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Soanpet et al.
Review Article
Article Received on
21 Nov 2015,
ABSTRACT
due to its high reduction potential (1.51 eV) and easy to characterize
*Correspondence for
Author
Preethika Soanpet
Department of
Pharmaceutical Analysis
and Quality Assurance
Hyderabad, Telngana,
India.
gold and its related compounds have been used for therapeutic
purposes since ancient times. The medicinal importance of gold has also been explored in
modern era involving a wide range of applications of AuNPs such as drug delivery, tumour
imaging, cell tracking, anti angiogenic therapy, plasmonic photo thermal therapy etc. This is
another important fact for the synthesis of AuNPs through green chemistry approach.
KEYWORDS: Gold Nanoparticle, Synthesis, Green Chemistry, Cancer, Anti angiogenic
and photo thermal therapy.
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INTRODUCTION
Green nanotechnology involves the application of green chemistry principles for the
fabrication of Nanoscale materials. Green chemistry strives to discover synthetic methods
that eliminate harmful reagents and enhance the efficiency of existing methods. Due to these
reasons green chemistry approach is preferred now-a-days for the synthesis of nanomaterials.
Such nanomaterials would be no/less harmful to human beings. Green-mediated synthesis of
metal nanoparticles provides progression over chemical and physical methods as it is
economical and environment friendly and in such method, there is no need to use high
pressure, energy, temperature and toxic chemicals.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology is the engineering at molecular level. It is the collective term for a range of
technologies, techniques and processes that involve the manipulation of matter at the smallest
scale (from 1 to 100 nm- 1/10,000th the thickness of a human hair). Nanotechnology is the
design, characterization and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling
their shape and size at nanoscale. It involves the production, manipulation and use of
materials ranging in size from less than a micron to that of individual atoms. Nanomaterials
can be formed not only by using different chemicals but also through various biological
approaches.
Nanoparticles when compared to the bulk materials of similar composition have relatively
small size and large surface to volume ratio, which makes a large difference in their physical
and chemical properties such as electronic, mechanical, optical, biological properties etc.[12]
For example, gold in bulk scale are chemically inert whereas gold nanoparticles are highly
active in terms of the mechanical and biomedical properties.
The nanoparticles can mainly be classified as organic and inorganic nanomaterials as shown
in Scheme 1. Among several types of nanoparticles, noble metals have a wide range of
biomedical applications e.g. drug delivery, tissue/tumor imaging, cell tracking, chemical and
biological sensors, biotechnology etc, due to their size dependent character.[13-14]
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between biological building units and nanoparticles, the nanodevice can easily interact with
the cell surface and enter into the cells and the organelles and after that it can interact with
DNA and several proteins.
Applications of Nanotechnology
The use of nanomaterials with biological agents has led to the development of diagnostic
devices, contrast agents, analytical tools, physical therapy applications, and drug delivery
vehicles.
Diagnostics
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) tagged with short segments of DNA can be used for detection of
genetic sequence.
Drug delivery
Use of gold nanoparticles for the delivery of anti cancer drugs. Nanoparticles can hold small
drug molecules transporting them to the desired location.
Tissue engineering
Artificially cell proliferation can be stimulated by using suitable nanomaterial based scaffolds
and growth factors. For example, bones can be regrown on carbonnanotube scaffolds.
Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases that occurs when there is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal
cells as represented in scheme 3 Cancer is a serious pandemic disease which may affect one
or more organs. Cancer can be either benign or malignant. Benign tumors cannot spread to
other parts of the body and they are rarely life threatening. Malignant tumors can invade other
organs and is life threatening. This mechanism of invading other tissues is called
metastasis.
Cancer types can be grouped into broader categories. The main categories of cancer include
Carcinoma - cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.
There are a number of subtypes of carcinoma, including adenocarcinoma, basal cell
carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and transitional cell carcinoma.
Sarcoma - cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other
connective or supportive tissue.
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Leukemia - cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and
causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood.
Lymphoma and myeloma - cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system.
Central nervous system cancers - cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and
spinal cord.
Scheme 3: Representing the difference between normal and cancer cell division.
Gold as drug delivering vehicle
The primary reason for selecting gold nanoparticle.
Biocompatibility nature
No toxic effects.
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the bacterium Actinobacter spp in the presence of Bovine serum albumin(BSA).they reported
that presence of BSA helps to enhance the rate of gold nanoparticles biosynthesis and may
also impart some shape control. This study demonstrates that protease enzyme secreted by the
bacterium acts as a reducing as well as shape directing agent.
S. Prathap Chandran et al (2006) studied thesynthesis of biogenic gold nanotriangles and
spherical silver nanoparticles by a simple procedure using Aloe Vera leaf extract as the
reducing agent. The kinetics of gold nanotrianglesare characterized by U.V visible
spectroscopy, TEM, XRD.
Xie et al ()studied the single-crystalline gold nanoplates were produced by treating an
aqueous solution of chloroauric acid with the extract of the unicellular green alga Chlorella
vulgaris at room temperature. The results suggest proteins as the primary biomolecules
involved in providing the dual function of AuIII reduction and the size- and shape-controlled
synthesis of the nanogold crystals. A protein with a molecular weight of approximately 28
kDa was isolated and purified by reversed-phase HPLC; this protein tested positive for the
reduction of chloroauric acid in aqueous solution. The isolated protein (named gold shapedirecting protein, or GSP for convenience) was then used to produce gold nanoplates with
distinctive triangular and hexagonal shapes in high yields (90%). The kinetics of the
reduction reaction could be manipulated through changes in the GSP concentration to
produce plates with lateral sizes ranging from nanometers to micrometers. The growth of
gold nanoplates in the GSP solution with time was monitored by microscopic and
spectroscopic techniques, thereby allowing the detection of several key intermediates in the
growth process.
Song. JY et al ()studied the metallic gold nanoparticles by using Leaf extracts of two plants,
Magnolia kobus and Diopyros kaki, were used for ecofriendly extracellular synthesis of
metallic gold nanoparticles. They synthesised the stable gold nanoparticles by treating an
aqueousHAuCl4 solution using the plant leaf extracts as reducing agents at 950C.suggesting
reaction rates higher or comparable to those of nanoparticle synthesis by chemical methods.
The synthesized gold nanoparticles were characterized with inductively coupled plasma
spectrometry (ICP), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy
(AFM),
X-ray
photoelectron
spectroscopy
(XPS),
Fourier-transform
infrared
spectroscopy(FTIR), and particle analysis using a particle analyzer. SEM and TEM images
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showed that a mixture of plate (triangles, pentagons, and hexagons) and spherical structures
(size, 5300 nm) were formed at lower temperatures and leaf broth concentrations, while
smaller spherical shapes were obtained at higher temperatures and leaf broth concentrations.
Sahoo.Sk et al (2003) studied the different nanotechnology based drug delivery and imaging
approaches, and their economic impact on pharmaceutical and biomedical industries
Nanotechnology, a multidisciplinary scientific undertaking, involves creation and utilization
of materials, devices or systems on the nanometer scale. The field of nanotechnology is
currently undergoing explosive development on many fronts. The technology is expected to
create innovations and play a critical role in various biomedical applications, not only in drug
delivery, but also in molecular imaging, biomarkers and biosensors. Target-specific drug
therapy and methods for early diagnosis of pathologies are the priority research areas where
nanotechnology would play a vital role.
Shukla.R et al (2008) studiedan unprecedented green process for the production of gold
nanoparticles by simple treatment of gold salts with soybean extracts. Reduction capabilities
of antioxidant phytochemicals present in soybean and their ability to reduce gold salts
chemically to nanoparticles with subsequent coating of proteins and a host of other
phytochemicals present in soybean on the freshly generated gold nanoparticles are discussed.
The new genre of green nanoparticles exhibit remarkable in vitro stability in various buffers
including saline, histidine, HSA, and cysteine solutions. MTT assays reveal that the green
gold nanoparticles are nontoxic and thus provide excellent opportunities for their applications
in nanomedicine for molecular imaging and therapy. The overall strategy described herein for
the generation of gold nanoparticles meets all 12 principles of green chemistry, as no manmade chemicals, other than the gold salts, are used in the green nanotechnological process.
Sougata G et al (2012) studied the Synthesis of AuNPs using GGFE was monitored by UVVis spectroscopy and was found to be rapid that completed within 20 min. The concentration
of chloroauric acid and temperature was optimized to be 0.7 mM and 50C respectively.
Bioreduced nanoparticles varied in morphology from nanotriangles to nanohexagons majority
being spherical. AuNPs were characterized employing transmission electron microscopy,
high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Confirmation of elemental gold was
carried out by elemental mapping in scanning transmission electron microscopic mode,
energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies. Spherical particles of size ~10
nm were found in majority. However, particles of larger dimensions were in range between
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50-150 nm. The bioreduced AuNPs exhibited remarkable catalytic properties in a reduction
reaction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol by NaBH4 in aqueous phase.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the method represents a green which is reliable and eco-friendly method when
compared to the chemical methods.
under
ambient
conditions
and
their
biocompatibility
and
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