Chapter 1

1.1

Introduction to the Park Management in Protected Area

Conservation Concepts

- defines based on three ideas:

-

Resources are finite, limited, scarce, and potentially non-renewable.

The belief that wise management and control can extend and/or renewresources.
A commitment to sustain natural resources to future generations.

Purpose of conservation
-

Matter of national interest

Natural sources have been seriously degraded
Sustain the natural resources for the future generation
Conservation and planning means efficient and good business
Management of nature for scientific purpose of all of natural resources not only biotic
factors but also abiotic factors such water, soil

1.2

Definition of Importance Terms

Park
-

Natural areas, small exploitation by human because of beauty of their landscapes.

Contain diversity of flora and fauna.
Provide the scientific values for education, aesthetic, ecological processes,

recreational areas.
Conservation areas which habitat for endemic and/or endangered tropical plant and/or
species.

Protected Areas
-

Defined as geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed through legal or

other effective means, to achieve the long term conservation of nature with associated

ecosystem service and cultural values.

Protected areas are essential for biodiversity conservation either terrestrial or marine.

Wilderness
-

A tract or region uncultivated and uninhabited by human beings.

An empty or pathless area or region devoted to wild growth.

An area essentially undisturbed by human activity together with is natural developed

life community.

Nature reserves
-

Natural spaces whose creation has as its end the protection of ecosystems,
communities or biological elements because of their rarity, fragility, importance or
singularity merit aspecial valuation.

Natural monuments
-

Natural spaces or elements constituted basically by formations of notably singularity,

rarity or beauty, that merit being the object of special protection.

National parks
-

National park is a semi-natural land,declared and own by state government.

Restricted from development and set aside for human recreation and environmental
protection.

1.3

Threat to Protected Areas

-

1.4

Illegal logging due to economic valuable timber trees

Shifting to cultivation and/or agriculture
Conversion to oil palm plantation
Aims of Protected Areas

Conserve the consumption structure, function,and evolutionary potential of

biodiversity.
Contribute to regional level of conservation.
Maintain diversity of landscape, suitable habitat for species and ecosystems.
Sufficient size to ensure the integrity and long term maintenance of the specified

conservation.
Process a clear and equitable governance system.

1.5

Characteristics of National Parks

-

One or several ecosystems not materially altered by human exploitation.

The highest competent authority of the country has taken steps to prevent
exploitation.

Visitors are allowed to enter PAs for special purposes such education, culture,

tourism, inspirational and recreation.

A minimum size of 1,000 HA within zones in which protection of nature takes

precedence.
Statutory legal protection.
A budget and staff sufficient in providing sufficient effective protection.
Prohibition of exploitation of natural resources qualified as sport, fishing, the need for
management, facilities etc.

1.6

Management of Parks
-

Include representative areas of all ecosystems and should have a system of cultural

reserves.
An equitable distribution of income or otherbenefits derived from a national park
should bemade to local inhabitants who would otherwisebe adversely affected by the

parks existence.
Consideration of the adverse ecological effectson national parks from other,
development(irrigation).
Scientific values of parks

To protect natural or historic objects of significantinterest and value to society.

Compared with other potential sites for fieldresearch, parks are relatively unperturbed

byconfounding variables.
The poaching of wildlife, illegal logging of timbertrees, bleaching coral and marine

life to meet localneeds or economic revenue must be prevented.

Education to the public particularly younggeneration to appreciate the values of

protectednatural and cultural areas should be undertaken.

Surveys and inventories of parks are essentiallyimportant.
Definition of goals and objectives to beaccomplished and of those natural

conditionswhich are to be maintained must be establishedin each area.

Lack of enforcement by governmental and nongovernmentalorganization in regional
level tomonitor the parks and protected areas.

1.7

Purpose of national parks and Protected Areas need

-

National parks protect endangered specieseither flora or fauna.

To reserve sustainable natural resources forfuture generation.
Act as place for research purposes.
Act as place for recreation and help togenerate income through eco-tourism