WORLD JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES

Soanpet et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical

Sciences
SJIF Impact Factor 5.210

Volume 5, Issue 02, 381-392

Review Article

ISSN 2278 4357

GOLD NANOPARTICLES FOR THE TREATMENT OF CANCER:

REVIEW
Preethika Soanpet*1, Samatha.D1, Ala Surendra babu1, Divya Bharathi2 and Ram Raj3
1

Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance Center For Pharmaceutical

Sciences. IST, JNTU-H. Hyderabad, Telngana, India.

Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, CMR College of Pharmacy,

Kandlakoya (v), Medchal Road, Hyderabad 501401, T.S, India.
3

Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Quality Assurance, Jaipur National Universty.

Article Received on
21 Nov 2015,

ABSTRACT

Revised on 14 Dec 2015,

Accepted on 04 Jan 2016

nanomaterials by green chemistry approach as it is easy to synthesize

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are the most commonly synthesized

due to its high reduction potential (1.51 eV) and easy to characterize
*Correspondence for

by observing the ruby red coloration and by the characteristic surface

Author

plasmon resonance (SPR) of AuNPs (max: ~530-550 nm). The

Preethika Soanpet

primary reason for selecting gold nanoparticles are Biocompatibility

Department of

nature, High surface area(large amount of drugs can be loaded),Ease of

Pharmaceutical Analysis
and Quality Assurance

characterization and surface modification(organic molecules can be

Center For Pharmaceutical

easily adhered to gold nanoparticle),Easy to synthesize and

Sciences. IST, JNTU-H.

characterize due to the presence of a characteristic surface Plasmon

Hyderabad, Telngana,

resonance (SPR) band, No toxic effects. It is worth mentioning that

India.

gold and its related compounds have been used for therapeutic
purposes since ancient times. The medicinal importance of gold has also been explored in
modern era involving a wide range of applications of AuNPs such as drug delivery, tumour
imaging, cell tracking, anti angiogenic therapy, plasmonic photo thermal therapy etc. This is
another important fact for the synthesis of AuNPs through green chemistry approach.
KEYWORDS: Gold Nanoparticle, Synthesis, Green Chemistry, Cancer, Anti angiogenic
and photo thermal therapy.

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 02, 2016.

381

Soanpet et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

INTRODUCTION
Green nanotechnology involves the application of green chemistry principles for the
fabrication of Nanoscale materials. Green chemistry strives to discover synthetic methods
that eliminate harmful reagents and enhance the efficiency of existing methods. Due to these
reasons green chemistry approach is preferred now-a-days for the synthesis of nanomaterials.
Such nanomaterials would be no/less harmful to human beings. Green-mediated synthesis of
metal nanoparticles provides progression over chemical and physical methods as it is
economical and environment friendly and in such method, there is no need to use high
pressure, energy, temperature and toxic chemicals.
NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology is the engineering at molecular level. It is the collective term for a range of
technologies, techniques and processes that involve the manipulation of matter at the smallest
scale (from 1 to 100 nm- 1/10,000th the thickness of a human hair). Nanotechnology is the
design, characterization and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling
their shape and size at nanoscale. It involves the production, manipulation and use of
materials ranging in size from less than a micron to that of individual atoms. Nanomaterials
can be formed not only by using different chemicals but also through various biological
approaches.
Nanoparticles when compared to the bulk materials of similar composition have relatively
small size and large surface to volume ratio, which makes a large difference in their physical
and chemical properties such as electronic, mechanical, optical, biological properties etc.[12]
For example, gold in bulk scale are chemically inert whereas gold nanoparticles are highly
active in terms of the mechanical and biomedical properties.
The nanoparticles can mainly be classified as organic and inorganic nanomaterials as shown
in Scheme 1. Among several types of nanoparticles, noble metals have a wide range of
biomedical applications e.g. drug delivery, tissue/tumor imaging, cell tracking, chemical and
biological sensors, biotechnology etc, due to their size dependent character.[13-14]

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 02, 2016.

382

Soanpet et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Scheme 1: Representing the types of nanoparticles.

Nanoparticles
Nanoparticles, generally considered as particles with a size of up to 100 nm, exhibit
completely new or improved properties as compared to the larger particles of the bulk
material based on specific characteristics such as size distribution, morphology etc. Besides
medical and pharmaceutical applications, nanoparticles of noble metals, such as gold, silver,
and platinum, are widely used in versatile industries such as shampoo, soap, detergent, shoes,
cosmetic products, toothpaste etc. It has to be mentioned here that gold has a long history of
use from ancient days. Red colloidal gold has been used as medicine for revitalization in
China and India.Gold nanoparticles have been found to use in diagnostic and drug delivery
applications.
There are different methods for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles. Among them, the green
synthesis of nanomaterials has been employed mostly, now-a-days, as this approach reduces
or eliminates the use or generation of hazardous substances in the design, manufacture and
application of the materials. This green method for the synthesis of nanoparticlesis very easy,
cheap, ecofriendly and nontoxic compared to chemical methods.

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 02, 2016.

383

Soanpet et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Scheme 2: Representing the sources and applications of nanoparticles.

Wheretoxic reducing agents (e.g. NaBH4for the synthesis of AuNPs) are generally used
leading to the formation of toxic products because of their strong chemical nature. Therefore,
there is a growing need to develop environmental-friendly processes for synthesis of
nanoparticles without using toxic chemicals. Biological methods for nanoparticle synthesis
using microorganisms, enzymes, and plants or plant extracts have been suggested as possible
ecofriendly alternatives to chemical and physical methods. Additionally, the nanoparticle
synthesis by using plant extracts can be more advantageous over other biological
microorganism processes because it eliminates the elaborate process of maintaining
microorganism cultures and can also be suitably scaled up for large-scale production of
nanoparticles.The different sources/methods and biomedical applications of nanoparticles
have been represented in Scheme 2.
Nanomedicine
Nanomedicine is the medical application of nanotechnology. Nanomedicine ranges from the
medical applications of nanomaterials to nanoelectronicbiosensors and even possible future
applications of molecular nanotechnology. The main reason why scientists dealing with
nanoparticles is because the size of fundamental biological molecules are in the range of
nanoscale (1-100 nm) like DNA, cell surface receptors, viruses, some proteins etc. Nanoscale
devices smaller than 50 nm can easily enter to most of the cells and smaller than 20 nm can
move out of the blood vessels as they circulate through the body. Because of size similarities
www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 02, 2016.

384

Soanpet et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

between biological building units and nanoparticles, the nanodevice can easily interact with
the cell surface and enter into the cells and the organelles and after that it can interact with
DNA and several proteins.
Applications of Nanotechnology
The use of nanomaterials with biological agents has led to the development of diagnostic
devices, contrast agents, analytical tools, physical therapy applications, and drug delivery
vehicles.
Diagnostics
Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) tagged with short segments of DNA can be used for detection of
genetic sequence.
Drug delivery
Use of gold nanoparticles for the delivery of anti cancer drugs. Nanoparticles can hold small
drug molecules transporting them to the desired location.
Tissue engineering
Artificially cell proliferation can be stimulated by using suitable nanomaterial based scaffolds
and growth factors. For example, bones can be regrown on carbonnanotube scaffolds.
Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases that occurs when there is an uncontrolled growth of abnormal
cells as represented in scheme 3 Cancer is a serious pandemic disease which may affect one
or more organs. Cancer can be either benign or malignant. Benign tumors cannot spread to
other parts of the body and they are rarely life threatening. Malignant tumors can invade other
organs and is life threatening. This mechanism of invading other tissues is called
metastasis.
Cancer types can be grouped into broader categories. The main categories of cancer include

Carcinoma - cancer that begins in the skin or in tissues that line or cover internal organs.
There are a number of subtypes of carcinoma, including adenocarcinoma, basal cell
carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and transitional cell carcinoma.

Sarcoma - cancer that begins in bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels, or other
connective or supportive tissue.

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 02, 2016.

385

Soanpet et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

Leukemia - cancer that starts in blood-forming tissue such as the bone marrow and
causes large numbers of abnormal blood cells to be produced and enter the blood.

Lymphoma and myeloma - cancers that begin in the cells of the immune system.

Central nervous system cancers - cancers that begin in the tissues of the brain and
spinal cord.

Scheme 3: Representing the difference between normal and cancer cell division.
Gold as drug delivering vehicle
The primary reason for selecting gold nanoparticle.

Biocompatibility nature

High surface area(large amount of drugs can be loaded)

Ease of characterization and surface modification(organic molecules can be easily

adhered to gold nanoparticle)

Easy to synthesize and characterize due to the presence of a characteristic surface

Plasmon resonance (SPR) band.

No toxic effects.

Methods for Gold nanoparticles in cancer therapy

Patra.CR et al (2009) studied the surface modification and functional characterization of a
gold nanoparticle based drug delivery system for potential therapeutic application in ovarian
cancer. It is currently recognized that nanotechnology may play a pivotal role in drug
delivery by increasing efficacy and reducing toxicity of anticancer drugs. Here, they reported
the fabrication of a gold nanoparticle (AuNP) based drug delivery system consisting of folic

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 02, 2016.

386

Soanpet et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

acid (FA), mercapto-polyethylene glycol (PEG-SH) with a molecular weight of 2000

(designated as PSH2-2 K or PSH) and cis-platin (CP) [Au-PSH-CP-FA] for potential
therapeutic application in ovarian cancer. Fabrication is done in a three step incubation
process at room temperature (RT). The gold nanoconjugates are characterized with several
physicochemical techniques such as UV-Vis (UV-visible spectroscopy), TEM (transmission
electron microscopy), ICP (inductively coupled plasma) and radioactivity measurement with
a scintillation counter. Attachment and release profiles of FA from the gold nanoconjugates
are performed using 3H-labelled FA (3H-FA). The expressions of folate receptor (FR) for
ovarian cancer cell lines (OV-167, OVCAR-5), human umbilical vein endothelial cells
(HUVEC) and ovarian surface epithelial (OSE) cells are determined by FACS analysis.
Quantitation of platinum content in the nanoconjugates and its release profile is determined
by platinum (Pt) analysis using ICP-MS. Biological functional characterization using in vitro
proliferation assay demonstrates that Au-PSH-CP-FA not only retains the cytotoxic effect of
CP, but it protects the normal cells from the cytotoxic insult, while enhancing the cytotoxic
effect on the tumor cells.
Patra.CR et al (2008) studied the importance of nanotechnology in cancer therapeutics and
application of gold nanoparticles in cancer therapy. Nanotechnology can play a pivotal role in
changing the very foundation of cancer treatment and diagnosis. At the heart of the
nanotechnology are the nanoparticles and they can be synthesized in different shapes and
sizes with tailor able optoelectronic and physico-chemical properties. Due to very high
surface area of these nanoparticles, a number of biomolecules can be loaded to create a
nanobioconjugates with multifunctional capabilities. Such a bi-functional nanobioconjugates
containing a targeting agentand a drug would lead to targeted delivery of the drug to the
malignant cells with better therapeutic efficacy and with reduced systemic toxicity. In a
similar fashion targeted delivery of an imaging agent could lead to early detection of cancer.
The design and development of nanoparticles and its nanobioconjugates in conjunction with
the development of genomics and proteomics to identify biomarkers raise exciting
opportunities for personalized treatment. In this particular review, we have discussed
application of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in cancer and the current standing with respect to
nanotechnology.
Bharde A et al (2007) studied the synthesis of anisotropic metal nanoparticles of various
shapes ranging from rods to cubes to tetrapods and prisms may be obtained biologically by

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 02, 2016.

387

Soanpet et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

the bacterium Actinobacter spp in the presence of Bovine serum albumin(BSA).they reported
that presence of BSA helps to enhance the rate of gold nanoparticles biosynthesis and may
also impart some shape control. This study demonstrates that protease enzyme secreted by the
bacterium acts as a reducing as well as shape directing agent.
S. Prathap Chandran et al (2006) studied thesynthesis of biogenic gold nanotriangles and
spherical silver nanoparticles by a simple procedure using Aloe Vera leaf extract as the
reducing agent. The kinetics of gold nanotrianglesare characterized by U.V visible
spectroscopy, TEM, XRD.
Xie et al ()studied the single-crystalline gold nanoplates were produced by treating an
aqueous solution of chloroauric acid with the extract of the unicellular green alga Chlorella
vulgaris at room temperature. The results suggest proteins as the primary biomolecules
involved in providing the dual function of AuIII reduction and the size- and shape-controlled
synthesis of the nanogold crystals. A protein with a molecular weight of approximately 28
kDa was isolated and purified by reversed-phase HPLC; this protein tested positive for the
reduction of chloroauric acid in aqueous solution. The isolated protein (named gold shapedirecting protein, or GSP for convenience) was then used to produce gold nanoplates with
distinctive triangular and hexagonal shapes in high yields (90%). The kinetics of the
reduction reaction could be manipulated through changes in the GSP concentration to
produce plates with lateral sizes ranging from nanometers to micrometers. The growth of
gold nanoplates in the GSP solution with time was monitored by microscopic and
spectroscopic techniques, thereby allowing the detection of several key intermediates in the
growth process.
Song. JY et al ()studied the metallic gold nanoparticles by using Leaf extracts of two plants,
Magnolia kobus and Diopyros kaki, were used for ecofriendly extracellular synthesis of
metallic gold nanoparticles. They synthesised the stable gold nanoparticles by treating an
aqueousHAuCl4 solution using the plant leaf extracts as reducing agents at 950C.suggesting
reaction rates higher or comparable to those of nanoparticle synthesis by chemical methods.
The synthesized gold nanoparticles were characterized with inductively coupled plasma
spectrometry (ICP), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning electron
microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), atomic force microscopy
(AFM),

X-ray

photoelectron

spectroscopy

(XPS),

Fourier-transform

infrared

spectroscopy(FTIR), and particle analysis using a particle analyzer. SEM and TEM images
www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 02, 2016.

388

Soanpet et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

showed that a mixture of plate (triangles, pentagons, and hexagons) and spherical structures
(size, 5300 nm) were formed at lower temperatures and leaf broth concentrations, while
smaller spherical shapes were obtained at higher temperatures and leaf broth concentrations.
Sahoo.Sk et al (2003) studied the different nanotechnology based drug delivery and imaging
approaches, and their economic impact on pharmaceutical and biomedical industries
Nanotechnology, a multidisciplinary scientific undertaking, involves creation and utilization
of materials, devices or systems on the nanometer scale. The field of nanotechnology is
currently undergoing explosive development on many fronts. The technology is expected to
create innovations and play a critical role in various biomedical applications, not only in drug
delivery, but also in molecular imaging, biomarkers and biosensors. Target-specific drug
therapy and methods for early diagnosis of pathologies are the priority research areas where
nanotechnology would play a vital role.
Shukla.R et al (2008) studiedan unprecedented green process for the production of gold
nanoparticles by simple treatment of gold salts with soybean extracts. Reduction capabilities
of antioxidant phytochemicals present in soybean and their ability to reduce gold salts
chemically to nanoparticles with subsequent coating of proteins and a host of other
phytochemicals present in soybean on the freshly generated gold nanoparticles are discussed.
The new genre of green nanoparticles exhibit remarkable in vitro stability in various buffers
including saline, histidine, HSA, and cysteine solutions. MTT assays reveal that the green
gold nanoparticles are nontoxic and thus provide excellent opportunities for their applications
in nanomedicine for molecular imaging and therapy. The overall strategy described herein for
the generation of gold nanoparticles meets all 12 principles of green chemistry, as no manmade chemicals, other than the gold salts, are used in the green nanotechnological process.
Sougata G et al (2012) studied the Synthesis of AuNPs using GGFE was monitored by UVVis spectroscopy and was found to be rapid that completed within 20 min. The concentration
of chloroauric acid and temperature was optimized to be 0.7 mM and 50C respectively.
Bioreduced nanoparticles varied in morphology from nanotriangles to nanohexagons majority
being spherical. AuNPs were characterized employing transmission electron microscopy,
high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Confirmation of elemental gold was
carried out by elemental mapping in scanning transmission electron microscopic mode,
energy dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction studies. Spherical particles of size ~10
nm were found in majority. However, particles of larger dimensions were in range between
www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 02, 2016.

389

Soanpet et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

50-150 nm. The bioreduced AuNPs exhibited remarkable catalytic properties in a reduction
reaction of 4-nitrophenol to 4-aminophenol by NaBH4 in aqueous phase.
CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the method represents a green which is reliable and eco-friendly method when
compared to the chemical methods.

The as-synthesized AuNPs were thoroughly

characterized by several physico-chemical techniques like UV-VIS spectroscopy, XRD,

FTIR, TEM, XPS, DLS etc.However, we strongly believe that our bio-synthesized AuHS-300
based drug delivery system (AuHS-DOX) will open a new direction towards the alternative
treatment strategy for cancer therapeutics in near future.
REFERENCES
1. Chitta Ranjan Patra, Resham Bhattacharya and Priyabrata Mukherjee, Fabrication and
functional characterization of goldnanoconjugates for potential application in ovarian
cancer, November 2009DOI: 10.1039/ 913224.
2. Chittaranjan Patra, Resham Bhattacharya, Enfeng Wang, Aaron Katarya,Julie S.
LauShamitDutta, Michael Muders, Shanfeng Wang, Sarah Buhrow, Priyabrata
Mukherjee, and DebabrataMukhopadhyay, Targeted Delivery of Gemcitabine to
Pancreatic Tumor Using Cetuximab as a Targeting Agent,Cancer Res., 2008; 68.
3. Jaewook Lee, Hyeon Yong Kim, Hongjian Zhou, Sungu Hwang, KwangnakKoh, DongWook Han and Jaebeom Lee J. Mater, Green synthesis of phytochemical-stabilized Au
nanoparticles

under

ambient

conditions

and

their

biocompatibility

and

antioxidativeactivity.Chem., 2011; 21: 1331613326 .

4. Bharde A, Kulkarni A, Rao M, Prabhune A, Sastry M.J , Bacterial enzyme mediated
biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles , Nanosci,Nanotechnol, Dec, 2007; 7(12): 4369-77.
5. Atul A. Bharde, Rasesh Y. Parikh, Maria Baidakova, Samuel Jouen, BaetriceHannoyer,
ToshiakiEnoki, B. L. V. Prasad, Yogesh S. Shouche, SatishOgale, and MuraliSastry,
Bacteria-Mediated Precursor-Dependent Biosynthesis of Super paramagnetic Iron Oxide
and Iron Sulfide Nanoparticles.Langmuir, 2008; 24: 5787-5794.
6. S. Prathap Chandran, Minakshi Chaudhary, RenuPasricha, Absar Ahmad, and
MuraliSastry, Synthesis of Gold Nanotriangles and Silver Nanoparticles Using Aloe
veraPlant Extract, Biotechnol. Prog., 2006; 22: 577-583.
7. V.T.P. Vinoda, P. Saravananb, B. Sreedharc, D. KeerthiDevic, R.B. Sashidhard, A facile
synthesis and characterization of Ag, Au and Pt nanoparticles using a natural

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 02, 2016.

390

Soanpet et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

hydrocolloid gum kondagogu (Cochlospermumgossypium),Colloids and Surfaces B:

Biointerfaces, 2011; 83: 291298.
8. Xie, Jim Yang Lee, Daniel I. C. Wang, and Yen PengTing, Identification of Active
Biomolecules in the High-Yield synthesis of Single-Crystalline Gold Nanoplates in Algal
Solutions, Nanomaterials, 25: 1234-1239.
9. Jae Yong Song, Hyeon-Kyeong Jang, BeomSooKim, Biological synthesis of gold
nanoparticles using Magnolia kobus and Diopyros kaki leaf extracts, Nano Biotech,
2124-2031.
10. Dan Peer, Jeffrey M. Karp, Seungpyo Hong, Omid C. Farokhzad, Rimona Margalit and
Robert Langer.Nanocarriers as an emerging platform for cancer therapy.nature
nanotechnology, Dec, 2007; 2: 751-760.
11. Lisa Brannon-Peppas, James O. Blanchette, Nanoparticle and targeted systems for cancer
therapy, Nature materials, June 2009; 14: 1038.
12. Sanjeeb K. Sahoo and Vinod Labhasetwar, Nanotech approaches to drug delivery and
imaging, Drug discovery, DDT, December 2003; 8: 24.
13. Shiladitya Sengupta, David Eavarone Ishan Capila, Ganlin Zhao1, Nicki Watson, Tanyel
Kiziltepe & Ram Sasisekharan, Temporal targeting of tumour cells and neovasculature
with a nanoscale delivery system, Acta Pharmacologica Sinica, 2011; 32: 983990.
14. JihRuHwu, Yu Sern Lin, ThainashmuthuJosephrajan, Ming-Hua Hsu, Fong-Yu Cheng,
Chen-Sheng Yeh, Wu-Chou Su and Dar-Bin Shieh, Targeted Paclitaxel by Conjugation to
Iron Oxide and Gold Nanoparticles.
15. Daizy Philip, Green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles using Hibiscus
rosasinensis, Physica, 42: 1417-1424.
16. Ravi Shukla, Satish K. Nune, NripenChanda, KavitaKatti, SwapnaMekapothula, Rajesh
R. Kulkarni, Wade V. Welshons, Raghu ramanKannan and Kattesh V. Katti, Soybeans as
a Phytochemical Reservoir for the Production and Stabilization of Biocompatible Gold
Nanoparticles, Small, 2008; 4(9): 14251436.
17. Sougata G, Sumersing P, Mehul A, Rohini K, Deepanjali D G, Amit M J, Sangeeta K,
Karishma P, Vaishali S, Jayesh B, Dilip D D and Balu A C, Gnidiaglauca flower extract
mediated synthesis of gold nanoparticles and evaluation of its chemocatalytic potential,
Journal of Nanobiotechnology, 2012; 10: 17.
18. Harekrishna Bar, Dipak Kr. Bhui, Gobinda P. Sahoo, PriyankaSarkar, Sankar P. De, Ajay
Misra. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using latex of Jatrophacurcas H. Bar et al. /
Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 2009; 339: 134139.
www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 02, 2016.

391

Soanpet et al.

World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences

19. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) and soybean oil effects on quality characteristics of pork
patties studied by response surface methodology. Jung E, JooN.Meat Sci., Jul, 2013;
94(3): 391-401. doi: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2013.02.008. Epub 2013 Feb 24.
20. Polyphenols of Hibiscus sabdariffa Improved Diabetic Nephropathy via Attenuating
Renal

Epithelial

MesenchymalTransition.Yang

YS, Wang

CJ, Huang

CN, Chen

ML, Chen MJ, Peng CH.J Agric Food Chem. 2013 Jul 29.
21. Modification of the liver fatty acids by Hibiscus sabdariffa Linnaeus (Malvaceae)
infusion, its possible effect on vascular reactivity in a metabolic syndrome model.
22. Prez-Torres I, Ziga Muoz A, Beltrn-Rodrguez U, Daz-Daz E, Martnez-Memije
R, GuarnerLansV.ClinExpHypertens. 2013 Jun 4.
23. S. Panigrahi, S. Basu, S. Praharaj, S. Pande, S. Jana, A. Pal, S. K. Ghosh, T. Pal,
Synthesis and size-selective catalysis by supported gold nanoparticles: study on
heterogeneous and homogeneous catalytic process; J. Phys. Chem. C, 2007; 111: 4596
4605.
24. C. S. Fadley and D. A. Shirley, Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards,
Section A: Physics and Chemistry, 1970; 74: 543545.
25. Kumar, S. Mandal, P. R. Selvakannan, R. Pasricha, A. B. Mandale and M. Sastry, Foambased synthesis of cobalt nanoparticles and their subsequent conversion to Co core Ag
shell nanoparticles by a simple transmetallation reaction ,Langmuir, 2003; 19: 62776282.
26. [119]M. Sastry and P. Ganguly, Controlling the Optical Properties of Lemongrass
Extract Synthesized Gold Nanotriangles and Potential Application in Infrared-Absorbing
Optical CoatingsJ. Phys. Chem. A, 1998; 102: 697-702.
27. S. Senapati, A. Ahmad, I. M. Khan, M. Sastry and R. Kumar, Extracellular Biosynthesis
of Bimetallic Au Ag Alloy Nanoparticles, Small, 2005; 1(5): 517-520.
28. J. Xie, Y. J. Lee, I. C. D. Wang and P. Y. Ting, Small, 2007; 3(4); 672-682.

www.wjpps.com

Vol 5, Issue 02, 2016.

392