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ON Semiconductor and the ON Semiconductor logo are trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC dba ON Semiconductor or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries. ON Semiconductor owns the rights to a number
of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and other intellectual property. A listing of ON Semiconductors product/patent coverage may be accessed at www.onsemi.com/site/pdf/Patent-Marking.pdf. ON Semiconductor reserves the right
to make changes without further notice to any products herein. ON Semiconductor makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does ON Semiconductor assume any liability
arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation special, consequential or incidental damages. Buyer is responsible for its products and applications using ON
Semiconductor products, including compliance with all laws, regulations and safety requirements or standards, regardless of any support or applications information provided by ON Semiconductor. Typical parameters which may be provided in ON
Semiconductor data sheets and/or specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including Typicals must be validated for each customer application by customers
technical experts. ON Semiconductor does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. ON Semiconductor products are not designed, intended, or authorized for use as a critical component in life support systems or any FDA
Class 3 medical devices or medical devices with a same or similar classification in a foreign jurisdiction or any devices intended for implantation in the human body. Should Buyer purchase or use ON Semiconductor products for any such unintended
or unauthorized application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold ON Semiconductor and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out
of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such claim alleges that ON Semiconductor was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. ON Semiconductor
is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. This literature is subject to all applicable copyright laws and is not for resale in any manner.
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Construction
The zero-cross family consists of a liquid phase EPI, infrared, light emitting diode which optically triggers a silicon
detector chip. A schematic representation of the triac driver
is shown in Figure 1. Both chips are housed in a small, 6-pin
dual-in-line (DIP) package which provides mechanical
integrity and protection for the semiconductor chips from
external impurities. The chips are insulated by an infrared
transmissive medium which reliably isolates the LED input
drive circuits from the environment of the ac power load.
This insulation system meets the stringent requirements for
isolation set forth by regulatory agencies such as UL and
VDE.
MT
IF
ZERO
CROSSING
DETECTOR
ZERO
CROSSING
DETECTOR
MT
DETECTOR
LED
AN-3004
APPLICATION NOTE
ON STATE
A2+
IDRM
MT
ZERO
CROSSING
DETECTOR
IH
VDRM
IF
Q1
BLOCKING
VDRM STATE
VINH
VF
VINH
A2
IH
IDRM
BLOCKING STATE
Q111
ON STATE
MT
Electrical Characteristics
A simplified schematic of the optically isolated triac driver is
shown in Figure 2. This model is sufficient to describe all
important characteristics. A forward current flow through the
LED generates infrared radiation which triggers the detector.
This LED trigger current (IFT) is the maximum guaranteed
current necessary to latch the triac driver and ranges from 5
mA for the MOC3063 to 15 mA for the MOC3061. The
LED's forward voltage drop at IF = 30 mA is 1.5 V maximum. Voltage-current characteristics of the triac are identified in Figure 3.
Once triggered, the detector stays latched in the "on state"
until the current flow through the detector drops below the
holding current (IH) which is typically 100 A. At this time,
the detector reverts to the "off" (non-conducting) state. The
detector may be triggered "on" not only by IFT but also by
exceeding the forward blocking voltage between the two
main terminals (MT1 and MT2) which is a minimum of 600
volts for all MOC3061 family members. Also, voltage ramps
(transients, noise, etc.) which are common in ac power lines
may trigger the detector accidentally if they exceed the static
dV/dt rating. Since the fast switching, zero-crossing switch
provides a minimum dV/dt of 500 V/s even at an ambient
temperature of 70C, accidental triggering of the triac driver
15V
HV
10 150 k
SIGNAL IN
100
MERCURY
WETTED
RELAY
0.001 F
DUT
470
HV
VOLTAGE APPLIED TO DUT
15V
0.63HV
0
HV
RC
Test ProcedureTurn the D.U.T. on, while applying sufficient dV/dt to ensure that it remains on, even after the trigger current is removed. Then
decrease dV/dt until the D.U.T. turns off. Measure RC, the time it takes to rise to 0.63 HV, and divide 0.63 HV by RC to get dV/dt.
Figure 4. Static dV/dt Test Circuit
APPLICATION NOTE
AN-3004
10000
600
dV/dt [V/S]
dV/dt [V/S]
TRANSIENT AMPLITUDE
=600V
100
50
75
TA, AMBIENT TEMPERATURE (C)
25
4 IGT
ZERO
CROSSING
CIRCUIT
TRIAC DRIVER
AC
INPUT
RG
IL
MT1 RL
POWER TRIAC
1000
200 300 400 500 600
TRANSIENT AMPLITUDE (V)
IFT
MT2
II
2000
500
100
IFT
5000
AC LINE
VOLTAGE
TRIAC DRIVER
CURRENT
I = IGT + II
V ACROSS
MAIN TRIAC
IL
AN-3004
APPLICATION NOTE
Figure 9 shows the trigger delay of the main triac versus the
value of the current limiting resistor R for assumed values of
IGT. Other assumptions made in plotting the equations for td
are that line voltage is 220 V RMS which leads to Vpeak =
311 volts; RG = 300 ohms; VGT = 2 volts and f = 60 Hz.
Even though the triac driver triggers close to the zero cross
point of the ac voltage, the power triac cannot be triggered
until the voltage of the ac line rises high enough to create
enough current flow to latch the power triac in the "on" state.
It is apparent that significant time delays from the zero crossing point can be observed when R is a large value along with
a high value of IGT and/or a low value of RG. It should be
remembered that low values of the gate resistor improve the
dV/dt ratings of the power triac and minimize self latching
problems that might otherwise occur at high junction temperatures.
2000
td(s)
IRG = VGT/RG
All voltage drops in the trigger circuit can now be determined as follows:
200
300 500
1000
1500
R (OHMS)
2000
With VTM, VGT and IGT taken from data sheets, it can be
seen that VT is only dependent on R and RG.
Switching Speed
d = sin V T /V peak
1 R ( V GT
R G + I GT ) + V TM + V GT
= sin ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------V peak
APPLICATION NOTE
AN-3004
IFT, NORMALIZED
TRIGGER CURRENT
25
NORMALIZED TO:
PW IN 100S
20
15
10
5
1
0
20
50
5
10
LED TRIGGER PULSE WIDTH (s)
100
PULSE
GENERATOR
10
DUT
RL
4
ZERO
CROSSING
CIRCUIT
CURVE
TRACER (AC MODE)
AC LINE
SYNC
IF
MONITOR
SCOPE
Figure 11. Test Circuit for LED Forward Trigger Current versus Pulse Width
REV. 4.00 5/7/02
AN-3004
APPLICATION NOTE
IF(ON)
IF(ON)
IF(OFF)
IF(OFF)
AC LINE
VOLTAGE
AC LINE
VOLTAGE
0
AC CURRENT
THROUGH
POWER TRAIC
AC CURRENT
COMMUTATING
dV/dt
COMMUTATING
dV/dt
d
t0
TIME
VOLTAGE
ACROSS
POWER TRIAC
t0
TIME
Resistive Load
VOLTAGE
ACROSS
POWER TRIAC
Inductive Load
V(t) = VP sin t
dV/dt = VP cost t
dV/dt(max) = VP = VP2f
dV dt
f = --------------------------2V P ( max )
L
---C
Assuming L is 50 H, then:
( dV dt ) min
50V/s
f = ---------------------------- = --------------------------- = 27 kHz
2V P
2 ( 294 V )
1
C = -------------------- = 0.69 F
2
( 2f ) L
R =
L
---- =
C
50 H
------------------- = 8.5
0.69 F
APPLICATION NOTE
AN-3004
R
RS
AC
CS
ZERO
CROSSING
CIRCUIT
LL
RL
LOAD
STEP FUNCTION
VOLTAGE ACROSS TRIAC
RG
RS
AC LINE
CS
RG
LL
RL
LOAD
CONTROL 2
ZERO
CROSSING
CIRCUIT
AN-3004
APPLICATION NOTE
A
1
ZERO
CROSSING
CIRCUIT
R
RS
CS
B
RG
ZERO
CROSSING
CIRCUIT
CS
RS
RG
ZERO
CROSSING
CIRCUIT
RL
(3 PLACES)
RL
(3 PLACES)
R
RS
CS
C
RG
LED CURRENT
A AND B SWITCH ON
C SWITCH ON
APPLICATION NOTE
AN-3004
RL
AC
RIFT
3
ZERO
CROSSING
CIRCUIT
4
RG
+12 V
TEMP. SET
100 k
4.7 k
10 k
4.7 k
1/4 MC33074A
+
1N4001
VTEMP
1N40001
4.7 m
1/4 MC33074A
R0
1 F
TEMP.
SENS.
4.7 k
100 k
VDOSC
1/4 MC33074A
100 k
C0
4.7 k
GND
BRIDGE
V = 2 mV/C
GAIN STAGE
AV = 1000
V0 = 2 mV/C
COMPARATOR
OSCILLATOR
AN-3004
APPLICATION NOTE
VTEMP.
VOSC
V0 COMP.
ILED
VAC
(ACROSS RL)
TOO COLD
FINE REG.
DISCLAIMER
FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR RESERVES THE RIGHT TO MAKE CHANGES WITHOUT FURTHER NOTICE TO ANY
PRODUCTS HEREIN TO IMPROVE RELIABILITY, FUNCTION OR DESIGN. FAIRCHILD DOES NOT ASSUME ANY
LIABILITY ARISING OUT OF THE APPLICATION OR USE OF ANY PRODUCT OR CIRCUIT DESCRIBED HEREIN; NEITHER
DOES IT CONVEY ANY LICENSE UNDER ITS PATENT RIGHTS, NOR THE RIGHTS OF OTHERS.
LIFE SUPPORT POLICY
FAIRCHILDS PRODUCTS ARE NOT AUTHORIZED FOR USE AS CRITICAL COMPONENTS IN LIFE SUPPORT DEVICES
OR SYSTEMS WITHOUT THE EXPRESS WRITTEN APPROVAL OF THE PRESIDENT OF FAIRCHILD SEMICONDUCTOR
CORPORATION. As used herein:
1. Life support devices or systems are devices or systems
which, (a) are intended for surgical implant into the body,
or (b) support or sustain life, or (c) whose failure to perform
when properly used in accordance with instructions for use
provided in the labeling, can be reasonably expected to
result in significant injury to the user.
www.fairchildsemi.com
5/7/02 0.0m 001
Stock#AN300000xx
2002 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation
ON Semiconductor and
are trademarks of Semiconductor Components Industries, LLC dba ON Semiconductor or its subsidiaries in the United States and/or other countries.
ON Semiconductor owns the rights to a number of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets, and other intellectual property. A listing of ON Semiconductors product/patent
coverage may be accessed at www.onsemi.com/site/pdf/PatentMarking.pdf. ON Semiconductor reserves the right to make changes without further notice to any products herein.
ON Semiconductor makes no warranty, representation or guarantee regarding the suitability of its products for any particular purpose, nor does ON Semiconductor assume any liability
arising out of the application or use of any product or circuit, and specifically disclaims any and all liability, including without limitation special, consequential or incidental damages.
Buyer is responsible for its products and applications using ON Semiconductor products, including compliance with all laws, regulations and safety requirements or standards,
regardless of any support or applications information provided by ON Semiconductor. Typical parameters which may be provided in ON Semiconductor data sheets and/or
specifications can and do vary in different applications and actual performance may vary over time. All operating parameters, including Typicals must be validated for each customer
application by customers technical experts. ON Semiconductor does not convey any license under its patent rights nor the rights of others. ON Semiconductor products are not
designed, intended, or authorized for use as a critical component in life support systems or any FDA Class 3 medical devices or medical devices with a same or similar classification
in a foreign jurisdiction or any devices intended for implantation in the human body. Should Buyer purchase or use ON Semiconductor products for any such unintended or unauthorized
application, Buyer shall indemnify and hold ON Semiconductor and its officers, employees, subsidiaries, affiliates, and distributors harmless against all claims, costs, damages, and
expenses, and reasonable attorney fees arising out of, directly or indirectly, any claim of personal injury or death associated with such unintended or unauthorized use, even if such
claim alleges that ON Semiconductor was negligent regarding the design or manufacture of the part. ON Semiconductor is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action Employer. This
literature is subject to all applicable copyright laws and is not for resale in any manner.
www.onsemi.com
1
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