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Kirchoff's laws describe the fundamental behavior of electric circuits. Kirchoff's first law states that the total current entering any junction or node must equal the total current leaving it. Kirchoff's second law states that the sum of voltages around any closed loop is zero, meaning the total rise in voltage must equal the total fall in voltage. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate both of Kirchoff's laws and how they can be applied to analyze circuits.
Kirchoff's laws describe the fundamental behavior of electric circuits. Kirchoff's first law states that the total current entering any junction or node must equal the total current leaving it. Kirchoff's second law states that the sum of voltages around any closed loop is zero, meaning the total rise in voltage must equal the total fall in voltage. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate both of Kirchoff's laws and how they can be applied to analyze circuits.
Kirchoff's laws describe the fundamental behavior of electric circuits. Kirchoff's first law states that the total current entering any junction or node must equal the total current leaving it. Kirchoff's second law states that the sum of voltages around any closed loop is zero, meaning the total rise in voltage must equal the total fall in voltage. The document provides examples and diagrams to illustrate both of Kirchoff's laws and how they can be applied to analyze circuits.
In addition to Ohms Law, another set of elementary
laws were discovered during the basic exploration of electrical phenomena. These were discovered experimentally and are known as Kirchoffs Laws. These are natural fundamental laws which may be applied to the flow of electric currents in a circuit or network.
THE DIFFERENCE IN ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL
B E T W E E N A N Y T W O POlNTS I N C I R C U I T I S SAME REGARDLESS OF PATH MEASURED h -1-- -3 . < t- > P A T H $ PA T H E
KIRCHOFFS FIRST LAW
The first law refers to current and states that with direct currents, the amount of current flowing away from a point or junction in a circuit equals the current flowing into that point. This law is similar to the conservation of matter wherein changes occur in an electric circuit with no loss of electrons. Thus, for direct current. the sum of la and lb equals I and electric current does not stack up at point P in the circuit.
Figure 2. Kirchoff''s Second Law
the load. Now, when the potential load drop equals the source voltage, the current flows continuously and is said to be in a steady state. Recall Ohms Law E = IR and Kirchoffs second law. To distinguish between voltage rise and voltage drop, the custom is to indicate the electromotive force, or emf, rise by a plus (+) sign and the voltage drop with a minus (-) sign. When plus and minus voltages equalize, a steady continuous current flows.
WITH DIRECT CURRENTS, THE AMOUNT
OF CURRENT FLOWING AWAY FROM A JUNCTION EQUALS THE CURRENT FLOWING TO THAT POINT
RESISTORS IN SERIES
Figure 1. Kirchoffs First Law
RESISTORS IN PARALLEL
Figure 3. Voltage Rise and Drop
KIRCHOFFS SECOND LAW
Kirchoffs second law refers to voltage. The difference in electrical potential between any two points in a circuit is the same regardless of the path measured, In other words, if more than one path exists between two points, P1 and P2, the voltage is the same across both paths. Whenever a voltage is produced by either a battery or generator, such an electromotive force represents a voltage rise, which appears at some terminals as a potential source of power. As soon as an electrical load or resistance is connected across the terminals, the voltage immediately pushes the electrons through the circuit, produces a load current, and establishes a potential drop (V) across @ 1972 General Electric Co. E-61 Rt>v . tltl.1
When the IR drops equal E, a steady-state current
flows from the battery. When the load resistances are connected in series, the current everywhere is the same. In the case of parallel load resistances, the current divides inversely as the resistances, so the branch circuit having less resistance will pass the greater current. The potential (IR) drop through both parallel loads is the same. In these illustrations, assumptions have been made that current flows out from the positive terminal and returns to the negative terminal. For alternating current, the direction of flow is not applicable. Whenever a voltage rises, a plus value should be shown: whenever a potential drops, a minus sign should be used.