

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

Complete transformation of small olivine fragments to neoblasts

6.5. Carbonate metasomatism related to the Devonian

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

A.V. Kargin et al. / Geoscience Frontiers xxx (2016) 1e17

kimberlite pipes, Arkhangelsk diamond province, Russia: types, composition,

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