Femag Manual En10 08

Inst. El.
Machines / ETH Zrich
FEMAG
Users Manual
FEMAG
Interactive Program for Workstations
VAX, DEC, IBM, SUN, HP... and PCs
to calculate and analyse
2-dimensional and axissymmetric
Magnetic and Eddy-Current Fields
a) with steady state excitation
= FEMAG-DC
b) with sinusoidal time variation = FEMAG-AC
(steady-state excitation + speed)
Institute of Electrical Machines

ETH Zentrum
CH-8092 Zuerich
Version 7.9.34 September 2008
(Standard +++)
Tel.: +41 56 4 26 39 66
e-mail: reichert@ee.ethz.ch
http://www.ee.ethz.ch/~femag
1.1
Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich
FEMAG
Contents
1. Introduction
page
1.1
2. The Program Interfaces

2.1
General
2.2
The Display
2.3
The Keyboard
2.4
The Pointer (Mouse)
2.1
2.1
2.1
2.3
2.5
3. Basic Terms and Definitions

3.1
Physical units
3.2
Definition of the geometry
3.3
Coordinate systems.
3.4
Description of the finite element arrangement
3.1
3.1
3.1
3.3
3.4
4. The functions of the program FEMAG-DC

4.1
Main menu
4.2
Initialization, File-Management: "Select Input File"
4.3
Graphic display of results: "Graphics"
4.4
Geometry Definition: "Geometry"
4.5
Input of "Node Chains"
4.6
Element generation: "Mesh Generation"
4.7
"Node Manipulations"
4.8
"Element Manipulatin"
4.9
"Subregions"
4.10
"Material Constants"
4.11
"Transformations"
4.12
"Windings"
4.13
"Magnetization Curve B(H)"
4.14
"Boundary Conditions"
4.15
"Field Calculation"
4.16
"Analysis"
4.17
Saving the data files: "SAVE / SAVE AS..."
4.1.1
4.1.1
4.2.1
4.3.1
4.4.1
4.5.1
4.6.1
4.7.1
4.8.1
4.9.1
4.10.1
4.11.1
4.12.1
4.13.1
4.14.1
4.15.1
4.16.1
4.17.1
5. The functions of the program FEMAG-AC

5.1
Main menu
5.2
5.3
"Windings"
5.4
"Magnetization Curves"
5.5
"Field Calculation"
5.6
"Analysis"
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.6
5.8
5.12
7. Files in FEMAG
8. Examples
9. Installation
References
7.1
8.1
9.1
L.1
"Batch"- calculations with the program FEMAG-DC and FEMAG-AC

Recommendations for users
A.1
B.1
1.2
FEMAG
1. Introduction
The interactive program FEMAG calculates
- 2-dimensional (x/y-coordinates or r/-coordinates),
- axissymmetric (r/z-coordinates)
magnetic fields and eddy-currents and their parameters (induction, flux, forces, inductances,
losses ...) by means of the finite element method.
The following sources and excitations may be applied:
- Vector potential, fluxes
- Current-density, Currents, Ampere-turns
- Magnetisations
The permeability can be non-linear, field depending. Soft- and hard-magnetic materials can be
modelled. The periodicity of the field can be represented by means of special boundary
conditions. An area can be moved with constant velocity.
The fields may be
a) time independent, stationary:
b) constant frequency:
Version FEMAG-DC
Version FEMAG-AC
The program is interactive, controlled via menus, keyboard and pointer, both used for
selecting and controlling functions. No programing is required, just problem-definition,
controlled calculation and analysis. Any sequence of actions can be written on a log-file,
which can be edited and when started allows batch-processing.
The following function modules are available:
Select input file for data management
Graphics for graphic output
Geometry for geometry input
Node Chains for the input of node-chains as a basis for mesh-generation
Mesh Generation
Node- u. Element Manipulations
Subregions for the definition of objects having equal properties
Material Constants for the input of material properties
1.3
FEMAG
Transformations for modifications

Windings for the definition of winding arrangements
Magnetisation Curves for the definition of B-H-curves
Boundary Conditions for the input of boundary conditions
Field-Calculation
Analysis for the problem-oriented analysis, calculation of forces, etc.
SAVE / SAVE AS for data storage
The program was developed for workstations of DEC types based on VMS,
ULTRIX and OSF Systems.
UNIX-versions for IBM, SUN and HP with X-windows and versions for PC's with
MS-DOS, WINDOWS95(up) and LINUX are available.
1.4
FEMAG
2. The Program Interfaces

2.1 Introduction
The communication with the program is executed via:
* Keyboard: input of data and program control,
* Pointer (mouse) for graphic input,
* Display with 2 windows (alpha-numeric, graphic) for the display of the menus and the
results,
* Files for the storage of data,
* Graphic files - with postscript and HPGL-format for further processing of graphic
results.
* Files with results of postprocessing.
2.2 The Display

a) UNIX-Installation:
After logging into the directory
* by means of call
xfemag
* by means of call
cxfemag
will be started.
the program FEMAG-DC

the program FEMAG-AC
b) DOS-Installation:
* by means of call femag the program FEMAG-DC
* by means of call cfemag the programm FEMAG-AC
will be started.
c) Windows-Installation
* by means of
wfwmag
the program FEMAG-DC,
* by means of
wcfemag
the program FEMAG-AC
* or by calling the start files (see chapter 9.2) the suitable program will be started
d) Modification of old work files
Older work files, generated by FEMAG versions below 7.xx can be converted to the format of
version 7.xx by means of the program
xfemconv
(UNIX), see chapter 6.1.
e) Control of the main program
After the call of the FEMAG program the display shows
- an alpha-numeric window in a VT100 format with the main menu (s. figure 2.2.1)
- an empty graphic window
2.1
FEMAG
Both windows are superimposed. The upper window is always active, that means:
- data input via keyboard is possible, if the alpha-numeric window is in front
- pointer (mouse) input for graphic actions is possible, if the graphic window is in front
Switching of windows between foreground and background is effected
- by the program according to the function selected
- by the user:
* under UNIX and Windows:
by pointing with the pointer into the window,
* under MS-DOS:
by pressing the function key F12.
Select Input File

FFFF
EEEE
GGG
MM MM
FFF
EEE
M M M
AAAAA
EEEE
A A
DDDD
###
GG
GGG
CCC
Graphics
(Window)
D C
Geometry
D C
Node Chains (SE)
D C
Mesh Generation
DDDD
CCC
Node Manipulation
Element Manipulation
Subregions
Material Constants
Transformations
2D - Finite Element
Analysis
Windings
Magnetization Curves
Magnetostatic
Field Problems
Boundary Conditions
Field Calculation
Version 7.9.7 - March 99
Analysis
( standard+++ )
SAVE / SAVE AS
Institut fuer Elektrische Maschinen - ETH Zuerich
File:
Figure 2.2.1: Main-menu of the program FEMAG
2.2
EXIT
FEMAG
2.3 The Keyboard

consists of several key-areas: (see figure 2.3.1)
function-keys
alpha-numeric area
space bar
cursor-keys
function-area
Figure 2.3.1: Keyboard
The alpha-numeric area for the input of letters and figures and for the control of the program
by means of the key <Return>.
The input of figures is done by the keys 0...9 at the top of the alpha-numeric area, with the
use of the key <.> as comma, executed by means of the key <Return>.
The program can be stopped by pressing the key <CTRL Y> or <CTRL Z>. The data are not
lost. <CTRL C> is interrupting some graphic actions or the field calculation.
The space bar must be used, if parameters of the menu appearing in small, highlighted
windows will be changed.
The Cursor-keys are used to move the menu-bar and to select a function by means of the
<Return> key.
The function-area is active if:
- the graphic window is at the foreground,
- the pointer appears in the window,
- a graphic action should be executed.
By means of the keys in the function-area or by means of the function keys in the graphic
window (see fig. 2.3.2 ), the following actions can be started:
2.3
FEMAG
column 1 = key in the function-area on the keyboard

column 2 = upper keys on the graphic screen
1
<0>
<1>
<2>
<3>
<4>
<5>
<6>
<7>
<8>
<9>
2
Clear
Geome
Ndchn
Supel
Blow
Prevp
xy/rp
Zoom
hyphen < - >
Fgraf
Arzoo
comma < , >
Expos
point < . >
MovCe
Exit
function
deletion of the last polygon input
clear display
draw geometry
draw node chains
draw superelements
blow up window without distortion (needs the corner points)
go back to previous window
x/y r/
zoom up the window (with distortion acc. to the corner points)
call the function "Graphics"
generate the lower keys in the graphic window
Zoom of the area around the pointer + . The area is amplified 5times, displayed at the lower, right corner of the display. The
pointer is also active in this area. This allows correct positioning
of the pointer and recognition of mistakes in geometry
exact position of the pointer + . The displayed pointer coordinates
can be changed by means of the keyboard (corresponding to the
sub-function Coordinate correction)
displace the origin (0;0) to x;y or undo the displacement
end of input
Lower row of keys in the graphic window (see fig. 2.3.2 ):

Mater
Windgs
Contour
V-lines
Nodes
Fe-Mesh
Hd-Copy
Subreg
draw material
draw windings
draw contours
draw field-lines
draw nodes
draw the finite element grid
generate a hard-copy
draw a subregion
Figure 2.3.2: Function-keys in the geometry-menu

2.4
FEMAG
2.4 The Pointer (Mouse)

(s. figure 2.4.1 ) is used:
a) to move the pointer in the window
b) to start actions by means of the Return-key
Return-key
Select-key
Figure 2.4.1: Pointer (Mouse)

_
2.5
FEMAG
3. Basic Terms and Definitions

3.1 Physical units
The program works
internal with SI-units [m], [V], [A], [s]
external with technical units:
Length in millimeter [mm]

Current in [A]
Current density in [A/mm]
Induction in Tesla [T] = [Vs/m]
Losses in Watt [W]
For 2-dimensional problems (x/y-; r/- coordinates, the results are given
per unit-length (=1 mm) in z-direction, i.e.:
Flux in [Vs/mm]
Force in [N/mm]
Torque in [Nm/mm]
Losses in [W/mm]
For axis-symmetric problems (r/z-coordinates), the results are given as:
Flux in [Vs]
Force in [N]
Torque in [Nm]
Losses in [W]
3.2 Definition of the geometry

The geometry describes the material boundaries which may be used, but are not required as a
basis for the generation of the node-chains and the finite elements.
Thereby only a basic part of the device, (e.g. one slot-section or half a pole-section ) must be
defined, which can be multiplied by means of the function Transformations, according to
the symmetry conditions.
The basic elements of the geometry are:
a)
b)
the point
the line, defined with 2 points, one at the beginning and one at the end.
By means of the subfunctions of the function Geometry Definition the following objects
can be generated:
lines with 2 points,
polylines with n points,
3.1
FEMAG
polylines with cubic spline interpolation,

arcs and circles, consisting of a pre-defined number of lines.
Rules for the generation of points and lines are:
1. A new line crossing an existing line is being broken, such that 4 new lines and the
crossingpoint are generated (s. figure 3.2.1).
existing
new line
Figure 3.2.1: Crossing of lines

2.
Depending of the pick-distance, which is entered in percent of the actual display width in
the sub-function Param/Dev/Zoom of the function Graphics,
a new point will be generated only if the distance to an existing object is larger than:
2 Pick-Distance (given in % of the display width) (s. figure 3.2.2 ).
Otherwise the new point is generated at the actual position.
old line
Pick-window
new line
new line
Figure 3.2.2: Illustration of the Pick-window
3.2
old line
FEMAG
Pick-window
new line
Figure 3.2.3: Generation of a new point

The pick-distance normally is set to 0.6% of the display width.
3.3 Coordinate-systems
The program solves 2-dimensional (y/x or r/) and axis-symmetric (r/z) problems.
The input of the node coordinates can be as x/y- or r/- coordinates. The coordinates are
stored
internally in x/y- (= r/z-) and in r/-coordinates
and processed according to the coordinate-system chosen: x/y, r/ or r/z:
In general there are the following differences:
Components of the vector potential A:
x/y oder r/-coordinates:
A = kAz
r/z-coordinates:
A = kA.
The calculation of the coefficient-matrices is performed, according to the theory of finite

elements, in the coordinate system chosen.
Field lines are drawn:
in the x/y- or r/-system:
in the r/z-system:
Az = const.
r A = const.
Input of a range or a node-chain, e.g. at the functions Node Chains or Define Mesh:
in the r/-system the connection between two nodes will be an arc, if the difference
between the r-coordinates of the two points is smaller than 5%.
in all other cases the connection will be a straight line.
It will be recommended:
to use the r/-coordinate-system for electrical machines having many circular parts.
3.3
FEMAG
to change the coordinate-system during the process, only if node input is required.
to work in the Geometry-function with one coordinate system only.
3.4 Description of the finite element arrangement

a) Nodes
The vector potential A (x,y) of the field is calculated at the FE-method at discrete nodes with
the coordinates xi, yi.
b) Elements
An element is defined by the nodes at the corner of the elements.
The program makes available: (see figure 3.4.1)
linear triangles and rectangles with three or four nodes
quadratic triangles and rectangles with six or eight nodes.
It is not possible to mix linear and quadratic elements.
It is recommended,
to use at first linear elements and to profit by the iterative mesh refinement,
to use quadratic elements only, if mainly linear field problems are calculated.
The material properties within an element are constant over the region of the element, but they
can depend on the induction B in a non-linear case as given by the magnetization
characteristic B = f (H).
Figure 3.4.1: Types of elements

c) Node-Chain
A closed sequence of node-chains will define a superelement which will automatically be
filled with elements in the mesh generation process.
The generation of the node-chains is performed by means of the function Node Chains,
considering crossing with existing node-chains, according to the pick-distance chosen. The
nodes of the node-chain will be located on a geometry line if there is a geometry defined.
3.4
FEMAG
new node-chain
new node-chain
Figure 3.4.2: Node-chains

Thereby the following has to be considered (s. figure 3.4.2 ):
The node-chains can be put anywhere or can be attached to an existing node which will be
picked up.
Node-chains can cross an existing node-chain. In this case a new node and 4 new nodechains will be generated.
Mesh generation can only work, if there are no open node-chains. Open node-chains must
be either closed by an additional node-chain or must be deleted by means of the functions
Delete NC-Sequence or Delete NC-Group (s. 4.5).
d) Superelement
A superelement combines a number of elements which are being enclosed node-chains (s.
figure 3.4.3 ).
A superelement will be generated by the function Mesh Generation. A superelement has
always one material property, which in case of a non-linear problem will have the same
magnetisation characteristic but a different permeability in each element.
Figure 3.4.3: Superelement
e) Subregion
A subregion combines a number of superelements having the same material properties, e.g.
the same conductivity or the same quality of iron. Subregions will be generated by means of
the function Subregions.
3.5
FEMAG
f) Windings
A winding combines a number of winding-elements (subregions), which are connected in
series (s. figure 3.4.4 ). A winding will be generated by means of the function Windings.
WE =
WE =
10
11
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
WE = Winding-element (subregion)
12
27
13
28
14
29
15
30
WS = Winding
Windings (in series connected winding-elements):

WS1 = WE1+WE16+WE2+WE22+WE8+WE23+WE9+WE10+WE29+WE30
Figure 3.4.4: Winding-elements and windings
3.6
FEMAG
4. The functions of the program FEMAG-DC

The program FEMAG-DC performs the calculation of two-dimensional, plain or axissymmetric magnetic fields, with sources such as currents or magnetised areas or
predetermined flux between boundaries.
The program may be used:
1) "Interactive":
The user controls the data input, the calculation and the analysis with menus, keyboard
input and cursor control.
2) "Batch":
A session and its commands can be stored in a log-file by <Ctrl L> at the beginning and
<Ctrl L> at the end. This log-file being an ASCII-file can be modified with an editor. The
program can read the log-file and control the process according to the commands stored
(further details s. appendix A)
4.1 Main-menu:
The main-menu (s. figure 2.2.1) shows the functions of the program.
Use of the program:
* Select a function of a menu with the <Cursor>-keys.
* Call the function with the <Return>-key.
A small, twinkling bar shows that the function was activated and is working.
Typical solution sequence:
a)
Start with the function "Select Input File", select an old file or
define a new one. You must always start with this function.
b)
Define with the sub-functions "Param/Dev/Zoom" and "Window" of the

function "Graphics":
- the coordinate-system: x/y; r/; r/z
- the input devices (pointer, keyboard)
- the scale of the display with the values xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax (s. figure 4.3.2 ).
c)
Generate the contours of the problem to be analysed with the function "Geometry".
The contours can but must not be used as a basis for the node-chain generation.
d)
Define the node-chains by the function "Node Chains", either on the basis of
the geometry or independent of any geometry lines.
4.1.1
FEMAG
e)
Define with the function "Mesh Generation" the mesh on the basis of
node-chains.
f)
Define with the function "Subregions" subregions having the same

material properties.
g)
Define with the function "Material Constants" the properties of superelements

and subregions.
h)
Duplicate, mirror, shift, rotate or scale the mesh with all its objects by means
of the function "Transformations".
i)
Define with the function "Windings" the winding-elements and the

windings with the current and the number of terms.
k)
Define with the function "Magnetization Curves" the magnetisation curves

B=f(H) for the soft- and hard-magnetic materials.
l)
Define the boundary conditions with the function "Boundary Conditions" .
m)
Initiate and control with the function "Field Calculation" the calculation of the
vector potential, the iterative mesh refinement and the multiple calculations of fields.
n)
Analyse with the function "Analysis" the field, e.g. calculate induction, forces and
torques, fluxes and inductances, magnetic potentials and draw colour plots and maps.
o)
Save the results with the function "Save/ Save as" for later use.
4.1.2
FEMAG
4.2 Initialisation, File-Management: "Select Input File"

The function "Select Input File" (s. figure 4.2.1) reads, writes and administrates data files.
Figure 4.2.1: Menu of the function "Select Input File"

Subfunctions:
1) "Binary/ASCII":
( Binary ) ( ASCII ) -
Select the type of the file by pressing the T-bar:

for a binary file
for an ASCII-file
2) "Select Directory":Select an input and output directory: Directory IN: for writing,
Directory OUT: for reading.
The datas are stored with the extensions: *.ISA7 and *.AUX7 or *.ISA7-ASCII
and *.AUX7-ASCII (*.I7, *.A7, *.I7A, *.A7A for DOS Version).
3) "Select file":
Select from the files displayed a file to be processed.

The title of the file can be confirmed or modified.
4) "New File":
You can define a new file with the name and the title for a new
problem. The program opens a new file in the directory OUT. Then you
will see the windows PARAMETERS, INPUT DEVICE and
WINDOW for input of the main sets. Further informations you will
find in chapter 4.3.
5) "Return":
Go back to the main menu.

4.2.1
FEMAG
4.3 Graphic display of results: "Graphics"

The function "Graphics" displays various characteristics like materials, contours, fields etc.
(s. figure 4.3.1):
GRAPHICS
Se
FFFF
EEEE
INPUT DEVICE
MM MM
FFF
EEE
M M M with coordinate
Ele.Factor= 1.00
EEEE
Pointer
Param/Dev/Zoom
Clear Display
Draw Material
PICK dist = 0.60 % e
Draw Windings
Draw Contours
Draw Field
Coord Sys =
correction
r/ph
No
2D - Finite Element
Magnetostatic
PARAMETERS
Window
Analysis
Field Problems
Version 7.9.7 - March 99
Su
Draw Geometry
Ma
Draw Nodes
Tr
Draw Nodechain
Wi
Draw Mesh
Ma
Draw Sup.Elem.
Bo
Draw Frame
Fi
Draw Title
An
Draw Text
( standard+++ )
Institut fuer Elektrische Maschinen - ETH Zuerich
Replace MatCol
SA
Set Colours
EX
Redraw Picture
Hardcopy
File: ./d1_pmmot.ISA7
RETURN
Figure 4.3.1: Menu of the function "Graphics"
The following sub-functions can be selected with the <Cursor> and activated by <Return>
key.
1) "Window"
Defines the world coordinates xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax and thereby the size of the problem which
should be displayed on the screen (s. figure 4.3.2).
If you select (xmax - xmin) not equal (ymax - ymin), the picture will be distorted.
By means of the <space bar> you can select one of the following modes:
(None):
The values of xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax will be displayed. The values are given
in [mm]. The default values are: -1000, 1000, -1000, 1000 mm.
4.3.1
FEMAG
(Blow up): Input two points on the screen, left-below and right-upper to define the blowing
factor. Thereby the scaling of the two axis will be the same. This process can
be repeated.
(Zoom)
As "Blow up" but the scaling of the two axis will not be the same.
This process can be repeated.
(Set/Reset) The initial definition for the coordinates xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax will be displayed.
The values can be modified. The picture on the screen will be reset.
(Previous) Up to 5 sets of data with window dimensions are saved by means of using the
functions "set/reset", "blow up", "zoom". The call of function "previous"
restores previous display.
Figure 4.3.2: Representation of the problem at the screen

2) "Param/Dev/Zoom":
The following sub-functions can be selected with the Cursor and activated by the Return-key:
a) "Parameters":
Defines the coordinate system x/y; r/; r/z, the PICK-distance, i.e. the size of the
selective area for the pointer (the default value is 0.6 %) and the element scaling
factor (between 0.5 and 1.0).
b) "Input Device":
Select the input device <Pointer> or <Keyboard> by means of the <space bar> and
the <Return>-key. For the <Pointer> the coordinate correction can be chosen.
c) "Zooming":
The window to display the zoom region can be activated by means of the <space bar>
and <Return>key. For the status "yes" the area around the pointer on the graphic screen
will be amplified with the factor 5.
4.3.2
3) "Clear Display":
FEMAG
Resets the screen.
4) "Draw Material": Regions with the same material (the same colour) are drawn.
5) "Draw Windings": The winding-elements are drawn with colours.
6) "Draw Contours": The contours of the superelements having different material properties
(colours) are drawn.
7) "Draw Field":
The aquipotential lines are drawn, according to the calculated potential

distribution. For output in HPGL format (see subfunction "Hardcopy"
draw field lines with the mode "continuous".
8) "Draw Geometry": The points and lines defined with the function "Geometry" are drawn.
9) "Draw Nodes":
All nodes are drawn.
10)"Draw Node-chain": All node-chains and nodes are drawn.

11) "Draw Mesh":
The mesh is drawn with the reduced elements, according to the scaling
factor defined above.
12) "Draw Superelements": The superelements are drawn.

13) "Draw Frame":
A frame is drawn.
14) "Draw Title":
The title defined by means of the function "select input file" is drawn.
15) "Draw Text":
A text in (max.) 4 lines can be defined by means of the function

<editing> and written by means of the function <write to> on a location
at the screen given by the location of the pointer (s. figure 4.3.3),
activated by means of the <Return>-key.
Figure 4.3.3: Menu for text input

4.3.3
FEMAG
16) "Replace MatCol": The colour in the whole figure can be changed.
17) "Set Colours":
Default colours of the node-chains, mesh, field lines etc. can be

changed. (s. figure 4.3.4)
Figure 4.3.4: Menu for setting colours
18) "Redraw Picture": Refresh the figure.

19) "Hardcopy":
The actual graphic data can be written on a file in the format

<PostScript gray>, <PostScript colour>, <HPGL> or <Picture>. In the
same way the orientation <portrait> or <landscape> and the height of
the picture can be selected (see figure 4.3.5).
The contents of this file can be read by a program, depending on the
operating system of the computer (UNIX, MS-DOS or Windows) and
plotted on a printer or plotter etc.
In HPGL-file only lines and contours are plotted, no areas.
Program FEMAG supports the following pens in the HPGL format:
SP 1 - black
SP 5 - blue
SP 2 - red
SP 6 - violet
SP 3 - green
SP 7 - cyan
SP 4 - yellow
SP 8 - white
4.3.4
FEMAG
Figure 4.3.5: Menu for hardcopy
20) "Return":
Return to the main menu.
4.3.5
FEMAG
4.4 Geometry Definition: "Geometry"

The function "Geometry" provides the input (lines, curves, arcs, circles) for the definition of
the problem (figure 4.4.1) and the basis for the node-chains, which are the basis for the
generation of the mesh (s. section 3.1).
Figure 4.4.1: Menu of the function "Geometry "
Use of the program:

The coordinates CO-1 (x, r, or r) and CO-2 (y, or z) are given by the pointer on the
screen or via keyboard. They can be changed in the mode:
<coordinate correction> <yes> with the keyboard input.
By means of the call of the sub-function "Undo" the preceding action can be deleted from
the database.
Leaving the function with "Quit/Return", the actions will not be stored and the control
is given back to the main menu.
Leaving the function with "Save/Return", the actions will be stored and the control is
given back to the main menu.
The "function-keys" in the function area of the keyboard (s. section 2.3) are only active, if
the pointer + appears on the graphic window.
4.4.1
FEMAG
The input of any point (x, y), based on the position of the pointer + on the graphic window,
is performed by means of the <Select-key> (left key of the mouse) or by means of
the<Return>-key on the keyboard.
The subfunctions can be selected with the <Cursor> and initiated by the <Return>-key.
An input will be activated by the <Return>-key or by the left mouse key.
The execution of any subfunction will be closed by means of the key < . >
Example: Input of several lines with the subfunction "Line P1P2":
* Select the function "Line" with <Cursor> and <Return>-key.
* Select the subfunction "Line P1P2" with <Cursor> and <Return>-key:
- Select P1 with the pointer + in the graphic window and input with <Return>-key.
- Select P2 with the pointer + in the graphic window and input with <Return>-key.
* Repeat the action with <Return>-key or close with < . >
Subfunctions of "Geometry":
1)
"Device/Mode/Parameters"
Serves for the input of control values. The windows "Input Device" and "Parameters" will be
called.
In the function "Input Device" the following input devices can be selected:
-
Pointer (mouse)
Keyboard
At the input of the coordinates by means of the pointer with coordinates correction, the
program differentiates as follows:
-
<no>: No corrections of the coordinates via keyboard. The coordinates (x,y),

given by the pointer, will be given to the program.
<yes>: The x-y values will be displayed. They can be first corrected with the keyboard
and afterwards given to the program with the <Return>-key.
In the window "Parameters" the Pick-distance and the kind of the coordinate system can be
changed.
2) "Grid"
Serves for the generation of a regular grid.
Modes:
- <set>:
A regular grid of given size will be activated and shown.
- <off>:
The grid is not activated and not drawn.
4.4.2
FEMAG
Select the mode with the <space bar> and input with the <Return>-key.
Input of the grid distance via keyboard and <Return>-key.
3) "Line"
Serves for generation of a line in different ways.
To support the input, the following actions are possible (see figure 4.4.2).
***
Point P1
LINE
***
<<< MENU >>>

P1 -> P2
Angle alpha :
P1 / angle / length
Offset
Direct. P1->P2/length
Parallel to line
Angle
[grad] =
Parallel / displaced
Length
[mm] =
Orthogonal / length
Displacement along line
[mm] =
UNDO
Displacement orth to line [mm] =

Measure position
Measurements:
Measure length
x [mm] =
[mm]=
r [mm] =
phi [grad]=
Measure angle
Length P1 -> P2 [mm] =
RETURN
Figure 4.4.2: Menu of subfunction "Line"
a) "P1
P2":
Line between two points with the absolute coordinates x1, y1 and x2, y2 according to the
selected coordinate system (figure 4.4.3).
Select the mode via <space bar>, input with <Return>-key.
P1, P2:
Select with pointer + in the graphic window and input with <Return>-key
according to the mode (SET, PICK) with the possibility for the correction in
the mode "Coordinate Correction" <yes> .
Repeat the action with <Return>-key, close with < . >
P2 (x2, y2)
P1 (x1, y1)
4.4.3
FEMAG
Figure 4.4.3: Line between P1 and P2
b) "P1 / angle / length":

Input of a line of the length "l" and the angle "" against an axis, with modes
(s. figure 4.4.4 ):
L3
L3
P3
3
3
P3
L2
L2
L1
P1
P2
L1
P1
P2
1
x
Mode : (Angle to x-axis)
mode : (Angle to last line)
Figure 4.4.4: Line with length and angle

Further modes:
<Point 0,0>: starting from point (0,0)
<Point P1>: starting from an arbitrary point P1 given via pointer or keyboard
according to the mode (SET, PICK, CROSS) with possibility of
correction in the mode "Coordinate Correction" <yes>.
Input:
Select the mode via <space bar>, input with <Return>-key
, l :
P1 :
via keyboard and <Return>-key

Select with pointer + in the window and input with <Return>-key with
possibility of correction in the mode "Coordinate Correction" <yes>.
c) "Direction P1
P2 / length":
Input of a line of the length l from P1 or P(0,0) (s. figure 4.4.5 ), in the following modes:
Offset (0.0):
in the direction of the line P1P2 or
4.4.4

Offset (180.):
FEMAG
in the opposite direction of the line P1P2
P2
P2
l
P1
P1
Offset = 0.0
Offset = 180.
Figure 4.4.5: Line in the direction P1 P2 with offset

Input:
Select the mode via <space bar>, input with <Return>-key.
Input the length l via keyboard:
P1:
Input mode (Point 0,0) : P1 as 0,0 (Origin point).
Input mode (Point P1 ): Select the point with the pointer + in the window and
input with <Return>-key.
P2:
Select the point with the pointer + in the graphic window and input with
<Return>-key, always with the possibility of correction in the mode
"Coordinate correction" <yes>.
d) "Parallel to line":
Input of a line of the length l, starting from P3, parallel to the line L1, in direction P1 P2
(s. figure 4.4.6 ).
P2
P1
P3
Figure 4.4.6: Line parallel to another line
e) "Parallel / displaced":
Line of the length l, parallel to the line P1-P2 , in distance a, b displaced from P1
(s. figure 4.4.7 ).
4.4.5
FEMAG
P2
l
a
P1
Figure 4.4.7: Line parallel to another line in distance a and with displacement b
Input: see above
f) "Orthogonal / length":
Line of the length l orthogonal to the direction P1 P2, starting from P3, (s. figure 4.4.8 ).
P2
l
P1
P3
Figure 4.4.8: Line vertical to another line

Input: see above
g) "Measure position":
Mesures the coordinates x/y, r/ or r/z.
h) "Measure length":
Mesures the distance between the points P1 and P2.
i) "Measure angle":
Mesures the angle between two lines. Each line has to be

defined by two points.
4) "Poly-line"
Serves for the input of a polygon P1, P2, P3, .... in the following modes:
4.4.6
FEMAG
a) Mode <set point free>: Input of the points by means of <Pointer> in the graphic window.
b) Mode <angle, length>: Input of the lengths l1, l2, l3 ... of the line segments and of the
angles 1, 2, 3 ... to the preceding segment of the polygon.
Input: Select the mode via <space bar>, input with <Return>:
Mode Points Pi:
Select the point in the graphic window with the pointer + and
input with <Return>, with the possibility of correction in the
mode "Coordinate Correction" <yes>.
Mode , l:
via keyboard and <Return>.
Repeat the action with <Return>, close with < . >
5) "Spline Curve"
This subfunction puts a smooth curve through the points of the polygon, generated by the
subfunction "Poly-line", by means of a cubical spline interpolation.
6) "Arc"
Serves for input of an arc with the radius R and the angles 1 and 2 (s. figure 4.4.9 ).
y
P3
P2
R
2
2
P1
1
P0
1
P0
With modes:
<Point 0,0> - centre point of arc
<Angle = ?> - angle 1
<Angle = ?> - angle 2
<Radius= ?>- radius R
<Point P0> - centre point of arc

<Point P1> - angle 1
<Point P2> - angle 2
<Dist. P0 to P3> - radius R
Figure 4.4.9: Arc

For the input of the centre point of the radius P0 the following possibilities exist:
a) Mode <Point 0,0>:
The zero point of the coordinate system will be taken.
4.4.7

b) Mode (Point P0):
FEMAG
Select the centre point P0 with the pointer + in the graphic

window and input with <Return>.
c) Mode <Middle(Pi,Pj)>: Center between Pi and Pj, select the points Pi and Pj with
pointer + in the graphic window and input with <Return>.
For the input of the arc angle the following possibilities are available:
a) Mode <Angle>:
Input 1 and 2 via keyboard and <Return>
b) Mode <Point P1>:
Select the point P1 with 1 with pointer + in the graphic

window and input with<Return>
c) Mode <Point P2>:
Select the point P2 with 2 with pointer + in the graphic

window and input with <Return>
For the input of the radius R the following possibilities exist:

a) Mode <Radius = ? >:
Input of R via keyboard and <Return>
b) Mode <Dist.P0 to P3>: Distance between centre point P0 and the point P3. Select the
points P0 and P3 with pointer + in the graphic window and input
with <Return>
The arc will be represented by segments. Under Number of points you can input the number
of segments by keyboard and <Return>, thus defining the accuracy of the model.
Input of the points with pointer + in the graphic window may be corrected by keyboard in the
mode "Coordinate Correction" <yes>, input with <Return>.
Repeat the action with <Return>, close with < . >
7) "Circle"
for input of a circle with the radius R and the centre point P0 (s. figure 4.4.10 )
4.4.8
FEMAG
y
P3
R
P0
Pi
0,0
Modes:
<Point P0> - centre point
<Radius = ?> - radius R
Pj
P0
0,0
<Middle Pi, Pj>

<Dist. P0 to P3>
- centre point
- radius R
Figure 4.4.10: Circle
For the input of the centre point P0 the following possibilities exist:
a) Mode <Point 0,0>:
The zero point of the coordinate system will be taken.
b) Mode <Point P0>:
Select the centre point P0 with the pointer + in the graphic

window (with the possibility of Coordinate Correction) and
input with <Return>.
c) Mode <Middle(Pi,Pj)>: Centre between Pi and Pj. Select the points Pi and Pj with the
pointer + in the graphic window and input with <Return>.
For the input of the radius R the following possibilities exist:
a) Mode <Radius = ? >:
Input of R via keyboard and <Return>.
b) Mode <Dist.P0 to P3>: Distance between centre point P0 and the point P3.
Select the points P0 and P3 with the pointer + in the graphic
window and input with <Return>.
The circle will be represented by segments. With the parameter Number of points you can
choose the number of segments, thus defining the accuracy of the model.
Input of the points with the pointer + in the graphic window, with the possibility of correction
in the mode "Coordinate Correction" <yes> and input with <Return>.
Repeat the action with <Return>, close with <.>
8) "Join Points"
4.4.9
FEMAG
All points enclosed by a polygon, which will be defined in the graphic window with the
pointer + and <Return>-key, are joined to a new point being the centre of them. Separated
lines can be combined, and closed geometric regions can be generated for the formation of
node chains by means of the subfunction "Define on geometry".
Close the action with <Return>.
9) "Delete Point"
A point with all common lines will be deleted.
Select the point with the pointer + in the graphic window and input with <Return>-key.
Use the mode (PICK).
10) "Delete Line"

A line will be deleted.
Select the line with the pointer + in the graphic window and input with <Return>-key.
Use the mode (PICK).
11) "Delete Lines"

All lines enclosed by a closed polygon, defined in the graphic window with the pointer, will
be deleted. Close the action with <.>-key.
12) "UNDO"
makes preceding action ineffective.
13) "Draw Geometry" draws the geometry.

14) "Transformation"
These function can duplicate, rotate, scale and mirror an already existing geometry.
Use of the program: see section 4.11.
15) "Import/Export"
Serves for the management of a file with geometry datas.
Actions:
a) "Reset & read": Resets existing geometry and reads a file with geometry datas.
b) "Read & add": Adds a file with geometry datas to an existing file.
c) "Write to file": Stores a file with actual geometry datas.
The name of the file and the directory are defined by means of function "Select Input
File" or "SAVE / SAVE AS"
16) "CAD - Interface"

This subfunction reads geometric datas generated by any CAD-program supporting the DXFand IGES-format. Use of the program: see section 4.5
4.4.10
FEMAG
4.5 Input of "Node Chains"

The function "Node Chains" serves for input and change of the node chains (see section 3.4c) as a basis
for the mesh generation (s. figure 4.5.1), e.g. for the determination of superelements.
<<< MENU >>>
***
Node
Chains
***
Define free-line
Function type:
Number of nodes:
Define free-points
Density mode:
Delete NC single
Pick mode:
Delete NC group
UNDO
Elements number per penetration depth =
Select geom. area
Max. frequency [Hz]
Define on geometry
Conductivity
Define automatical.
[S/m]
Relative Permeability
Penetration depth [mm]
CAD - Parameters
CAD - Interface
Export / Import
x x
x x
Refine Node Chains

DEFINE ON GEOMETRY:
^ /////////
/// * ///
///
<
///
: Reference Point
Draw Geometry
Draw Node Chains
/// : Active geometry area

v
x-x : Node-chains defined
QUIT / RETURN
--> : Direction of definition
SAVE / RETURN
Figure 4.5.1: Menu of the function "Node Chains"
Use of the program:

The node chains will be generated piece by piece. The rules of generation (s. section 3.4c) have to be
considered.
You may generate node chains
a) controlled with "Define free-line" on straight lines or arcs of a circle.
b) continuous as polygon with Define free-points
c) starting from an area defined by closed geometry lines with the subfunction
"Define on geometry".
d) automatically on geometrical lines by Define automatical.
e) by parameters on a given topology with the subfunction CAD-Parameters
We recommend to use the procedure c) in special cases only.
4.5.1
FEMAG
Subfunctions of Node Chains:

1) "Define free-line"
Node chains with a certain number of nodes will be generated between two arbitrary nodes either on
the basis of the "geometry" lines in the pick-mode or without respecting the existing "geometry" in the
set-mode:
Modes:
<equidistant>:
<square>:
<exponential>:
the nodes are distributed uniformly, equidistant

the nodes will be distributed along the line according to the function
F(x) = xa (a is eqal 1.2) with the density modes:
<dense begin>
<dense end>
<dense b+e>
the node distribution will be generated according to the field penetration
depth, defined by the frequency, the permeability and the conductivity
with a density mode as mentioned before.
Input:
Number of nodes: by keyboard and <Return>
Modes:
Select by <space bar> and enter by <Return>
Nodes:
Definition in the graphic window with the pointer and <Return>-key
The activity is closed by the < . >-key.
Working in the x/y-coordinate system the node chain will be generated along a line, in the r/coordinate system the node chain will be generated along an arc, counterclockwise.
The node chain is closed by putting the end-point on the start-point. Thus a closed sequence of node
chains, i.e. a superelement, is defined.
2) "Define free-points"
Allows the generation of an arbitrary chain of nodes, whereby the nodes will be positioned along
existing "geometry" lines, if they are within the pick-distance. The activity will be closed by pressing
the < . >-key.
3) "Delete NC single"
An individual node chain selected with the pointer + in the graphic window will be deleted by pressing
the <Return>-key. The action can be closed by pressing the < . >-key.
4) "Delete NC group"
At the screen a polygon can be generated with the pointer + and <Return>-key. The polygon will be
closed by pressing the < . >-key. It can be corrected piece by piece by pressing the < 0 >-key (right, in
the function area). All node chains fully enclosed by this polygon as well as the corresponding
elements and superelements will be deleted
(s. figure 4.5.2 ).
4.5.2
FEMAG
polygon line
Figure 4.5.2: Deleting of node chains
5) "Undo"
undoes the preceding action.
6) "Select geometry area"

Select in the graphic window a region enclosed by the geometry lines with the pointer + and
<Return>-key.
Result:
a) either the region is shown or
b) an error message appears: "Closed poly-line cannot be found," if the selected region
is not closed.
Problem b) can be solved by two ways:
1. Change the generation mode and generate node chains with "Define free-line" or with
"Define free-points" on the basis of the existing "geometry" lines.
2. Enlarge the region with the subfunction "blow up" or "zoom" and join the open
geometry contour with the subfunction "Join Points" of the function "Geometry"
(s. section 4.4).
7) "Define on geometry"
In the case 6 b)1 the node chains can be generated clockwise and linewise, where the number of the
nodes must be given (>2) and the following modes may be selected:
Modes:
<equidistant>:
<square>:
the nodes are distributed uniformly, equidistant

the nodes will be distributed along the line according to the function
F(x) = xa (a is equal to 1.2) with the density modes:
<dense begin>
<dense end>
<dense b+e>
Pick Mode <Poly-Line>: the nodes will be generated along the selected line.
Pick Mode <Two points>: the nodes will be generated between two selected points along
the boundary of the selected area.
Input: see 1)
4.5.3
FEMAG
8) "Define automatically"
Node chains are generated over existing geometry lines automatically. In the r, -coordinate
system the node chains are arcs of a circle, if r1 - r2 0.02 (r1 + r2).
Very short node-chains will be removed.
9) "CAD-Parameters"
generate node chains according to certain input parameters for electrical machines.
a)
Selection of modells from :

CAD-PARAMETERS
Stator Slots
Rotor
Slots
Magnets
Holes etc.
Windings Gen.
Parameters
B(H) Curves
User Model
User Model
Functions
RETURN
b) Selection of modells from :

STATOR MODELS
Stator 1
ROTOR MODELS
Stator 2
Rotor
Stator 3
Rotor
Rotor
Stator 4
MAGNET MODELS
Stator 5
Magnet Sector
Rotor
Stator 7
Magnet in Iron
Rotor
Stator KS
Magnet Iron 2
Rotor
Stator 9
Stator6 Magnet
Rotor
KSK
Stator KW
Magnets
Rotor
Stator 3 LIN
Magnet Shell
Rotor
FC
Stator SR
Magnet EMB
Rotor HSM
Stator 41
Magnet VAC
Rotor SR
--------
Magbet linear
---------
--------
---------
---------
RETURN
RETURN
RETURN
etc
4.5.4
FEMAG
With the subfunftions:

Windings Gen. A windings can be defined
Parameters
Data fort he losses calculations can be defined:,
FE - PARAMETERS
Fe-Losses Data Stator
Fe-Losses Data Rotor
Windings Losses Data
Magnet Data
Fe-Process Contr Data
RETURN
seperate for stator and rotor

***
Fe-Loss Data Rotor
***
Base Frequency for ch and cw
fo [Hz]
50.00
Base Induction
Bo
[T]
1.500
-Coefficient ch
[W/kg]
4.000
Fe-Eddy current-Coefficient cw
[W/kg]
2.000
Fe-Hysteresis
(Peak)
Hysteresis- Frequency-Coefficient
1.000
Eddycurrent-Frequency-Coefficient
2.000
Induction-Coefficient
2.000
Material + Field Factor >= 1
1.000
Specific Weight Iron

Fillfactor Iron
***
[gr/cm3]
<= 1
Fe-Loss Data Stator
7.650
1.000
***
fo [Hz]
50.00
Base Induction
Bo
[T]
1.500
-Coefficient ch
[W/kg]
4.000
[W/kg]
2.000
Fe-Hysteresis
(Peak)
Hysteresis- Frequency-Coefficient
1.000
2.000
2.000
1.000
Specific Weight Iron

Fillfactor Iron
[gr/cm3]
<= 1
7.650
1.000
4.5.5
***
Winding Loss Data
FEMAG
***
Conductor space filling-factor: <= 1
.4000
Relative conductor length (c+e wdg)[%]
100.0
Conductor conductivity
[1/Ohm m]
.4540E+08
Number of conductor layers
> = 1
1.000
Conductor height:
***
[mm]
0.0
Permanent Magnet Data

***
Remanence
Br
(Ref:20 Degree C)
[T]
Rel. Permeability muer
1.150
1.036
Specific Weight Magnets
[gr/cm3]
7.600
Temperature Coefficient for Br
[%/C]
-10.00
Temperature Coefficient for Hc
[%/C]
-10.00
[Degree C]
20.00
Magnet Temperature
***
Output control data ***
Limit of demagnetis.>0:[%], <0: [kA/m]
95.00
Sel. hc-copy file name: auto:0,indi:1
0.0
Max number of harnonics in file xx.bch
30.00
Max Induction [T] in colorgradation
2.200
Min Induction [T] in colorgradation
.2000
B(H) Curves
input of b(h)-characteristics
User Model 1 user defined models

Funktions
calls field calculation
A wrong generation (only the last action) can be removed by "Undo".

It can be dangerous to put new node chains over existing ones or over existing mesh. The collision
with existing node chains will be checked. This results in deleting of mesh and in generation of new
node chains.
After the automatic generation by means of these functions both node chains of the stator and of the rotor
must be connected with a node chain by means of the function "Node Chains" Define free-points, in
order to receive a superelement for the air gap of the machine.
Further explanations with respect to rotor-3, -4, -5, Stator-3, -4, -5:
4.5.6
FEMAG
Setting some parameters to zero allows the generation of various slot or pole arrangements, as shown
in figures 4.5.7 to 4.5.10, if the slot or pole is axis-symmetrical and fulfils some geometric conditions
The coefficient "Coeff of number of nodes" or Rel.node chain density determines the node density in
all generated node chains. (1 results in a normal distribution, e.g. 2.4 results in a 2.4 time denser
distribution).
A geometric distance smaller than 0.2 of the medium node distance will not result in new nodes.
For rotor-3 and stator-3 it is possible to select a certain node chain, which should have another node
density than the rest. The number of the node chains can be taken from the figures 4.5.7 and 4.5.8.
For the rotor-3 and stator-3 the node density in the tooth region will be controlled by the medium tooth
width.
For the rotor-4 and stator-4 this possibility does not exist. But it is possible to generate up to 5 equal
area winding layers.
For the rotor-3 the diameters Di1 and Di2 might be different, resulting in either a polygon or an arc.
For the rotor-3 and rotor-4 the inner diameter will be represented only if it exceeds a certain value to
avoid too small triangles.
Examples for the application of the generating functions are shown in figures 4.5.3 - 4.5.19
It is suggested to define only one slot for the stator and the rotor using these subfunctions. Next node
chains can be modified if necessary, the mesh should be generated and subregions should be defined.
With the function "Transformation" the required number of slots can be generated.
New !!!
Display of parameters for STATOR-3
New !!!
4.5.7
FEMAG
Generation of a complete machine model:

Nodechains and elements
Subregions and material
Windings
Boundary conditions
By means of the models:
STATOR-3 or ROTOR-3 + Magnet in Iron or Magnet Sector
STATOR-4 + Magnet in Iron or Magnet Sector
Beispiel: STATOR-4 + Magnet Sector
***
GENERALISED STATOR***
WITH WEDGE
<<<MENU >>>
Outer diameter
Da
[mm]
Total height
[mm]
50.00
Local
Data
Slot height
H1
[mm]
3.000
File
Data
height
H2
[mm]
3.000
height
H3
[mm]
5.000
height
H4
[mm]
5.000
150.0
Inner Diameter
Di
[mm]
Radius
R1
[mm]
280.0
SW
[mm]
12.00
Width
B1
[mm]
14.00
Width
B2
[mm]
12.00
Width
B3
[mm]
12.00
1.000
Coeff.of number of nodes (norm.1)
1.000
Mesh height (2/3 airgap) [mm]
2.000
Total no. Teeth on 2pi =
24
Be generated =
Reference angle to x-axis
***
RETURN
0.0
Slot width
Number of winding layers
Save Data File
Make
0.0
Magnet Sector Type 1 to

***
4
<<<MENU >>>
Radius RA .....................[mm]
72.00
Radius RI<RA:Rotor,RI>RA:Stator[mm]
40.00
Local
Data
Magnet heigth HM...............[mm]
4.000
File
Data
Magnet width BM: >0:[%],
<0: .[mm]
85.00
Mesh height (2/3 airgap)
.[mm]
Rel. Node density (0.2 - 2) ..

airgap mesh: 1 = yes, 0 = no
1.150
Rel. Permeability ...............
1.050
Magnet Length ..................[%]
100.0
Orientation: par=1, Pol=2, halbach=3
1.000
Magnet: Arc:1, Arcp:2, Rec:3, Recp:4
1.000
Airgap: 0:const,>0:Airgap/cos(phi)
0.0
bridge heigth BH................[mm]
0.0
bridge width
0.0
BW................[mm]
20
RETURN
0.0
Remanence Br .................. [T]
Total no. Poles on 2pi =
Save Data File
2.000
1.000
Be generated =
Make
0.0
The windings data file AA.WDG was generated with the function Generate AC-W in Windings
4.5.8
FEMAG
*** SELECT INPUT FILE ***

<<< MENU
Directory
>>>
IN: .\
ASCII/Binary
Directory OUT: .\
File Name
Title
Select
directory
Open File
*** SELECT FILE BOX ***
ile
format
NEW File
ASCII
RETURN
=> exit
AA
Windings input data: .\AA

Number of coil sides:
6
Type of machine: 1 = Rot, 21 = Lin-x, 22 = Lin-y
1
Index w-keys N-turns
R[mm]
PHI[Degr]
1
1
1
102.5426
7.5
2
-1
1
102.5000
22.5
3
2
1
102.5000
37.5
4
-2
1
102.5426
52.5
5
3
1
102.5000
67.5
6
-3
1
102.5426
82.5
Number of windings saved :
3
W-Key W-Current [A] W-Types: (=1 :wire&cur)
1
1.
1
2
1.
1
3
1.
1
The result is a complete model for: Multiple-I/x, PM-Syn_Motor und Ld-Lq-Ident

Example: No-load field from Calculate once
PHI
R
3
3
2
FEMAG - DC
RE / ETHZ
File: .AA
Date: 11:06:2006
4.5.9
FEMAG
2 or 4
Sw
Rh1
Rh2
2/3 Delta
Rf2
Rf1
Tw
Ri1
Ri2
Ro
***
ROTOR OF UNIVERSAL MOTOR
***
<<< MENU >>>
Inner radius
Ri1
[mm]
5.100
Inner radius
Ri2
[mm]
5.800
Local Data
Foot
radius
Rf1
[mm]
8.000
File
Foot
radius
Rf2
[mm]
9.200
Head
radius
Rh1
[mm]
13.60
Head
radius
Rh2
[mm]
15.60
Outer rotor radius
[mm]
16.25
width
Sw
[mm]
2.100
Tooth width
Tw
[mm]
2.500
1.000
Slot
Ro
Data
Save Data File

RETURN
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Teeth number:
Total =
10
Be generated =
Density of node-chains ?
3
Low
Figure 4.5.3: Menu for the generation of a rotor by means of the function CAD: ROTOR-1
4.5.10
FEMAG
Ra1=Ra2
Tw
2 or 4
Sw
Rh2
Rh1
Rf1
Ri
Rf2
***
STATOR OF INDUCTION MOTOR
***
<<< MENU >>>
Inner radius
Ri
[mm]
10.00
Head
radius
Rh2
[mm]
10.50
Local Data
Head
radius
Rh1
[mm]
11.00
File
Foot
radius
Rf2
[mm]
14.00
Foot
radius
Rf1
[mm]
14.50
Outer radius
Ra2
[mm]
20.00
Outer radius
Ra1
[mm]
20.00
Slot
width
Sw
[mm]
1.000
Tooth width
Tw
[mm]
3.000
Data
Save Data File

RETURN
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Teeth number:
Total =
10
Be generated =
Density of node-chains ?
3
High
Figure 4.5.4: Menu for the generation of a stator by means of the function CAD: STATOR-1
4.5.11
FEMAG
hs
T1
T2
T3
sw
kn
Ri
Ra
***
ROTOR OF SYN- or DC-MACHINES
***
<<< MENU >>>
Outer radius
Ra
[mm]
20.00
Inner radius
Ri
[mm]
2.000
Local Data
Slot depth
T1
[mm]
1.000
File
Slot depth
T2
[mm]
0.5000
Slot depth
T3
[mm]
0.5000
Slot
depth
hs
[mm]
8.000
Slot
width
Sw
[mm]
2.000
Corner with
Kn
[mm]
3.000
Save Data File

RETURN
1.000

Data
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Teeth number:
Total =
18
Be generated =
0.0
No
Figure 4.5.5: Menu for the generation of a rotor with open slots by means of the
function CAD: ROTOR-2
4.5.12
FEMAG
hs
Ri
T2
sw
kw
T1
T3
Ra
***
STATOR OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
***
<<< MENU >>>
Inner radius
Ri
[mm]
10.00
Outer radius
Ra
[mm]
20.00
Local Data
Slot depth
T1
[mm]
1.000
File
Slot depth
T2
[mm]
0.5000
Slot depth
T3
[mm]
0.5000
Slot
depth
hs
[mm]
6.000
Slot
width
Sw
[mm]
2.500
Corner with
Kw
[mm]
3.500

Data
Save Data File

RETURN
1.500
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Teeth number:
Total =
10
Be generated =
0.0
No
Figure 4.5.6: Menu for the generation of a stator with open slots by means of the
function CAD: STATOR-2
4.5.13
H1
6
H2
FEMAG
sw
10
R1
2/3
9
8
4
B1
Rotor-3
H
3
12
B2
R2
1 12 : Segment-Nr. (intern)
Dr
1
2
0
7
11
Di2
***
Di1
GENERALISED ROTOR WITHOUT WEDGE
***
<<< MENU >>>
Inner diameter
Di1
[mm]
Inner diameter
Di2
[mm]
12.00
Local Data
Total height
[mm]
5.000
File
11.00
Slot height
H1
[mm]
0.4000
Distance
H2
[mm]
1.700
Diameter rotor
Dr
[mm]
26.00
Radius
R1
[mm]
1.000
Radius
R2
[mm]
0.8000
Slot width
Sw
[mm]
0.5000
Distance middlepoints B1 [mm]
1.000
0.6000
Rel.node-ch. dens. airgap (<2) =
1.000
Slot center line: Yes=1.0, No=0.0
1.000

Teeth number:
Total =
18
Save Data File

RETURN
1.000
Generate Slot only: 0, all: 1.0

=
0.4000
Be generated =
80.00
No
Figure 4.5.7: Menu for the generation of a rotor by means of the function
CAD: ROTOR-3
4.5.14
Data
FEMAG
Generate as Stator slot: Do > Di

Generate as Rotor slot: Do < Di
Input: B1, B2 or Tooth-width
Do
R2
B2
H
Tooth-width/2
B1
R1
H1
H2
SW
Di
groove with Diameter SW

if SW < 0
Di-2/3 airgap
***
STATOR 3 (Do>Di) or ROTOR

*** (Do<Di)
Outer diameter
Do
[mm]
Inner Diameter
Di
[mm]
110.0
60.00
Total height
[mm]
20.00
Slot height
H1
[mm]
1.500
Distance
H2
[mm]
5.000
Slot width
Sw
[mm]
2.000
Radius
R1
[mm]
3.000
Radius
R2
[mm]
4.000
0.0
0.0
1.000
Centerline: no: 0, ver: 1, hor: 2

Tooth_width (repl. B1,B2)[mm]
Typ top slot 1: line = 1, arc = 0

12
0.0
7.000
0.0
1.500
Be generated =
75.00
4.5.15
FEMAG
H1
Bs
H2
H3
H4
Dr
B1
B2
H
B3 R1
Rotor-4
Di
***
GENERALISED ROTOR WITH WEDGE
***
<<< MENU >>>
Inner diameter
12.00
Di
[mm]
Total height
[mm]
5.000
Slot height
H1
[mm]
0.5000
height
H2
[mm]
1.000
height
H3
[mm]
1.300
height
H4
[mm]
2.000
Rotor Diameter
Dr
[mm]
26.00
Radius
R1
[mm]
0.5000
Slot width
Bs
[mm]
1.000
Width
B1
[mm]
3.000
Width
B2
[mm]
2.000
Width
B3
[mm]
0.5000
3.000

Teeth number:
Total =
18
Local Data
File
Data
Save Data File

RETURN
1.000
0.4000
Be generated =
80.00
No
4.5.16
FEMAG
B3
R1
Do
Stator-4
B2
B1
H4 H3
H2
Bs
H1
Di
***
GENERALISED STATOR WITH WEDGE
***
<<< MENU >>>
Outer diameter
Da
[mm]
Total height
[mm]
6.000
Slot height
H1
[mm]
0.4000
height
H2
[mm]
0.8000
height
H3
[mm]
1.100
height
H4
[mm]
1.300
Inner Diameter
Di
[mm]
12.00
Radius
R1
[mm]
0.9000
Slot width
Bs
[mm]
1.000
Width
B1
[mm]
2.000
Width
B2
[mm]
1.400
Width
B3
[mm]
1.100
3.000
26.00

Teeth number:
Total =
12
Local Data
File
Data
Save Data File

RETURN
1.500
0.0
Be generated =
75.00
No
4.5.17
FEMAG
Ao
B
R2
R R2
R1
A2
R R1
A1
Ro
***
Ra
Ri
PART WITH CIRCLES
Re
***
<<< MENU >>>
Radius
Re
[mm]
120.0
Radius
Ra
[mm]
112.0
Local Data
Radius
Ri
[mm]
60.00
File
Radius
R0
[mm]
50.00
Angle
A1
[Grad]
10.00
Radius
RR1
[mm]
80.00
Radius
R1
[mm]
8.000
Angle
A2
[Grad]
20.00
Radius
RR2
[mm]
95.00
Radius
R2
[mm]
6.000
3.000
Number of Winding-Layers
Slot 0 = parallel / 1 = radial =
1.000
Width B or Angle A0 [mm/Grad]
28.00
Data
Save Data File

RETURN
2.000
0.0
Teeth number:
Total =
10
Be generated =
0.0
No
4.5.18
FEMAG
Figure 4.5.12: Examples of node chains being generated by means of the function
CAD for the ROTOR-5
4.5.19
***
FEMAG
Pole with arc and line
***
<<< MENU >>>
Radius extern
Re
[mm]
110.0
Radius outer
Ra
[mm]
100.0
Local Data
Radius back
Rp
[mm]
90.00
File
Radius inner
Ri
[mm]
50.00
Excenticity
E1
[mm]
20.00
Radius Pole
R1
[mm]
70.00
Radius Pole-end R0
[mm]
7.000
Width Pole out
B1
[mm]
120.0
Width Pole in
B2
[mm]
60.00
Angle Windings
A3
[Grad]
55.00
Excentricity 2
E2
[mm]
20.00
Radius Pole
R2
[mm]
58.00
--------------------------------
Save Data File

RETURN
0.0
Coeff. number of nodes (0.2 .. 6)
1.000
--------------------------------
11.00
Total number:of half-poles 4
Data
Be generated =
90.00
No
4.5.20
FEMAG
Figure 4.5.14: Example of node chains being generated by means of the function
CAD: STATOR-5
4.5.21
***
FEMAG
GENERALISED SR-ROTOR
***
<<< MENU >>>
[mm]
5.000
Slot bottom radius Ro
[mm]
6.000
Local Data
Rotor radius
R1
[mm]
8.000
File
Air gap
Gap
[mm]
0.5000
Rotor pol arc
BeR
[Deg] =
20.00
Rotor
TpR
[Deg] =
10.00
Fr
[mm]
1.000
1.000
Shaft radius
Rsh
pol taper
Top radius
Rel. Node distance (0.5 - 2)
Node_chain in air gap: No=0,Yes=1
Data
Save Data File

RETURN
1.000
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Teeth number:
Total =
Be generated =
60.00
No
Figure 4.5.15: Menu for the generation of a rotor of a Switched Reluctance Motor
by means of the function CAD: ROTOR-SR
4.5.22
FEMAG
STATOR-SR (Switched Reluctance Motor)
R3
TpR
R2
(Fr)
BeR
2
***
Ri
GENERALISED SR-STATOR
***
<<< MENU >>>
Inner radius stator
Ri
[mm]
8.000
Slot bottom radius
R2
[mm]
10.00
Local Data
Stator outer radius
R3
[mm]
11.00
File
Stator pol arc
BeS [Deg] =
25.00
Stator pol taper
TpS [Deg] =
22.50
Top radius
Fr
[mm]
0.0
Air gap
Gap [mm]
0.0
1.000
Rel. Node distance (0.5 - 2)
Data
Save Data File

RETURN
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Teeth number:
Total =
Be generated =
67.50
No
Figure 4.5.16: Menu for the generation of the stator of a Switched Reluctance Motor
by means of the function CAD: STATOR-SR
4.5.23
FEMAG
Salient-Pole
BPSS
DELO
BDNS
TAUD
DELO/3
HPO
DD
HDNS
BPK
BPSU
RPS
HPK
(BPK2)
DPOL
DB
Ref angle
BSH
***
GENERALISED ROTOR HYDRO_GENERATOR
***
<<< MENU >>>
Inner diameter
BSH
[mm]
60.00
Airgap Pol/Shaft
DPOL [mm]
1.000
Local Data
Pole core height
HPK
[mm]
20.00
File
Pole height
HPO
[mm]
16.00
Pole radius
RPS
[mm]
42.00
Pole core width bot BPK2 [mm]
40.00
[mm]
40.00
BPSS [mm]
50.00
Pole core width top BPK

Pole width radius
Pole width
BPSU [mm]
52.00
Damper slot width
BDNS [mm]
2.000
Damper slot heigth
HDNS [mm]
2.000
[mm]
4.000
Damper slot division TAUD[mm]
7.000
Air gap
DELO [mm]
5.000
Bore diameter
DB
200.0
Damper bar diameter DD
Teeth number:
Total =
[mm]
6
Be generated =
Data
Save Data File

RETURN
60.00
No
Figure 4.5.17: Menu for the generation of the pole of a Hydro Synchronous Machine
(Salient-pole synchronous generator) by means of the function CAD: ROTOR-HSM
4.5.24
FEMAG
R2
B2
distance
R1 - R2 centers
B1
R1
radius
0,0 - R1-center
Figure 4.5.18: Menu for the generation of oblong holes in teeth by means of the
function CAD: HOLE_TEETH
4.5.25
FEMAG
R2
B2
Distance
R1 - R2
centers
B1
R1
Radius 0.0 - R1-center
Figure 4.5.19: Menu for the generation of generalised holes by means of the
function CAD: HOLE_GENERAL
4.5.26
Distance
R1 - R2
centers
FEMAG
Distance center of holes
B2
R2
R1
Radius
0.0 - R1
center
B1
Section
Bild 4.5.20: Menu for the generationa set of generalised holes by means of the
function CAD: HOLE_GENERAL
_
4.5.27
FEMAG
SW
2/3 airgap
B3
H1
Dr
H4
R1
H2
H3
R2
R1
R2
B2/2
B1/2
2 /teeth number
Rotor-7
D
4.5.28
FEMAG
R1
R2
H
B1/2
B2/2
R2
R1
H3
H1
H4
H2
Dr
SW
B3
Stator-7
Figure 4.5.22: Menu for the generation of a stator by means of the function CAD:
STATOR/ROTOR-7 (Rotor: D<DR, Stator: D>DR)
4.5.29
FEMAG
Das
D4s
hms
bms
Drs
hmr
Drr
bmr
2/3 airgap
D4r
Dir
Magnet
*** GENERALIZED PERMANENT MAGNET
***
No
Figure 4.5.23: Menu for the generation of a magnet by means of the function CAD: MAGNET_OLD
4.5.30
FEMAG
bmr = 0; bms = 0
_
hms > ( D4s Drs)/2
hmr > ( Drr _ D4r)/2
bms = 0
hmr < (Drr
hmr = (Drr
D4r)/2
D4r)/2
bmr = 0; hmr > (Drr
D4r)/2
Figure 4.5.24: Examples for magnets generated by means of the function CAD: MAGNET _OLD
4.5.31
FEMAG
PHI
R
DAS
Magnets_new
stator
HMS
BMS
D4S
***
Subdivided Permanent ***

Magnets
Stator outer diameter Das [mm] =
35.00
Stator magnet height
hms [mm] =
2.500
Stator magnet width
bms [mm] =
4.600
Stator iron diameter
D4s [mm] =
20.00
Number of magnets per stator pole

Rotor magnet height
hmr [mm] =
Rotor magnet width
bmr [mm] =
Rotor iron diameter
D4r [mm] =
Rotor inner diameter
Dir [mm] =
3.000
Number of magnets per rotor pole

Rel. node distance in iron (< 4)
1.000
.4000
Total no. poles on 2pi =
Be generated =
0.0
4.5.32
FEMAG
HMR
PHI
R
Magnets_new
rotor
D4R
BMR
DIR
Wcfemag.exe
***
Subdivided Permanent ***

Magnets
Stator outer diameter Das [mm] =

Stator magnet height
hms [mm] =
Stator magnet width
bms [mm] =
Stator iron diameter
D4s [mm] =
Number of magnets per stator pole

Rotor magnet height
hmr [mm] =
2.500
Rotor magnet width
bmr [mm] =
4.600
Rotor iron diameter
D4r [mm] =
19.40
Rotor inner diameter
Dir [mm] =
12.00
Number of magnets per rotor pole
3.000
1.000
.4000
Total no. poles on 2pi =
Be generated =
0.0
4.5.33
***
FEMAG
STATOR SLOT KS-DEFINITION

***
Outer diameter
Do
Inner Diameter
Di
Angle
alpha
[mm]
140.0
[mm]
60.00
[degr]
30.00
Total height
[mm]
25.60
Slot width top
[mm]
20.00
Slot width top
bk
[mm]
20.50
Slot width
Sw
[mm]
2.400
Distance
H1
[mm]
1.100
Distance
H2
[mm]
4.000
Radius
R1
[mm]
2.000
Radius
R2
[mm]
2.000
1.000
Tooth width
B1 [facult]
[mm] =
0.0
Centerline: no: 0, vertic: 1, horiz: 2

12
2.000
0.0
Be generated =
75.00
Bild 4.5.25: : Menu for the generation of a stator with the function CAD: STATOR _KS
( Kienle&Spiess slot definition)
4.5.34
FEMAG
2/3 airgap
Rotor 8
DRA
R1
hz
sw
R2
RZ
R1
R2
bz/2
DS
Bild 4.5.26: Menu for the generation of a rotor with the function CAD: ROTOR 8
4.5.35
FEMAG
A4
R2
H2
Rp
H1
R4
R1
R3
B1
D
E1
Magnet-Shell
Bild 4.5.26: Menu for the generation of a stator with magnet with the function CAD:
SHELL
4.5.36
MAGNET-
FEMAG
RA
SW
HS
TW/2
KW
T3
T2
T1
2/3 air gap
RI
TB/2
***
Stator(Ra>Ri) or Rotor(Ra<Ri),conc.
***
wdgs
***
STATOR OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
***
Inner radius
Ri
Inner radius
Ri
[mm]
[mm]
==
300. 1300.
Outer radius
Outer radius
Ra
Ra
[mm]
[mm]
==
500. 1500.
T1
[mm]
10.00
[mm]
Slot depth
Slot depth
Slot depth
T1
Slot depth
Slot depth T2
Slot
[mm]
T2
[mm]
[mm]
T3
Slot depth
depth
T3 hs
Slot
width
Sw
Slot
depth
hs
Corner with
Kw
Slot
width
Sw
Tooth width
TW
Corner Tooth
withwidthKwairgap
2.000
5.000
==
5.0004.000
150.0
[mm] = =
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
==
40.0041.50
35.0045.50
[mm]
[mm] =
TG
147.0
55.00
.6000
8.000
Tooth width
TW
Tooth width airgap TB
0.0
45.00
[mm]
[mm]
[mm]
43.50
43.50
0.0
1.000
0.0
0.0
2.000
Slot closing # air gap = 1 else 0

31
Be generated =
0.0
0.0
1
0.0
0.0
Total no. Coils on 2pi =
48
Be generated =
0.0
Bild 4.5.27: Menu for the generation of a stator with magnet with the function CAD: Stator_KW
4.5.37
FEMAG
RAI > RA:

Air gap : ~ 1 /cos (x)
H2
H1
HP
RA
RA
RAI
H3
B/2
HM
BFEO
BM/2
HJ
RAI < RA:
Air gap : Radius with RAI
***
RI
Rotor with magnets, Flux-con

***
Inner radius
RI
Inner Joke heigth
HJ
***
Rotor with magnets, Flux-con

***
[mm]
1080.
Inner radius
[mm]
30.00
Inner Joke heigth
RI
HJ
[mm]
1080.
[mm]
30.00
Outer radius
RA
[mm]
1297.
Outer radius
RA
[mm]
1297.
Slot depth
H1
[mm]
20.00
Slot depth
H1
[mm]
20.00
Slot depth
H2
[mm]
1.500
Slot depth
H2
[mm]
1.500
Slot depth
H3
[mm]
1.600
Slot depth
H3
[mm]
1.600
Slot
[mm]
18.00
Slot
[mm]
18.00
WIDTH
Magnet
WIDTH
width BM
[mm]
22.00
Magnet
width BM
[mm]
22.00
Magnet heigth HM
[mm]
110.0
Magnet heigth HM
[mm]
110.0
Bottom width
[mm]
10.00
Bottom width
[mm]
10.00
Radius Airgap RAI (>RA:cos)[mm]=
200.0
3000.
Iron top heigth HP
[mm]
20.00
Iron top heigth HP
[mm]
20.00
Iron top width BFFO
[mm]
5.000
Iron top width BFFO
[mm]
1.000
1.000
airgap
3.000
airgap
3.000
BFE

[mm]
38
Be generated =
90.00
BFE

[mm]
38
5.000
Be generated =
90.00
Bild 4.5.28: Menu for the generation of a stator with magnet with the function CAD: Rotor_FC
4.5.38
FEMAG
BS > 0
Airgap ~cos2
2/3 AIRGAP
BM
RA
HM
BW
BW
BH
BH
BH
DE-FEM
RI
BH>0, BW>0
***
HS
Magnet in iron: Rotor:Ra>Ri,Stator:Ri>R

***
Radius
RA
[mm]
100.0
Radius RI<RA:Rotor,>RA:Stator[mm]
20.00
Magnet heigth HM ...........[mm]
15.00
Magnet width
60.00
BM ...........[mm]
Gap magnet-iron DE_FEM >0.25[mm]
3.000
Air triangle
BS > 0
5.000
Iron Heigth
HS ...........[mm]
5.000
Remanence
Br ............[T]
1.150
Rel. Permeability muer .........
1.050
Orientation: par:1, Pol:2, cos:3
1.000
Airgap: HA=0:const, >0:cos
[mm]
1.000
bridge heigth BH ...........[mm]
15.00
bridge width
15.00
BW............[mm]
1.000
Mesh height (2/3 airgap) ...[mm]
3.000

Ra >RI
BS = 0
Be generated =
Ra < RI
BS > 0
20.00
Bild 4.5.29: Maske zum Generieren eines Rotors mit Magnet mit der Funktion CAD:
Magnet in Iron
4.5.39
FEMAG
H1
RA
H1+H2
H2 RA
BM
RAI
H1+H2
H2
HM
RA
H3
H4
RAI > RA :
AIR GAP ~ 1/COS X
RI
RI
***
Rotor with magnets embeded
Inner radius
RI
[mm]
1100.
Outer radius
RA
[mm]
1300.
airgap depth
H1
[mm]
10.00
iron
heigth
H2
[mm]
10.00
iron
widht top H3
[mm]
10.00
iron
widht bot H4
[mm]
10.00
width BM
[mm]
20.00
Magnet heigth HM
[mm]
100.0
3000.
1.000
airgap
4.000
Magnet
[mm]
Rotor with magnets embeded
***
***
Inner radius
RI
[mm]
1100.
Outer radius
RA
[mm]
1300.
airgap depth
H1
[mm]
10.00
iron
heigth
H2
[mm]
10.00
iron
widht top H3
[mm]
10.00
iron
widht bot H4
[mm]
10.00
width BM
[mm]
20.00
Magnet heigth HM
[mm]
100.0
250.0
1.000
airgap
4.000
Magnet
[mm]
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
44
Be generated =
90.00
0.0
0.0
***

44
Be generated =
90.00
Bild 4.5.29: Menu for the generation of a stator with magnet with the function CAD: Magnets_EMB
4.5.40
FEMAG
Arc:1
Arc:2
BM
RA
HM
HA
RI
Rec:3
Recp:4
HA<RA
***

***
4
Radius RA .....................[mm]
72.00
50.00
10.00
<0: .[mm]
85.00
.[mm]
2.000
Arc:2 RI>RA
1.000
airgap mesh: 1 = yes, 0 = no
0.0
Number Magnet sections: >= 1
6.000
Rel. Permeability ...............
1.036
Magnet Length ..................[%]
100.0
1.000
Airgap Shape:
Magnet: Arc:1, Arcp:2, Rec:3, Recp:4
4.000
HA = 0: constant
Magnet shape HA: ...............[mm]
50.00
HA < 0: Ha/cos
bridge heigth BH................[mm]
0.0
bridge width
0.0
BW................[mm]

Be generated =
HA > 0: Radius HA
Rec:3 RI>RA
with air gap
mesh
0.0
Bild 4.5.30: Menu for the generation of a rotor or stator with magnet with the function CAD:
Magnet-sector
4.5.41
FEMAG
DA
DK
H
BN
B1
(2/3 airgap)
***
OPEN STATOR SLOT WITH WEDGE
Outer diameter
DA
Air gap Diameter

Winding height
Di
[mm]
200.0
[mm]
100.0
[mm]
30.00
[mm]
2.000
Slot section height H2
[mm]
4.000
Slot section radius R2
[mm]
2.000
Slot Diameter DK
[mm]
12.00
Wedge overhang B1
[mm]
2.000
Slot opening width BS
[mm]
9.000
Slot Width
[mm]
9.000
BS
Di
2.000
1.000
2.000
H2
H1
***
Slot section height H1
BN
R2
0.0
0.0

18
Be generated =
80.00
Fig 4.5.30: Menu for the generation of a stator with magnet with the function CAD: Stator_41 bzw.
Stator_OFRUN
4.5.42
FEMAG
Generate as Stator magnet: RI > RA

Generate as Rotor magnet: RI < RA
Magnet shown: Arc parallel:
Input 5, Ra1, Ra2, Hm5, Hm > 0
Other types: Ra2 = 0, Hm5 = 0
BM
RA
Ra1
Hm5
HM
Ra2
BW
BW
BH
RI
***

***
5
Radius RA .....................[mm]
12.00
0.0
3.000
<0: .[mm]
-6.700
Mag. heigth HM2 for type 5 <HM [mm]
2.500
Radius Ra1 for types 1, 2, 4, 5[mm]
4.600
Radius Ra2 for type 5, Ra2<Ra1.[mm]
6.000
Remanence Br ..................[T]
1.150
Magnet Length ................ [%]
100.0
1.000
Type:Arcr=1,Arcp=2,Rec=3,Recp=4,Recr=5
5.000
Airgap: 0:const,>0:Airgap/cos
[mm]
0.0
bridge heigth BH...............[mm]
0.0
bridge width
0.0
BW...............[mm]

.[mm]
8
0.8000
Be generated =
0.0
Fig 4.5.29: generation of a rotor or stator with magnet with Magnet-sector-VAC
4.5.43
***
FEMAG
Linear Magnet Sector 1***

to 4
Left Upper(Ri Lo) Corner XO (ZO)[mm]
10.00
Left Upper(Ri Lo) corner YO (Ro)[mm]
10.00
Magnet heigth
[mm]
8.000
[mm]
80.00
40.00
HM
<0:
Pole Width
TP
[mm]
Yoke Heigth
HJ
[mm]
8.000
Magnet Length
LM
[%]
100.0
Remanence
Br
[T]
1.150
[mm]
3.000
Air gap below Magnet
Orient: parallel = 0, halbach = 1
0.0
D-Airgap:=0:const,>0:D-Airgap/cos x
.8000
Surface Magnet: 1 ,Flux concentr: 2
1.000
Coordinate System x/y (1) or r/z (2)
1.000
Rel.node-ch. dens. airgap (<2)
1.000
2/3 airgap heigth

[mm]
1
2.000
Be generated =
0.0
Fig 4.5.32: Generation of a rotor with magnet for a Linearmotor with M-Sector-Lin in x/y- and r/zsystem
4.5.44
FEMAG
Center line 0 or 1
***
Stator for linear Motor ***
Left lower Corner
XO (ZO)
[mm]
10.00
Left lower corner
YO (Ro)
[mm]
10.00
Total slot height
[mm]
20.00
Slot opening height
H1
[mm]
2.000
Distance radius 1
H2
[mm]
5.000
Slot o-width SW <0 groove in slot [mm]
3.000
Yoke heigth
HJ
[mm]
8.000
Radius
R1
[mm]
4.000
Radius
R2
[mm]
5.000
Stator width(slot+tooth width) BS [mm]
25.00
Tooth width
TW
[mm]
10.00
Rel.node-ch. dens. airgap (>0.2,<2 )
1.000
Coordinate System x/y (1) or r/z (2)
1.000
2.000
[mm]
Centerline: no: 0, vertical: 1

1.000
Be generated =
0.0
Fig 4.5.33: Generation of a stator for a Linearmotor with Stator3-Linear in x/y- and r/z-system
4.5.45
***
FEMAG
Output control data ***
Limit of demagnetis.>0:[%], <0: [kA/m]

Sel. hc-copy file name: auto:0,indi:1
Max. number of harnonics in file xx.bc
95.00
0.0
30.00
Fig 4.5.30: Input of control data with FE- contr_data

***
Loss control data
***
fo[Hz]
Base Induction for ch and cw
Bo[T]
1.500
Fe-Hysteresis-Coefficient ch
[W/kg]
4.000
[W/kg]
Hysteresis-Frequency-Coefficient
50.00
2.000
1.000
2.000
2.000
1.000
Conductor space filling-factor: <= 1
.4000
Relative conductor length (c+e wdg)[%]
100.0
Conductor conductivity
[1/Ohm m]
.4540E+08
Number of conductor layers
> = 1
1.000
Conductor height:
Specific Weight Magnets
[mm]
0.0
[gr/cm3]
7.600
Temperature Coefficient for Br [%/C] =
-10.00
Temperature Coefficient for Hc [%/C] =
-10.00
Magnet Temperature(Ref:20 C)[Degr.C] =
20.00
Fig. 4.5.31: Input of loss- and evaluation data with FE- Losses_Data
4.5.46
FEMAG
Airgap 1/cos (Richter)
BS
BL
RA
BM
2/3 airgap
Br
DE_FEM
HM
BR
RI
H
***
Magnet iron: Rotor
HS
***
Radius
RA ........... [mm]
30.00
Radius
RI < RA....... [mm]
6.000
Magnet heigth HM ........... [mm]
4.000
Magnet width
25.00
BM ........... [mm]
Gap magnet-iron DE_FEM > 0.1 [mm]
1.000
Air triangle
BS > 0
1.000
Iron Heigth
HS ........... [mm]
1.000
Air magnet-iron rigth BR.... [mm]
1.000
Air magnet-iron left
2.000
Remanence
BL.... [mm]
Br ............[T]
1.150
Rel. Permeability muer .........
1.050
Orientation:1:para,2:Polar,3:halbach
1.000
Air-gap:0:con,>0:H/cos2,<0:H/cos[mm]
-3.000
1.000
Mesh height (2/3 airgap) ... [mm]
.6000
RA
Be generated =
0.0
Fig 4.5.34: Menu fort he generation of a rotor withembedded magnets : Magnet Iron 2
4.5.47
FEMAG
ROTOR KS
H2
H1
R1
alpha
H
R2
Di
Sw
B
2/3 airgap
Do
***
ROTOR SLOT KS-DEFINITION

***
Outer diameter
Do
[mm]
84.00
Inner Diameter
Di
[mm]
32.00
Angle
alpha
[degr]
17.33
Total height
[mm]
19.50
Slot width top
[mm]
11.00
Slot width
Sw
[mm]
2.300
Distance
H1
[mm]
1.000
Distance
H2
[mm]
3.500
Radius
R1
[mm]
3.000
Radius
R2
[mm]
3.000
0.0
1.000
1.000
0.0
0.0
12
Be generated =
-15
Fig 4.5.35: Menu for t he generation of a rotor with: Rotor_ksk
4.5.48
FEMAG
STATOR-9
H2
R1
H1
R2
Sw
alpha
2/3 airgap
Di
Do
***
STATOR SLOT 9 KS-DEFINITION

***
Outer diameter
Do
[mm]
100.0
Inner Diameter
Di
[mm]
50.00
Angle
alpha
[degr]
60.00
Total height
[mm]
15.00
Slot width top
[mm]
13.00
Slot width
Sw
[mm]
2.000
Distance
H1
[mm]
2.000
Distance
H2
[mm]
4.000
Radius
R1
[mm]
3.000
Radius
R2
[mm]
3.000
0.0
Typ of top of slot: line = 1, arc = 0
1.0
1.000
1.000
0.0
12
Be generated =
-15.00
Fig 4.5.36: Menu for t he generation of a stator with: Stator 9
4.5.49
FEMAG
Airgap 1/cos (Richter)

BS
BL
BFE/2
RA
2/3 airgap
Br
DE_FEM
HM
BR
RI
H
***
Magnet in iron: Rotor
HS
***
Radius
RA ........... [mm]
30.00
Radius
RI < RA....... [mm]
6.000
Magnet heigth HM ........... [mm]
4.000
Iron width
BFE .......... [mm]
3.000
Gap magnet-iron DE_FEM > 0.1 [mm]
1.000
Air triangle
BS > 0
1.000
Iron Heigth
HS ........... [mm]
1.000
Air magnet-iron rigth BR.... [mm]
1.000
Air magnet-iron left
2.000
Remanence
BL.... [mm]
Br ............[T]
1.150
Number of Magnets ..............
1.000
1.000
Air-gap:0:con,>0:H/cos2,<0:H/cos[mm]
-2.500
1.000

RA
Number of Magnets = 2
0.6600
Be generated =
0.0
Fig 4.5.37: Menu for the generation of a rotor with embedded magnets : Magnet Iron 3
4.5.50
FEMAG
2/3 airgap
RA
DM
R1
BFE
H_air
HM
DE_M
BM
RI
***
Magnet in iron
***
4 : Rotor
<<< MENU >>>
Radius ........... ......RA
[mm]
580.0
Radius
< RA ............RI
[mm]
510.0
Local Data
Magnet heigth ...........HM
[mm]
18.00
File
Magnet width ........... BM
[mm]
140.0
Magnet distance from RA: DM..[mm]
9.000
Gap magnet-iron > 0.1
2.000
DE_M [mm]
Small Iron width ......

Air space heigth .....
BFE [mm]
2.000
H_air[mm]
17.00
Corner radius ...........R1
[mm]
Air space orient: 0 lin, 1 par RA

Number of Magnets:
Save Data File

RETURN
6.000
0.0
.......
Airgap shape HA: ............[mm]
Data
Airgap Shape:
3.000
1.000
HA = 0: constant
HA > 0: HA/cos2x
0.0
1.000
3.000
HA < 0: HA/cosx(Richt)
HA > 0.5xRA: Radius HA

20
Be generated =
Yes
0.0
Fig 4.5.37: Menu for the generation of a rotor with embedded magnets : Magnet Iron
4.5.51
FEMAG
Magnet-BG
RM_C
RM
Br
AM
AH/2
DR
DK
AP
HM
BM
DB
DYM
LM
DA
RM_C
DI
X-Axis
***
Magnet BG-shape
***
Diameter iron
DA ......[mm]
19.00
Diameter iron
DI ......[mm]
7.950
Diameter iron
DB
.....[mm]
14.80
Angle iron/magnet
AP ....[Grad]
135.0
Diameter hole
DR ......[mm]
1.500
Angle hole
AH
24.00
..[Grad]
Diameter circle hole DK ......[mm]
12.00
Magnet heigth
HM ......[mm]
3.100
Magnet width
BM ......[mm]
7.100
Delta Magnet width
DBM .....[mm]
-0.1000
Radius magnet
RM ......[mm]
10.50
Displ. center magnet DYM .....[mm]

Corner radius
0.0
R1 ......[mm]
100.0
Corner radius magnet RM_C ....[mm]
1.000
Angle Br magnet-axis AM ....[Grad]
10.00
Be generated =
0.0
4.5.52
FEMAG
DA1
HKR1
HCUU1
BN1S
HZW1
HCUO1
BN1
HO1
HK1
Di1
HS1
2/3 airgap
Bs1
***
ASYN STATOR NUT
***
Aussendurchmesser Stdr.
DA1
[mm] =
Bohrungsdurchmesser
DI1
[mm] =
220.0
Hoehe des Streusteges
HS1
[mm] =
3.000
Breite des Streusteges
BS1
[mm] =
3.200
Hoehe des Keilbereiches
HK1
[mm] =
5.000
Breite der Nut oben
BN1
[mm] =
15.00
Breite der Nut unten
BN1S
[mm] =
24.00
Hoehe untere Rundung
HKR1
[mm] =
5.500
[mm] =
5.000
Hoehe Wicklungsoberlage
HCUO1 [mm] =
20.00
Hoehe Zwischenlage
HZW1
[mm] =
4.000
Hoehe Wicklungsunterlage
HCUU1 [mm] =
20.00
2.000
1.000
[mm] =
1.000
Hoehe Streuraum (Bohrung) HO1

24
370.0
Be generated =
82.50
Fig 4.5.38: Menu for the generation of a stator : ASYN-Stator

4.5.53
FEMAG
BS
Di1
DELTA
HS2
H32
B32
H42
B42
H52
B52
H62
B62
H72
Di2
***
ASYN ROTOR NUT
***
Bohrungsdurchmesser
DI1
[mm] =
420.0
Rotorinnendurchmesser
DI2
[mm] =
200.0
Luftspalt
Delta [mm] =
1.000
BS2
4.000
HS2
[mm] =
4.000
Breite des Anlaufkaefiges B32
[mm] =
12.00
[mm] =
Hoehe des Anlaufkaefiges
H32
[mm] =
12.00
Verbindungssteg Breite
B42
[mm] =
7.000
Verbindungssteg Hoehe
H42
[mm] =
12.00
Breite Betriebsstab oben
B52
[mm] =
30.00
Breite Betriebsstab unten B62
[mm] =
20.00
Hoehe obere Rundung
[mm] =
15.00
H52
Hoehe Betriebsstabmitte
H62
[mm] =
40.00
H72
[mm] =
15.00

18
2.000
Be generated =
80.00
Fig 4.5.38: Menu for the generation of a rotor : ASYN-Rotor
4.5.54
Di1
FEMAG
HS2
DELTA
H52
B52
H62
B62
H72
***
Di2
ASYN ROTOR NUT
***
Bohrungsdurchmesser
DI1
[mm] =
DI2
[mm] =
270.0
150.0
Luftspalt
Delta [mm] =
1.000
BS2
[mm] =
HS2
[mm] =
0.0
1.000
[mm] =
0.0
H32
[mm] =
0.0
B42
[mm] =
0.0
H42
[mm] =
B52
[mm] =
14.50
[mm] =
13.50
Hoehe obere Rundung
H52
[mm] =
7.250
H62
[mm] =
3.000
H72
[mm] =

4.5.55
28
0.0
6.750
1.000
Be generated =
83.33
FEMAG
Di1
BS
DELTA
HS2
B52
H62
B62
Di2
***
ASYN ROTOR NUT
***
Bohrungsdurchmesser
DI1
[mm] =
420.0
DI2
[mm] =
200.0
Luftspalt
Delta [mm] =
2.000
BS2
[mm] =
4.000
8.000
HS2
[mm] =
[mm] =
0.0
H32
[mm] =
0.0
B42
[mm] =
0.0
H42
[mm] =
B52
[mm] =
10.00
[mm] =
30.00
Hoehe obere Rundung
H52
[mm] =
H62
[mm] =
H72
[mm] =

18
0.0
0.0
40.00
0.0
1.000
Be generated =
80.00
4.5.56
FEMAG
Magnet+Reluctance
NC
RA
R1
DE_M
NM
2/3 airgap
Br
BM
DM_1
DM
HM
R1
RI
X-Axis
H1
***
Rotor: Magnet + Reluctance

***
Radius ........... ..... RA
[mm]
100.0
Radius
< RA ........... RI
[mm]
20.00
Magnet heigth .......... HM
[mm]
5.000
Inner Magnet width ......BM [mm]
40.00
Magnet distance from RI
[mm]
25.00
Magnet distance betwen
DM_1 [mm]
DM
5.000
DE_M [mm]
2.000
Small Iron heigth ...... H1
[mm]
1.500
Corner and Circle radius R1
[mm]
2.000
Number of Circles R1 per Pole NC
16.00
Number of Slots per Pole < NC/2
3.000
Number of Magnets sections NM
3.000
Remanence
1.500
Br ............[T]
1.000
2.000
Be generated =
0.0
4.5.57
FEMAG
2/3 airgap
RA
DM
HA
R1
H_air
HM
B_air
DE_M
BFE
BM
RI
*** 5 : Rotor
Magnet in iron
***
Radius ........... ......RA
[mm]
580.0
Radius
< RA ............RI
[mm]
500.0
Magnet heigth ...........HM
[mm]
25.00
Magnet width ........... BM
[mm]
120.0
Magnet distance from RA: DM..[mm]
19.00
DE_M [mm]
4.000
BFE [mm]
4.000
H_air[mm]
17.00
Small Iron width ......

Air space heigth .....
Corner radius ...........R1
[mm]
Air space orient: 0 lin, 1 par RA
4.000
0.0
Number of Magnets: 1 or 2 .......
3.000
Airgap shape HA (radius)

............[mm]
350.0
Airgap space heigth
12.00
..B_air[mm]
3.000
4.000
20
Be generated =
0.0
4.5.58
FEMAG
Stator-BG
RZ > 0
TW
DJ
2/3 airgap
DA
H1
SW
RZ
R2
R1
H3
DI
***
STATOR BG
***
Outer diameter
DA
[mm]
Inner diameter
DI
[mm]
22.00
[mm]
34.40
Inner diameter joke DJ
40.00
Slot height
H1
[mm]
0.5000
Distance
H3
[mm]
4.000
Slot width SW, SW<0 groove in slot[mm]
3.950
Radius
R1
[mm]
0.8000
Radius
R2
[mm]
0.7000
Tooth_width
TW
[mm]
3.200
1.000
1.000
2/3 airgap height
[mm]
1.000
Radius tooth
[mm]
30.00
RZ

Be generated =
0.0
RZ = 0 : air gap constant

4.5.59
FEMAG
Stator-BG
RZ < 0
TW
DJ
DA
2/3 airgap
H1
SW
R2
R1
RZ
H3
DI
***
STATOR BG
***
Outer diameter
DA
Inner diameter
DI
[mm]
Inner diameter joke DJ
40.00
[mm]
22.00
[mm]
34.40
Slot height
H1
[mm]
0.5000
Distance
H3
[mm]
4.000
Slot width SW, SW<0 groove in slot[mm]

Radius
R1
3.950
[mm]
0.8000
Radius
R2
[mm]
0.7000
Tooth_width
TW
[mm]
3.200
1.000
1.000
2/3 airgap height
[mm]
1.000
Radius tooth
[mm]
-30.00
RZ
Be generated =
0.0
RZ = 0 : air gap constant

4.5.60
FEMAG
10) "CAD-Interface"
"Geometry" data, generated by means of any CAD-program and stored in a DXF-file or in an IGES-file
can be used as input to the program FEMAG in the functions "Geometry" and "Node Chains". The files
can be read by means of the subfunction "CAD-Interface". The data will be used as basis for the
generation of the geometry lines or directly as node chains for the mesh generation.
After calling the subfunction "CAD-Interface" select the CAD-file. In case of a DXF-file the name of
the DXF-layer must be given. The default value for the DXF-layer is 0 (zero).
The program "CAD-Interface" works as follows:
1.
Calling the "CAD-Interface" under the function "Geometry", the geometry data of the
lines, polygons, arcs and circles are read from the CAD-file and transferred to
geometry lines in FEMAG. Lines and polygons are directly transferred. Arcs and
circles will be transformed into polygons depending on the size of the radius.
This geometry can be corrected and modified with the well-known subfunctions
"Delete Point" "Delete Lines" or "Join Points". It may serve as basis for the
generation of the node chains.
2.
Calling the "CAD-Interface" under the function "Node Chains" the CAD-data will be
converted in the same manner as in the function "Geometry", but into node chains with
the following modifications:
a) Accumulation of node chains in small arcs may be deleted and replaced with
some few node chains, dependent of the used pick-distance.
b) Too long distances will be subdivided by nodes.
c) Very short node chains will be deleted to avoid small elements.
3.
The geometry lines or node chains respectively may be centered in the mode Center
For the successful transformation of the CAD-data into closed sequences of node
chains, the entities have to be drawn in the CAD program as closed contours.
11) "Export / Import"

serves for the management of a file with node chains data.
Actions:
a) "Reset & read":
Reset existing node-chains and read a file with node-chain data
b) "Read & add":
Add a file with node chain data to an existing file.
c) "Write to file":
Store a file with actual node chain data.
The name of the file and the directory are defined by means of the functions
"Select Input File" or "SAVE / SAVE AS". The file must be an ASCII-file with the
extension .CAD_SEQ, where the data have to be written with a free format as follows:
4.5.61
FEMAG
- coordinate system of the data: x/y 1 , r/ 2
NN
- number of node chains sequence
N1
- number of nodes in the 1st sequence of node-chains
X(1), Y(1)
- coordinates of the 1st node, 1st node chains sequence
X(2), Y(2)
- coordinates of the 2nd node, 1st node chains sequence
X(3), Y(3)
- etc.
N2
- number of nodes in the 2nd sequence of node chains
X(1)
Y(1)
- coordinates of the 1st node, 2nd sequence of node chains
X(2)
Y(2)
- coordinates of the 1st node, 2nd sequence of node chains
..................
- further sequences of node chains
The coordinates of the nodes can be given in x,y- or in r,- coordinates. The values I, NN, N1, N2 ... are
of INTEGER type, others of REAL type. They are written in a free format, whereby the numbers must be
separated either with a comma or with a blank.
12) Refine Node Chains
On the screen it is possible to generate a poly-line with the pointer + and <Return>. The poly-line is
closed with < . > and can be corrected by < 0 > (in the function area!). All node chains fully enclosed
of this poly-line are divided once. The enclosed elements and superelements are deleted.
13) "Draw Geometry", "Draw Node Chains"
deletes the content of the screen.
draw as mentioned. The function Draw Node Chains
4.5.62
FEMAG
4.6 Element generation: "Mesh Generation"

The function "Mesh Generation" serves for the generation and deletion of the mesh in
superelements (s. section 3.4 and figure 4.6.1).
*** MESH GENERATION **
<<< MENU >>>

Define Mesh
Element type:
Delete Mesh
Define SE-Mesh
REFINE:
Delete SE-Mesh
Region type :
UNDO
Number of refinement cycles
=
Refine
Mesh
Change Order
Clear Display
Draw Mesh
Draw Node-Chain
QUIT / RETURN
SAVE / RETURN
Figure 4.6.1: Menu of the function "Mesh Generation"

Regions enclosed by a sequence of node chains can be selected and filled with a mesh of finite
elements (s. figure 4.6.2).
Figure 4.6.2: Generation of superelements

Use of the program:
Call the subfunction "Define Mesh" or the subfunction "Define SE-Mesh". In case of
subfunction "Define SE-Mesh" select a region on the graphic window with the pointer +
and <Return>-key
4.6.1
FEMAG
Then the programm controls:

- if the region is closed and coherent, i.e. if it is a superelement. In case of an incoherent
region a new sequence of node chains joining two contours of node chains will be
generated automatically.
- if the region can be subdivided into a regular (quadrangle) or an irregular (triangle) mesh
(s. figure 4.6.3).
Figure 4.6.3: Regular and irregular mesh

The type of element can be selected. There are triangles and quadrangles available with
linear and square shape functions. Linear elements can be combined with linear elements
only.
Selecting types of elements it should be considered, that square elements may represent the
potential distribution more accurately, but use an average for the modification of the
permeability in non-linear problems.
The accuracy may not be improved considerably with square elements assuming the same
node density.
The generation of an irregular mesh uses triangles only, starting from the node chains.
The subfunction "Refine Mesh" refines the mesh inside of a superelement, a subregion, a
windings-coil, or an area selected by means of a polygon, if necessary.
Subfunctions:
1) "Define Mesh"
The whole region is covered automatically with a regular or an irregular mesh respectively.
The linear or square shape function can be selected by the <space bar> and used by
pressing the <Return>-key. The mode of element type will be displayed only, if at least on
superelement has been covered with the mesh. The generated mesh will be displayed.
Input: Select the element type with <space bar> and input with <Return>-key.
4.6.2
FEMAG
2) "Delete Mesh" deletes all meshes.

3) "Define SE-Mesh"
Display the node chains in the graphic window and select with the pointer + and <Return>key the region to be covered with finite elements. Select the type of element as above. The
generated mesh will be displayed.
4) "Delete SE-Mesh"
Select a superelement with the pointer + and initiate the deletion with the <Return>-key.
5) "UNDO" undoes the preceding action:
Modes:
(REDRAW)
(NO REDRAW)
- the figure will be drawn again and refreshed,

- no graphic action.
6) "Refine Mesh"
Select an area in the graphic window with the pointer + , e.g. a superelement, a subregion, a
windings-coil or part of the region enclosed on the screen with a polygon. The mesh in the
selected region will be refined once or several times (s. figure 4.6.4).
before
after
Figure 4.6.4: Mesh refinement

7) "Change order" - changes linear finite elenents to square elements or vice versa.
8) "Clear Display", "Draw Node Chains", "Draw Mesh" draws as mentioned.
9) "SAVE/RETURN", "QUIT/RETURN"
Only with the subfunction "SAVE/RETURN" the mesh will be checked against
superelements having no mesh.
4.6.3
FEMAG
4.7 "Node Manipulation"

The function enables operations such as "Display Node", "Move Node" and "Change
Attribute", "Delete Node" with individual nodes. (s. figure 4.7.1 )
Use the function "Delete Node" only in special cases for deleting single nodes having any
connection with mesh. Otherwise all elements which contain this node will be deleted.
*** NODE MANIPULATION ***

Node Key
<<< MENU >>>

Display Node
Change Attribute
1st Coordinate
[mm]
2nd Coordinate
[mm,grad]
Move Node
Delete Node
Boundary Type
Periodical Node
Potential [Vs/mm] =
QUIT / RETURN
/
Figure 4.7.1: Menu of the function "Node Manipulation"
4.7.1
SAVE / RETURN
FEMAG
4.8 "Element Manipulation"

With this function individual finite elements can be manipulated. The same remarks as for the
node manipulations are valid (s. figure 4.8.1 ).
*** ELEMENT MANIPULATION ***

Key =
Type =
62
linear triangl
Curve Key = 0
1.000000
<<< MENU >>>

Display Element
Delete Element
Winding & Exciting type =

Current Dens. [A/m2]
No windings
0.0
QUIT / RETURN
Conductivity
[S/m]
x/y-;r,z-Co: Velocity
SAVE / RETURN
0.0
[m/s]
1-Comp. =
0.0
r/phi-Co: Rot. Speed [rad/s]
2-Comp. =
0.0
Magnetization 1/2 [T] =
0.0
0.0
Lenght [%]=
Colour:
100.0000
dark blue
Name of magnetic curve:
Figure 4.8.1: Menu of the function "Element Manipulation"
4.8.1
FEMAG
4.9 "Subregions"
The function "Subregions" serves for the generation, deletion and modification of subregions
(s. figure 4.9.1 ).
*** SUBREGIONS ***

Name:
aa
<<< MENU >>>
Key:
Define Subregion
Delete Subregion
Type:
NO WINDINGS
Direction:
Change Subregion
UNDO
DELETE
Area
[mm**2] =
ALL
0.3130E+06
Clear Display
Colour:
green
Draw
Subregions
Draw
Sup-elements
Display Attributes
Change
Attributes
QUIT / RETURN
SAVE / RETURN
Figure 4.9.1: Menu of the function "Subregions"
Use of the program:

Superelements with the same attributes can be combined to subregion and treated as one
entity.
A name and a colour can be attached to a subregion.
The subfunction "Change Attributes" changes the name and the colour. The type of
subregion ("Coil & Current" / "No windings") and the direction of the current (if existing)
can be displayed.
The function "Windings" will also generate subregions automatically for their purpose.
Subfunctions:
1) "Define Subregion"
With this function superelements can be selected and combined as subregions.
4.9.1
FEMAG
Input:
Name:
Name can be given with the keyboard and <Return>-key.
Colour:
Select the colour with <space bar> and input with <Return>-key.
Selection: Select the superelements in the graphic window with pointer and confirm with
the <Return>-key. Close the subfunction with < . >.
2) "Delete Subregion"
This function deletes the attachment of superelements to subregion.
Input:
Select the subregion in the graphic window with the pointer + and confirm
with the <Return>-key.
3) "Change Subregion"
The attachment of the superelement to the subregion can be changed.
Input:
Select the superelement and subregion in the graphic window with pointer +
and confirm with the <Return>-key.
4) "UNDO"
undoes the last operation.
5) "Delete ALL"
All subregions will be deleted.
6) "Clear Display", "Draw Subregions", "Draw Superelements"

With these subfunctions the actual status can be displayed.
7) "Display Attributes" displays all data of the subregions on the alpha-numeric display.
8) "Change Attributes"
All data of the subregions can be displayed on the alpha-numeric display. The name and
the colour can be changed.
Input:
Subregions:
Colour:
Name:
Select the subregion in the graphic window with pointer + and confirm
Select the colour with the <space bar> and confirm with <Return>-key.
Input with the keyboard, confirm with the <Return>-key.
4.9.2
FEMAG
4.10 "Material Constants"

This function attaches material constants: permeability, magnetisation, magnetisation
characteristics, current density or ampere-turns to superelements or to subregions
(s. figure 4.10.1 )
The magnetisation characteristic must be defined before by means of the function
"Magnetisation Curves" (see 4.13).
***
MATERIALS
***
<<< M E N U >>>
Calculation Mode
nonlinear
Ferro-/Diamagnetics
Magnetic Curve Key
Permanent Magnet
Remanence (+;-) Br
0.0
Air (default)
0.0
Current Density
8988.833
[T]
Angle to 0x/0r axis [grad]

Conductivity
[S/m]
Ampere-Turns (N*I)
0.0
Material Coord-System
none
Display Attributes
[m/s]
1-Comp =
0.0
Rot.Speed r/phi-Co [rad/s]
2-Comp =
0.0
Velocity x/y,r/z-Co
Replace Attributes
Disp./Reset MCurves
QUIT / RETURN
Cur.Density [A/mm2]=
0.0
0.0
Ampere-Turns
0.0
0.0
[A]=
Lenght in z-direction [%]

Area of
superelement
[mm**2]
=
=
SAVE / RETURN
100.0
0.3130E+06
Colour
blue
../../femdemo/dyn_bl13.MCV
Figure 4.10.1: Menu of the function "Material Constants"

For ferromagnetic materials the mode "linear" or "curve" should be selected with the
<space bar>:
Mode "linear":
1) For soft-magnetic materials input relative permeability r
2) For hard-magnetic materials the magnetisation M, the relative permeability r and the
direction of the magnetisation M of the hard-magnetic material should be given. The vector
of the magnetisation M is located in the (x,y)-, (r,)- or (r,z)-plain (s. fig. 4.10.2 ). The
absolute value of the vector and the angle referred to the x- or r-axis should be given.
The choice of the material coordinate system with mode "polar" or mode "cartesian" is
independent from the actual global coordinate system. This allows the input of parallel
4.10.1
FEMAG
magnetisation in the "cartesian" coordinate system and the input of radial magnetisation in
the "polar" coordinate system.
"cartesian"
"polar"
z, y
z, y
M
M
M
x, r
x, r
Figure 4.10.2: Input of the magnetisation vector M

in the function "Material Constants"
The following modes can be selected:
polar-iso:
Angle against r-Axis, radial Magnetization with isotropic Material
polar-aniso: Angle against r-Axis, radial Magnetization with anisotropic Material
parall-iso: Angle against x-Axis, parallel Magnetization with isotropic Material
parall-aniso: Angle against x-Axis, parallel Magnetization with anisotropic Material
BrcosBphsin: Halbach- Magnetization, Br cos-, Bph sinus- distribution
B-funct-pol: Br and Bph given by the functions Fd(), Fq() and Fr(r)
B-funct_car: Bx and By given by the functions Fd(x od y), Fq(y od x ) and Fr(x od y)
verticalP1P2: Input of the magnetization M perpendicular to the line P1 P2
The difference betwenn isotropic and anisotropic material is not considered in the field
calculation. It is assumed that the relative permeability is the same in all directions. The
effect of the anisotropy is considered in the simulation of the magnetization and the
demagnetization (s. 4.15 field calculation)
The componenten MX and MY of the magnetization are saved internal.
4.10.2
FEMAG
Fig. 4.10.3: Menu for BrcosBphsin- Magnetization
In the mode BrsinBphcos a Halbach- Magnetization can be defined. The function

differentiates between a situation whereby the magnetization produces an internal field and an
external field . The control ol the generation of the magnetization is through the sign of p , the
Number of pole-pairs : p < 0 : internal field, p > 0 : external field
M
M
p = - 2 Nur Innenfeld
p = 2 Nur Aussenfeld
M = er M cosp +- e M sinp
Fig 4.10.4: Example for Halbach-Magnetization : Nur Innenfeld = fiedl internal only
Nur Aussenfeld = fiedl external only, 4 poles
4.10.3
***
MATERIALS
FEMAG
***
<<< M E N U >>>
Calculation Mode
Ferro-/Diamagnetics
Magnetic Curve Key
Permanent Magnet
[T]
-1.000000
45.00000
Remanence (+;-) Br
Conductivity
Current Density
Ampere-Turns (N*I)
[S/m]
[m/s]
1-Comp =
2-Comp =
Velocity x/y,r/z-Co
Air (default)
Replace Attributes
B-funct-pol
Display Attributes
Disp./Reset MCurves
QUIT / RETURN
Ampere-Turns
[A]=
Area of
[mm**2]
SAVE / RETURN
Colour
Fig 4.10.5: Input format for the B-funct-pol - magnetization

The value Angle to 0x/0r axis defines the main axis of the magnetization in a
superelement with respect to the x-axis ( s. Fig 4.10.6 ) . The sign ( + /-) of the
Remanence defines the direction.
Input: Select file xxx.mgn from directory.
Select superelement with the pointer and input value of remanence and main angle..
The file xxx.mgn defines the functions Fd, Fq and Fr as follows:
(Number of values Fd, Fq )
1
Fd1 Fq1
2
Fd2 Fq2
...
...
...
1 FdN1 FqN1
N2 (Number of values Fr, optional )
r1
Fr1
r2
Fr2
rN2 FrN2
N1
Example for the file xxx.mgn ( s. Figure 4.10.6 )

2
0
1.0
0.0
45
0.0
-1.0
2
40
1.0
50
0.8
4.10.4
FEMAG
With B-funct-pol is given in [degrees] and r in [mm]

With B-funct-car is given in [mm] and r in [mm] . The value M of the remanence is
multiplied with the Function F , i.e. the functiones Fd, Fq and Fr (optional) have values
between 0 and 1 ( - 1 and 1 ) resp. 1 and 0.
Figure 4.10.6: B-funct-pol - Magnetization of a ring with 4 superelements
Figure 4.10.6: B-funct-pol - Magnetization of a linear magnet array with 2 superelements
verticalP1P2: defines the magnetization vector M perpendicular to the line P1 P2 .

Select a superelement first. Select the points P1 and P2 with the pointer to define the q-axis of
the magnet. Node chains or geometry lines are used if they are within the pick-distance.
4.10.5
FEMAG
Mode "nonlinear", or "nl-oriented", :

In the modes "nonlinear", or "nl-oriented" a magnetisation characteristic (only binary
file) should be selected by means of the function "Select Input File" from a directory.
The name and the directory of the magnetisation characteristic will be attached to the actual
problem.
In the mode "nl-oriented" the direction of the material main magnetization should be
given in dregrees.
The file name, the permeability for the induction of 1 [T] (soft iron) or a field strength of
0.0 [A/m] (permanent magnet) and the remanence taken from the magnetisation
characteristic will be displayed. The value of the permeability will be used for the first
solution of the field equations.
At the maximum eight different characteristics can be attached to one problem.
The lengths of the material in z-direction can be considered for permanent magnets and
soft iron. The reference value (100%) is the length of the air gap. This allows the modelling
of electric machines with different material lengths in the z-direction, e.g. rotor = 100%, air
gap = 100%, permanent magnets = 110%, yoke = 120%, assuming constant magnetic flux
in each section. (s. figure 4.10.5 )
STATOR
MAGNET
ROTOR
100 %
110 %
120 %
Figure 4.10.5: Representation of length in the function "Material Constants"
Subfunctions:
4.10.6
FEMAG
Replace Attributes
Select a subregion in the graphic window with the pointer + and

replace the displayed attributes by the keyboard.
Display Attributes
Selection of a subregion with the pointer + and display of the

attributes. Arbitrary repeatable. Close the subfunction with < . >
Disp./Reset MCurves
The mode Display shows the used magnetisation curves,

the mode Reset all deletes them (attention!!)
4.10.7
FEMAG
4.11 "Transformations"
This function serves to multiply, to mirror or to scale a mesh already generated, consisting of
one or more superelements or subregions connected together (s. figure 4.11.1 ). Node chains
without elements cannot be transformed.
*** Transformations ***
<<< MENU >>>
Action:
Number of copies
Set options
=
Translate
Rotate
Move in {X1} [mm]
Scale
Move in {X2} [mm]
Mirror
Rotation Angle [grad] =
UNDO
Scaling in {X1}
QUIT / RETURN
Scaling in {X2}
SAVE / RETURN
Check mesh mode
extended
Figure 4.11.1: Menu of the function "Transformations"

Use of the program:
A duplication with the action "copy" can only be executed, if the adequate border node
chains are congruent, e.g. equivalent straight lines.
A duplication with the subfunction "Mirror" can only be executed, if the mirror line is a
straight line. The first and the last point of the node chains have to be common with the
mirror axis (s. figure 4.11.2 ).
mirror axis
Figure 4.11.2: Mirroring with an arbitrary mirror axis.
4.11.1
FEMAG
A copy or move action should not result in superimposed meshes. This action will be
checked by the program and displayed if the option "extended" is on. If the option limited
is chosen (by < space bar >), there is no check.
Subfunctions:
1) "Translate", "Rotate"
In the mode "move" the area which should be moved has to be enclosed with a polygon
defined by the pointer +. The action will be started by pressing the <Return>-key.
In the mode "copy" the selected area will be copied n-times, always attached to the old one
(see figure 4.11.3 ).
4 1'
4'
Segment 1
Segment 2
3 2'
3'
Figure 4.11.3: Translation and copying for n = 1.
Input:
Select the border with the cursor (pointer +) and confirm with the <Return>-key
Select with the cursor (pointer +) counter-clockwise:
- the border segment 1 - 2,
- the border segment 3 - 4.
The border segment 1 - 2 will be attached to the segment 4 - 3 (points 1 = 4, 2 = 3).
New nodes and elements will be generated. All properties will be copied.
In the mode "move" the area will be
- shifted for the subfunction "Translate" in the x and y or r and phi directions according
to the actual coordinate system
- rotated for the subfunction "Rotate"
4.11.2
FEMAG
Node chains being cut by the polygon will be deleted as well, as the mesh in this area. A new
node chain instead of the old one and a new mesh will be generated.
Input:
Area:
Select with a polygon and confirm with the <Return>-key, correct the polygon
with the <0>-key
Border:
Select border line with the pointer + and confirm with the <Return>-key.
Border nodes: Select two nodes with the pointer + and confirm with the <Return>-key.
Modes:
Select with the <space bar> and confirm with the <Return>-key.
Parameter:
Select with the keyboard and confirm with the <Return>-key.
The following two cases may occur:

a) The polygon is located inside the existing mesh. Superelements being enclosed by the
polygon will be moved or rotated (s. figure 4.11.4 ).
Figure 4.11.4: Rotation of a totally enclosed superelement
4.11.3
FEMAG
b) The polygon is located inside and outside of a superelement. The program will move or
rotate the enclosed superelements, generate new node chains and a new mesh and transfer
the boundary conditions (s. figure 4.11.5 ).
Figure 4.11.5: Rotation of superelements
2) "Scale"
With this subfunction the selected area will be enlarged or reduced with the scaling factor
in the corresponding coordinate direction (x, y, r, phi) according to the actual coordinate
system.
Input:
as mentioned above.
3) Mirror
For mirroring at a straight line (mirror axis, see figure 4.11.2 ), defined by two points on the
outside node chain. By doing this, the characteristics of the mirrored elements (vector
potentials, currents and magnetisations) may be inverted. The boundary conditions in the
interior are deleted, on the boundaries they are transferred.
_
4.11.4
FEMAG
4.12 "Windings"
The function "Windings" serves for the generation, deletion and modification of winding-coils (s.
figure 4.12.1 ).
A winding-coil is composed of a number of series connected winding-elements (subregions),
whereby the sequence is determined by the current direction. (s. section 3.4). This function
allows the treatment of a winding-coil as one unit, with a current, a number of turns, a flux and a
self- and mutual inductance.
*** WINDINGS ***
Name =
Key
<<< MENU >>>

Define Winding
Delete Winding
Winding & Exciting type
Read/Write/Gen.Wdg
UNDO
DELETE
ALL
Coil Attributes: (x/y-Co: z = l[mm], r/z-Co: z = 1)

Clear Display
Number of wires in series / winding
Draw Subregions
Current [A] or Total Flux Psi [Vs/z]:=
Draw Windings+Cur.
Draw Polarity-Def
Change Polarity-Def
Extern. Inductance L [H/z] =
Display Attributes
Change Attributes
QUIT / RETURN
Colour =
SAVE / RETURN
Figure 4.12.1: Menu of the function "Windings"
Use of the program:

A name, a color, an attribute (<WIRES & CURRENT> or <WIRES & FLUX>, a <Number of
wires in series/winding> and a <Current> or <Total Flux> can be attached to a winding-coil.
The direction of the current in a winding-element (subregion) can be displayed and changed
with the subfunction "Change Polarization" (IN/OUT). Default = OUT, which means, that the
positive current direction comes out of the screen.
The coil current or flux and the number of the turns can be changed with the subfunction
"Change Attributes". Other parameters of the winding-coil can be displayed only.
For the formation of winding-coils from winding-elements (subregions) by means of the
function "Windings" the respective superelements should be selected with the pointer +.
4.12.1
FEMAG
These superelements will be given the status of subregions (winding-elements). If a windingelement consists of more than one superelement, these superelements should be combined
into one subregion by means of the function "Subregions".
Subfunctions:
1) "Define Winding":
Winding-elements (subregions) can be selected and combined into a winding-coil. Select the
subregion in the graphic window with the pointer + and confirm with the <Return>-key. Close
the sub-function with the < . >-key.
Input:
Name:
Give a name to a winding with the keyboard and confirm

Winding & Exciting type: It's possible to excite the winding with current ("Wires &
Current") or with the total flux ("Wires & Flux").
Number of turns:
Input with the keyboard and confirm with the <Return>-key.
Current [A]/Flux [Vs/z]: Input with the keyboard and confirm with the <Return>-key.
Colour:
Select the colour with the <space bar> and confirm with the
<Return>-key.
2) "Delete Winding":
With this function the attachment of a subregion to a winding can be deleted.
Input:
Select a winding in a graphic window with the cursor (pointer +) and confirm with the
<Return>-key.
3) "write/read/generate" with the sub functions:
a) write to file : writes a windings model in a file xxx.WDG . The name of the file can be
chosen. The structure of the file is shown in fig. 4.12.11 for the example displayed in fig.
4.12.12. The file has a text-format. The comment rows are fixed. Between the numerical
values blanks must be inserted.
Rot: means a device with rotational symmetry, Lin-x or Lin-y a device with linear
movement in x- or y-direction.
Geometrical definition of slot sides:
Rot : Radius in mm and angle in degrees
Lin-x bzw. Lin-y: x- and y- coordinates in mm . The sequence of the slot sides is arbitrary.
4.12.2
FEMAG
Windings input data: .\mm_2410

Number of slot sides:
6
Type of machine: 1 = Rot, 21 = Lin-x, 22 = Lin-y
1
Index w-keys
N-turns
R[mm]
PHI[Degr]
1
-1
100
36.5144
7.5
2
1
100
36.5144
22.5
3
3
100
36.5144
37.5
4
-3
100
36.5144
52.5
5
-2
100
36.5144
67.5
6
2
100
36.5143
82.5
Number of windings saved :
3
W-Key
W-Current [A]
W-Types: (=1 :wire&cur)
1
10.
1
2
10.
1
3
10.
1
Fig 4.12.11 : Format of the file fort he model given in figure 4.12.12
PHI
R
2
2
3
Selection point
read from file
Fig. 4.12.12 : Example for a windings model

b) make from file: Select a file and put the pointer to the area where the windings should
begin, i.e. the superelement with the smallest angle in a rotating device or the smallest x- or yCoordinate. The existing windings will be deleted. The file xxx.WDG will be read in a free
format.
c) generate AC-W: Select a file with a given number of slots ( s. Fig.4.12.13) and define the
parameters of the winding in Fig. 4.12.14. Put the pointer to the area where the windings
should begin. The existing windings will be deleted.
4.12.3
FEMAG
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
FEMAG - DC
RE / ETHZ
File: .MS210
Date: 06:06:2006
Fig. 4.12.13 : Example for the generation of windings

***
AC Windings Generation
***from data
Total Number of slots Q
48.00
Number of Poles 2p
44.00
Number of Phases m
<= 5
Number of Layers per slot u
3.000
1.000
Number of wires per slot side
1.000
Current in wire [A]
1.000
Coil span
1.000
Number of slots in FE-Model Q1
12.00
Machinetype:1=Rot;21=lin-x;22=lin-y
1.000
>= 1
Wdg-coil:1=w&cur;2=w&flux;3=bar&cur
1.000
asym. slot pitch: 1=sym.; <1=asym.
1.000
Rot-Mot:0.0; Lin-Mot:slots per secon.=
0.0
Fig. 4.12.14 : Example for the generation of windings: Input data

a) Make poc-file: Select a file with a given number of slots ( s. Fig.4.12.13) and define
some parameters:
***
Generation OF POC-file
***
Number of Poles 2p
Rot-Motor:
44.00
0.0
0.0
Skew angle [Deg]
0.0
No of skew steps:> 0:finite, 0:infinite
0.0
Current shape: sinus, cosinus ....
2.000
A file with the extension .poc will be generated with the number of poles: filename_44p.oc
4.12.4
FEMAG
b) Draw voltages: Select a file with a given number of slots ( s. Fig.4.12.13) and define
some parameters:
***
Draw voltages
***
Number of Poles 2p
44.00
Harmonic order
1.000
Skew angle [Deg]
0.0
0.0
Number of slots in FE-Model Q1
12.00
Reorder slot sides: no: 0, yes: 1
1.000
The voltage star will be drawn:

Number of poles
Harmonic order
No of skew steps
Skew angle [Deg]
:
:
:
:
Number of slots
:
Number slots sides
:
Total Windings factor:
Skew Windings factor:
44
1
0
0
48
48
0.958
1
10
3
3
3
3
2
2
11
2
2
1
1
12
5
7
c) Save Wi-Factors: Select a file with a given number of slots ( s. Fig.4.12.13)

The windings factors will be saved in a file with the extension .WFA : filename.WFA
4.12.5
FEMAG
*************************************************
***** Windings-Factors ***
*************************************************
File name: MS210_02
*************************************************
Date: 06.06.2006 20.15 h.min
Number of Poles :
Number of Phases :
Number of Slots :
Number of Slot-Sides :
44
3
12
12
*************************************************
Winding-Factors: W-Key: 1
*************************************************
No Skewing
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
.
.
(voltage)
.9577
1294
6533
.4330
.2053
.7071
.1575
.7500
.2706
(torque)
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
(voltage)
.9577
.1294
.6533
.4330
.2053
.7071
.1575
.7500
.2706
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
4830
.1261
.0000
.1261
.4829
.2706
.7500
.1576
.7071
.2053
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
.4830
.1261
.0000
.1261
.4829
.2706
.7500
.1576
.7071
.2053
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
.4330
.6532
.1294
.9576
.0000
.9577
.1294
.6533
.4330
.2054
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
1.0000
.4330
.6532
.1294
.9576
.0000
.9577
.1294
.6533
.4330
.2054
4.12.6
FEMAG
d) generate CM-W: not available

e) Make cmm-file: not available
4) UNDO:
Undoes the last operation.
5) "DELETE ALL":
All windings will be deleted. Be careful!!!
6) With "Clear Display", "Draw Subregions", "Draw Windings+Cur.", "Draw Polarity-"

new figures can be drawn.
7) "Change Polarity-Def": Serves for input of the current direction in the windingelements (subregions) of a winding after the winding was
defined.
Input:
Winding:
Select in the graphic window with the cursor (pointer +) and confirm with the
<Return>-key.
The winding-element will be displayed (black colour), the current direction can
be changed in the graphic window (IN / OUT, Default = OUT).
8) "Display Attributes":
Displays all data of a winding.
9) "Change Attributes":
Serves for the input of the:
* number of turns in the winding-element,

* current of one wire of a winding-element,
* color of the winding element.
Input:
- Winding: Select in graphic window with the cursor (pointer +) and confirm with < >.
- Number of turns:
Input by means of the keyboard and < > (= <Return>-key):
a) In the mode WIRES & CURRENT:
Current in [A]
b) In the mode WIRES & FLUX:
Total Flux,
in x/y- and r/-system in [Vs/mm],
in r/z-system in [Vs].
In the mode b) the program calculates the current and displays the External Inductance
L in [Henry/z].
- Colour: Select by <space bar> and confirm with < >.

4.12.7
FEMAG
4.13 "Magnetization Curve B(H)"

With this function (s. figure 4.13.1 ) magnetization characteristics B(H) for:
a) soft-magnetic material (soft iron)
b) isotropic permanent magnet material
can be defined and administrated.
The magnetization characteristics can be stored in the different directories as binary- or ASCII-files.
Only binary files can be selected in the function "Material Constants".
Each characteristic is defined by means of "n" values Hi, Bi. This characteristic will be transformed
by the program into the characteristic (B2).
***
DEFINE MAGNETIZATION CURVE B(H)
***
<<< MENU >>>
Curve Name
: dyn_bl13
Select BH-Curve
Description
: Dyn.Blech DIN 1.3 W/kg
Input New Curve
Soft iron B(H)
Magnetization Curve for :
0.0
Remanence [T]
BH-Curve recalculated
No
Iron-Fillfactor [%]
100.0
Change one Point

Insert one Point
Delete one Point
Recalculate
= 27
Number of input points B(H)
List B_i(H_i)
Draw B(H)
Index
(< 51)
Field Strength
Draw mue_r (B)
H [A/m] =
Magnetic Induction B
[T]
Draw mue_r (B2)
Draw dnue_r/dB2
Hardcopy
SAVE
SAVE AS ...
RETURN
.\dyn_bl13.MC
Figure 4.13.1 Menu of the function "Define Magnetization Curve"
4.13.1

***
FEMAG
***
<<< MENU >>>
Curve Name
Select BH-Curve
Description
: Magnetic Curve
Input New Curve
oriented soft iron

0.0
Remanence [T]
Yes
Iron-Fillfactor [%]
100.0
Change one Point

Insert one Point
Delete one Point
Recalculate
= 22
List B_i(H_i)
Draw B(H)
Index
(< 51)
Field Strength
Draw mue_r (B)
H [A/m] =
Draw mue_r (B2)
Magnetic Induction B [T]
Draw dnue_r/dB2
Angle for B(H)-curve (K)
Index K of B(H)-curve
SAVE
Total number of B(H)-curves=
SAVE AS ...
Hardcopy
0.0
[Degr]
RETURN
./ekotex_65.MCV
Figure 4.13.2 Menu of the function "Define Magnetization Curve" for the input of
orineted soft iron
Subfunctions:
1) "Select BH-Curve"
serves for file administration.
The type of the material must be given:
a) soft-magnetic material (= soft iron) Soft iron B(H)
b) isotropic permanent-magnet. Permanent magnet B(H)
c) soft-magnetic material with orientation Soft iron B(H,alfa)
d) isotropic permanent-magnet. With remanence Br as parameter Permanent magnet B(H, Br)
2) "Input New Curve"
A new characteristic (Bi, Hi, i=1...n) will be defined and transformed into a characteristic (B2)
with m equidistant points.
a ) Input via Menue:
- soft-magnetic material (= soft iron) with (B,H) or (Ji, Hi) from zero
- isotropic permanent-magnet with (B,H) and B > 0, H < 0 starting from the values with
the smallest H
- soft-magnetic material with orientation with (B,H) or (Ji, Hi) from zero for one angle alfa
of orientation
- anisotropic permanent-magnet with (B,H) and B > 0, H < 0 starting from the values with
the smallest H nad Br
4.13.2
FEMAG
b ) Input via jhb-Files with the file extension .jhb in ASCII-format

the file can be generated with an editor or with excel. Examples are given in the following
figures.
Input B [T]-H [A/m]-curves : Format of File
xxx.txt
Text (<80 characters)

N_col
angle(1)
angle(2) ... angle(N_col-1)
B(1)
H(1,1)
H(1,2)
... H(1,N_col-1)
B(2)
H(2,1)
H(2,2)
... H(2,N_col-1)
B(3)
H(3,1)
H(3,2)
... H(3,N_col-1)
....
.....
.....
...
B(M)
H(M,1)
H(M,2)
... H(M,N_col-1)
N_col = Number of values: 2 >= N_col < = 20

M = Number of lines : 3 > M < = 50
Seperated with TABS or Blanks
Induction B
[T] for soft iron
Field-strength Values H
[A/m]
If Soft iron: B(1)>0.0, H(1,..)>0.0

All Values in increasing sequence:
B(2)
> B(1),
B(3)
> B(2) ....
H(2,j) > H(1,j), H(3,j) > H(2,j) ....
Fig. 4.13.3 Format of the jhb-File fort he input of
B(H,alpha)
Input B [T]-H [A/m]-curves : Format of File
xxx.txt
Text (<80 characters)

N_col
Brem(1)
H(1)
B(1,1)
Brem(2) ... Brem(N_col-1)

B(1,2)
... B(1,N_col-1)
H(2)
B(2,1)
B(2,2)
... B(2,N_col-1)
H(3)
B(3,1)
B(3,2)
... B(3,N_col-1)
....
.....
.....
...
H(M)
B(M,1)
B(M,2)
... B(M,N_col-1)
N_col = Number of values: 2 >= N_col < = 20

M = Number of lines : 3 > M < = 50
Seperated with TABS or Blanks
Induction B and Brem
[T]
Field-strength Values H
[kA/m]
First values in 3. or 4th quadrant

All Values in increasing sequence:
B(2)
> B(1),
B(3)
> B(2) ....
H(2,j) > H(1,j), H(3,j) > H(2,j) ....

Brem(1) > Brem(2), Brem(2) > Brem(3)....
fig. 4.13.4 Format of the jhb-File fort he input of

4.13.3
B(H, Br)
Pm_magnet
2
-0.3
0.
0.04
0.095
0.11
0.4
FEMAG
for a permanent magnet material

softiron oriented J(H)
B(H)
3
0
15
0.0
0.5
73.9
78.2
-285000
0.6
82.3
87.3
-262000
0.8
104
108
-255000
1.0
129
132
-240000
1.2
165
163
-225000
1.3
189
183
0.0
1.4
213
208
1.5
415
308
1.6
1520
934
1.7
4403
2988
1.8
8788
6590
1.85
11566
8938
1.9
14862
11884
1.95
18758
15494
SOFT
2
0.5
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.85
1.9
1.95
IRON J(H)
0
73.9
82.3
104
129
165
189
213
415
1520
4403
8788
11566
14862
18758
fig 4.13.5 Examples for jhb-Files
c)
Input via analytical functions for B(H, Br):
Types:
H 2
Soft iron B(H),: Function 1 : B(H ) = Br arctan + 0 rev H
k
H
H
Function 2 : B(H ) = Br A1 1 exp + A2 1 exp + 0 rev H

t1
t2
Permanent magnet B(H) and Permanent magnet B(H, Br) :
H + H cj 2
+ 0 rev H
B(H ) = Br arctan
k
with : k : Corner point, Br : Remanence, Hc : Coercitiv- field strength

The temperature dependency of the remanence Br and the coercitiv- field strength Hc
Is given as follows:
Br (T ) = Br (1 + a (T T0 ))
and H C (T ) = H C (1 + b (T T0 ))
4.13.4
***
FEMAG
***
<<< MENU >>>
Curve Name
: aaa
Select BH-Curve
Description
: Magnetic Curve
Input New Curve

Remanence [T]
Iron-Fillfactor [%]
Change one Point
Soft iron B(H)
Insert one Point
0.0
Delete one Point
No
100.0
Recalculate
List B_i(H_i)
Draw B(H)
Index
(< 51)
Field Strength
Draw mue_r (B)
H [A/m] =
[T]
Draw mue_r (B2)
Draw dnue_r/dB2
Hardcopy
SAVE
SAVE AS ...
RETURN
Input analytical B [T]-H [A/m]-curves ?
Yes
The following input mask will appear fort he type Soft iron B(H) if the question
Input analytical B [T]- H [A/m]-curve ? has been answered with Yes
( Change between No and Yes with the lower bar )
***
Neukurve B(H)
***
<<< MENU >>>
Remanence Br
[T] =
1.150
Reversible Permeability muer
[pu] =
1.050
Local Data
Corner Point K (Function 1 )
[kA/m] =
25.00
File
Constant A1
(Function 2 )
[pu] =
.6500
Constant A2
(Function 2 )
[pu] =
.3500
Constant T1
(Function 2 )
[kA/m] =
110.0
Constant T2
(Function 2 )
[kA/m] =
Function 1 = 1, Function 2 = 2
Data
Save Data File
10.00
RETURN
1.000
0.0
*** Approximation Function 1: ***
0.0
/B = Br(arctan(H/K)2/pi)+mueo.muer.H/
0.0
*** Approximation Function 2: ***
0.0
0.0
/B = Br(A1(1-e(-H/T1)+A2(1-e(-H/T2))) +
mueo.muer.H/
Modelling range [T]: from
Number of steps:
0.0
0.0
to
3
45.00
No
With yes in th new mask the parameters of the analytical functions can be changed. With No
and return the determination of the data B(i), H(i) will be started. B(i), H(i) can be displayed
with the functions "Draw B(H)", "Draw r (B)", "Draw r (B2), "Draw dr/(dB2)".
4.13.5
FEMAG
In the same way the analytical functions will be used in Permanent magnet B(H):
***
B(H) - Curves PM
***
<<< MENU >>>
Remanence Br.....................[T] =
1.150
Reversible Permeability muer....[pu] =
1.050
Local Data
Corner Point K ...............[kA/m] =
20.00
File
Coercitive Force Hc...........[kA/m] =
1500.
Temperature Coefficient for Br [%/K] =
-0.1000
Temperature Coefficient for Hc [%/K] =
-0.6000
Magnet Temperature........[Degree K] =
23.00
Save Data File

RETURN
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
/B = Br(arctan(( (H+Hc)/K)2/pi)
0.0
0.0
+mueo.muer.H/
*** Approximation : ***
0.0
0.0

Number of steps:
to
3
45.00
Yes
With the result:
4.13.6
Data
FEMAG
In the same way the analytical functions will be used in Permanent magnet B(H, Br)
***
B(H,Br) - Curves PM
***
<<< MENU >>>
Remanence Br max
[T] =
1.150
Reversible Permeability muer
[pu] =
1.050
Local Data
Corner Point K (Function 1 )
[kA/m] =
20.00
File
Coercitive Force Hc
[kA/m] =
1500.
Temperature Coefficient for Br [%/K] =
-0.1000
Temperature Coefficient for Hc [%/K] =
-0.6000
Magnet Temperature........[Degree K] =
23.00
Save Data File

RETURN
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
*** Approximation : ***
0.0
/B = Br(arctan(( (H+Hc)/K)2/pi)
0.0
+mueo.muer.H/
0.0
<= 20 curves B(H,Br) from 0 - Brmax

Number of steps:
0.0
to
3
20.00
No
With the result:
4.13.7
Data
FEMAG
3) "Change one Point":
A single pair of values (Bi, Hi) of the given characteristic B(H)

can be changed.
4) "Insert one Point":
A new point Bi, Hi can be introduced.
5) "Delete one Point":
One point Bi, Hi will be deleted.
6) "Recalculate":
The magnetization characteristic can be modified according to a

filling-factor of the laminated iron.
7) "List Curve":
Allows the control of the given characteristic B(H) and its

representation in the program.
1) "Draw B(H)", "Draw r (B)", "Draw r (B2), "Draw dr /(dB2)", "Hardcopy":
enables the graphic presentation of various characteristics.

2) "SAVE":
The file will be stored with his old name.
3) "SAVE AS ...":
An actual file with the magnetization characteristic will be

stored with its old or with a new name.
4) "RETURN":
No input or change will be stored

4.13.8
FEMAG
4.13.9
FEMAG
Figure 4.13.6: Magnetization characteristic B (H) for soft-magnetic material
4.13.10
FEMAG
Figure 4.13.7: Magnetization characteristic B(H) for permanent magnet material
4.13.11
FEMAG
Figure 4.13.8: Magnetization characteristic B (H) for soft-magnetic material with

Orientation
4.13.12
FEMAG
Figure 4.13.9: Magnetization characteristic B (H) for soft-magnetic material with

Orientation
4.13.13
FEMAG
4.14 "Boundary Conditions"

With this function the following boundary conditions can be defined (s. figure 4.14.1 ):
1. Boundary conditions on the boundary lines:
- vector potential A = 0 (magnetic field lines parallel to the boundary)
- vector potential A = constant (magnetic field lines parallel to the boundary)
- vector potential A not defined (magnetic field lines perpendicular to the boundary)
- periodicity conditions at two sections of node chains with an equal number of nodes:
- negative: A(i) = - A(j), half periodicity
- positive:
A(i) = A(j), full periodicity (s. figure 4.14.3 )
2. Internal boundary conditions inside the region defined with the subfunction "Define
internal B-C":
- vector potential A = 0 (magnetic field lines parallel to the boundary)
- vector potential A = constant (magnetic field lines parallel to the boundary)
3. Infinite boundary conditions consider the region between outer boundary and infinity.
*** BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ***
<<< MENU >>>

External
B-C
B-Conditions Type
V-Pot = 0: B-tang
Internal
B-C
Vector Potential
[Vs/mm]
Infinite
B-C
Reset all
B-C
First node key
Last
node key
UNDO
Clear Display
Display B-C
QUIT / RETURN
SEGMENTS DEFINITION:
<
<
>
//
. - No condition
o - V-Potential = 0
Inner bound. V//^ t

<
x - V-Potential = const
//
+ - Positiv, periodic
/////////////////
* - Negativ, periodic
>
<
>
SAVE / RETURN
<
/////////////////
>
Symbols used for B-C:
>
oo- Infinite boundary
Figure 4.14.1: Menu of the function "Boundary Conditions"

The mode "A = constant" can be used to define a magnetic flux between two sections of node
chains:
Flux/unit length [mm] = A1 - A2
A1 is the vector potential at the 1st section of node chains and A2 at the 2nd section.
4.14.1
FEMAG
Example:
Input of the condition : V-Pot = 0: B - tang: or V-Pot = constant: select two points in the
graphical window on the boundary with the cursor, counterclockwise.
Input of the condition : V-Pot neg. period or V-Pot pos. period : select four points in the
graphical window on the boundary with the cursor, counterclockwise. Ther must be an equal
number of points between point 1 and 2 and 3 and 4, otherwise there will be an error message.
A=0
A=0
5
3
Vektorpotential A = 0:
markiere Punkte 5 - 6 und 7 - 8
Vektorpotential A positiv periodisch: markiere Punkte 1 - 2 , 3 - 4
Subfunctions:
5
4
A=0
3
8
A=0
7
1
Vektorpotential A = 0:
markiere Punkte 5 - 6 und 7 - 8
Vektorpotential A negativ periodisch: markiere Punkte 1 - 2 , 3 - 4
1) "External B-C":
This subfunction defines the boundary conditions only on node chains being one side
meshed (outer boundaries, holes )
-
Select the Boundary Condition Type by means of the <space bar>: [Potential = 0],
4.14.2
FEMAG
[Potential = const], [Negative period], [Positive period] or [No Constraint] and

confirm with the <Return>-key.
-
Select the corresponding node chain section(s) at the boundary by selecting

counter-clockwise two nodes (beginning and end) with the cursor (pointer +) and
confirm with the <Return>-key (s. figure 4.14.1 ).
2) "Internal B-C":
Puts the zero or constant value of vector potential for any nodes being selected by a
polyline.
Select the "Boundary Condition Type" with the <space bar> and confirm with the
<Return>-key. Only "A = 0" or "A = constant" or "No Constraint" are possible.
Define the polyline with the cursor (pointer +) and terminate with < . >
3) "Infinite B-C":
It considers the magnetic energy being stored between the outer boundary and the infinity.
After the call of this function all boundary conditions (internal and external) will be
removed, the outer node chains contour will be identified and the internal area will be
covered with the mesh. This mesh maps the imaginary mesh between the outer node chains
and infinity.
One of the internal nodes with the vector potential being assumed equal zero maps the
point in the infinity
The magnetic field in the external area is not observable. An example of the infinite
boundary conditions is shown in figure 4.14.2.
4) "Reset all B-C": All nodes are unconstrained.
5) "UNDO":
Undoes the last operation.
6) "Clear display": resets the screen

7) "Display B-Cond.":
The boundary conditions will be marked with different symbols ( . , 0, x, +, *, oo)
(s. figure 4.14.1 ).
4.14.3
FEMAG
Imaginary mesh
Internal field
Figure 4.14.2: Treatment of the infinite boundary
A
= 0
n
A
= 0
n
AI
AII
AI
AII
Figure 4.14.3: Boundary conditions for the vector potential A.

_
4.14.4
FEMAG
4.15 "Field Calculation"

This function serves to solve the system of equations Ax = b originating from the finite element
method by means of the incomplete conjugate gradient method according to the given options (s.
figure 4.15.1 ). In the non-linear case the Newton-Raphson or the Matrix Iteration method together
with an under-relaxation for the correction of the element permeabilities is used. After 25 NewtonRaphson iteration steps the program switches to the Matrix Iteration to ensure convergence. With
the sub-function Calc different types of machines can be modeled.
*** FIELD CALCULATION ***
>>> MENU <<<
SOLVER
Iterations:
(CUR/MAX) =
SET Options
Residuum[%]: (cur/max) =
Relaxation factor
CALCULATE ONCE
NONLINEAR PROCESS
Calc:
Calculation mode
Iterations: (CUR/MAX)
PERMEABILITY mode
PM Magnetization
LINEAR
/
1
DRAW Field Lines
Change of Permeability [%]:-(CUR) =
DRAW Multiple F(I)
-(max) =
RELAXATION factor
QUIT / RETURN
REFINING
REFINEMENT mode
ERROR quantity
REF. LOOPS: (cur/max) =

CHANGE of solution [%]:
Elements (CUR/MAX)
FREQUENCY [HZ]
SAVE / RETURN
no refine
/
INFO
/
2146 / 30000
Rel.Permeability=
Induction [T]
Figure 4.15.1: Menu of the function "Field Calculation"

General use of the program:
1) Set the modes of the calculation by means of the sub-function "Set Options"
2) Select the sub-function "Calculate Once" or "Calc:" or "PM Magnetization". Start the
calculation with the <Return>-key.
3) Draw field lines to show the results and return to the main menu with "QUIT / RETURN" or
"SAVE / RETURN".
The different sub-functions have the following meaning:
1) "Set Options"
Different parameters to control the solution of the system of equations for the unknown vector
potentials can be selected by this function (select with the <space bar> and confirm with the
<Return>-key).
4.15.1
03.02.08
FEMAG
The type of magnetization characteristic (linear, nonlinear), the maximum number of iteration
steps, the mode of permeability (actual, restored), the mode of mesh refinement (no refine,
refine, fast refine), the mode of drawing with the refinement (draw, no draw) and an observer
element can be selected and preset.
It is possible to run the field calculation with automatic mesh refinement according to different
criteria (Modes: functional, force, induction, energy)
Inputs:
* Mesh refinement:
<no refine>
<refine>
- without mesh refinement

- with mesh refinement according to an error criterion valid in the total area
(in this case the process of refinement can be displayed by selection of the
mode "draw")
<fast refine> - as mentioned above, simplified.
* Error criterion:
<functional> - Mesh refinement depending on the relative value of the functional
for the field equations in the elements
<force>
- mesh refinement optimized for calculation of force
<induction> - Mesh refinement depending on the distribution of the
magnetic induction B in the elements
<energy>
- Mesh refinement depending on the distribution of the magnetic energy
In the mesh refinement mode the truncation criterion, i.e. the number of refinement iterations
("Refining Loops") (usually 1 to 2) and the relative change of the solution
(Change of solution %" ) (usual value 0.1 or 1 %) must be entered via keyboard
and confirmed with the <Return>-key.
The magnetic energy of the setup is used as truncation criterion, because it should
approach a limit value with increasing quality of the mesh.
Recommendations for the use of mesh refinement:
- at the first refinement use the criterion "energy", in order to attain convergence of the whole
field problem.
- for the evaluation, especially for the calculation of local forces, use either
the sub-function "refine" in the function "Mesh"
or refine the mesh automatically, temporarily for the force calculation along the path
of force calculation.
(Better solution: Select the density of node chains in the mesh according to the problem, see
supplement B)
4.15.2
03.02.08
FEMAG
* Type of magnetization characteristics: Modes: (linear, nonlinear).

The program knows whether a linear or a non-linear calculation should be carried out.
In the nonlinear calculation the truncation criterion, i.e. the number of Newton-Raphson
iterations and the lower limit for the relative change of permeability must be entered. The
residuum against linear calculation, the number of iterations and the relative permeability
change reached will be indicated.
* Permeability modes:
<actual>
<restored>
- The actual values of the permeability in the elements will be

used as initial values for the non-linear calculation.
- The initial values of permeability in the elements each will be taken
from the related magnetization characteristics for an induction of 1 T
and stored in the elements.
* Observer element:
To control the progress of the non-linear field calculation, the magnetic induction B and
the relative permeability of an element can be monitored:
Select the element with the cursor (pointer +) and confirm with the left mouse key.
You will see the selected element on the screen in red colour.
2) "Calculate Once":
The system equations with the unknown vector potentials will be solved, according to the settings
in "Set Options". The following values will be displayed, see figure 4.15.1.
The parameter of this function have to be set by the function Options
Solver:
- Iterations: (cur):
(max):
- Residuum: (cur):
(max):
number of ICCG-iterations, necessary for the solution with an accuracy

given under Residuum (max)
number of equations resp. of the unknown vector potentials
residuum r = Ax - b / b of the non-linear NR-process or matrixiteration
limit value of residuum r = Ax - b / b of the ICCG-process
Nonlinear Process:
- Iterations: (cur): number of NR- or matrix iterations. The process will be stopped, if either
the iteration limit, shown in "Iterations (max)", is reached or if the
change of permeability is less than the value, shown in "Change of
Permeability [%]: - (max)".
4.15.3
03.02.08
FEMAG
- Change of Permeability [%]: (cur): actual relative change of the average permeability from
one iteration step to the next. It is reasonable to set a limit (max) between
0.5% and 1%.
- Relaxation factor: factor for the automatic under-relaxation of the permeabilitys to stabilize
the solution process
Refining:
- Change of solution [%]: (cur) shows the actual relative change of magnetic energy of the
setup,
(max): truncation limit of the relative change of magnetic energy
of the setup.
- Elements (cur/max):
Info:
(cur) shows the number of used elements,

(max): maximum possible number of elements.
If the limit value (max) is reached, the program stops automatically the
process of refinement.
The relative permeability and the induction of the selected observer element is shown
continuously. So it is possible to control the convergence of permeability correction in
critical areas.
Demagnetization: If a zone of a permanent magnet has a non-linear characteristic B(H) in the 3rd
and 4th quadrant, then its possible to calculate the remanence of each element of the PM zone
according to the operating point. In the case of isotropic materials the magnetization vector is turned
iteratively into the field direction.
4.15.4
03.02.08
FEMAG
3) Calc:
This sub-function comprises several application-specific and machine-oriented functions such as
Multiple-I/x for the multiple calculation in relationship of the current, of the magnetizing and/or
of the displacement of the moving part defined by a range path,
PM-Syn-Motor, Comut-Motor, Per-Mag-Motor, Univers-Motor and Turbo-Gen for
the simulation of different motors and 3D-Area- Intg for the calculation of the 3-D-Filed of a 2D distribution of the magnetization. (The function Turbo-Gen is not generally accessible, the
functions are further developed continuously.) The functions Multiple-I/x , PM-Syn-Motor,
Per-Mag-Motor and Univers-Motor presuppose a completely generated FE-model with a
mesh, material characteristics, boundary conditions, windings etc. The functions are selected as
usual by the space bar and the return key.
3.1 ) Multiple-I/x ( without skewing )
By this function a lot of field calculations for different setups (rotating by an angle or displaced
for a vector) can be executed for different values of current. In the same way the forces, torques or
flux can be evaluated.
In the mode of multiple calculations (Multiple-I/x?) a new mask appears on the screen (see fig.
4.15.2).
*** MULTIPLE CALCULATION ***

CURRENT VARIATION FACTOR
Mode of current variation
FORCE/TORQUE
Range
Force path
Path modes
Equidistant Number of values =

First
value
Last
value
List: Number of values(<=20) =

Values (
) %
BASE CURRENTS
FLUX
Number of regions:
Numb.of values(<=40)=
Type of region:
Region 1:
Base region current [A]
Region 2:
MOVEMENT
Number of steps =
Action type
Vector [mm/grad]
(<=120)
Skew-Angle:
Skew-Steps:
{X1} =
{X2} =
N-Polpairs:
Phaseangle:
Figure 4.15.2: Menu of the multiple calculation

This mask serves for the selection of the variable magnetizations or of the impressed current (input
of the ampere-turns) in the sub-regions or in the windings with their weighted coefficients, for input
of the displacement action and for the input of the modes for the calculation of force and flux. The
subregions or windings must be defined before.
4.15.5
03.02.08
FEMAG
The variation of the magnetization or of the currents in the windings, subregions or superelements
resp. the magnetization is defined by:
a) the variation factor in percent as base value, which is valid for all selected regions,
b) the base region current in [A], or base region magnetization in [T], which are the start values for
the change of current resp. of magnetization in the selected region.
The field calculation is performed for subregion or windings currents or magnetizations:
Current variation factor * Base Region Current / 100
For the input of the variation factors exist three possibilities:
<Range>
<List>
- number of even distributed steps??: Equidistant Number of values as well as the

initial and the end value: first value and last value in %
(equidistant distribution with a first, a last value and an increment )
- individual currents, defined in a list (max. 25)
< L_POC_file > - definition of the equally distributed values: Num. of values and: first value
and last value in %
- Selection of windings and the shape of the current by means of the file
xxx.poc ( file format see later )
This determines the variation factors i (in pu) with respect to the displacement x of the rotor
(Angle: (Rotate) or linear displacement (Translate)) .
The current in a winding is Variation factor i * Base Region Current*current shape ( file:xxx.pos)
i.e .: i*Ib*sin(x)
< L_ SPE _file > - definition of the equally distributed values: Num. of values and: first value
and last value in %
- Selection of windings the file xxx.poc ( file format see later )
- Definition of the shape of the current f(x) in the windings by means of the
file xxx.txt ( one file for each winding )
This determines the variation factors i (in pu) with respect to the displacement x of the rotor
(Angle: (Rotate) or linear displacement (Translate)) .
The current in a winding is Variation factor i * current shape ( file:xxx.txt) i.e .: i*f(x)
<L_TXT_file> - for selected windings the variation factors i (in pu) can be entered as a function
or point by point as a function of the x (= angle of rotation ( rotate) or = vector of
displacement (translate)) )) by means of one file xxx.txt for each winding
separately.
4.15.6
03.02.08
FEMAG
In the mode <Range> , <List> or <L_TXT_file> the selection of the areas or windings with
currents or magnetizations to be modified will be done by the pointer in the graphical window. The
currents or the magnetization will be displayed and can be changed.
In the mode < L_POC_file > and <L_TXT_file> a menu will appear for the selection of a
filename.poc or filename.txt files.
*** SELECT INPUT FILE ***
<<<
Directory
MENU
>>>
IN: .\
Directory OUT: .\
File Name
Title
ASCII/Binary
Select directory
Open File
*** SELECT FILE BOX ***
ILE format
NEW FILE
ASCII
=> exit
RETURN
ADRE_FUN
ADRE_re6
ADRE_rec
ADR_sin
ADR_har
=> exit
Fig. 4.15.4 Menu for the selection of filename.poc or filename.txt -files

In the Mode <L_TXT_file> one file has to be selected for each winding.
In all Modse the skew_angle , the number of skew-Steps , the number of pole pairs ( N-Polpairs)
can be given.
The phase angle defines only in the Modes < L_SPE_file > or <L_TXT_file> : the
displacement of all currents in el. Degrees.
In the Mode <L_POC_file> the displacement of all currents are defined in the file xxx.poc.
The skew angle corresponds to the physical displacement angle in [Degree] with rotating
machines or in [mm] with linear machines between the front end parts of the machine.
The Number of skew steps n defines the number of Subdivisions in multiple I/xr , PMSyn-Motor or Comut-Motor. For n = 0 a very high number of steps is used ( internal
skewing ). For n > 0 the program calculation n displaced situation for each position and takes the
average. ( external skewing)
It is recommended to start with n = 0.
The definition of the rotation or the displacement wants the number of steps, the kind of
displacement (Rotate or Translate) and the total displacement ( one value in degree for rotation and
a vector for translation) During the displacement the mesh in the super element given by the range
between the stationary and the moving part will be deleted and generated. For each step a field
4.15.7
03.02.08
FEMAG
calculation will be executed and the fluxes or forces will be determined according to the selection
in the menu. One path for the force or torque calculation and 5 areas for the flux evaluations can be
used.
The path for the force calculation may be used also for the definition of the areas to be rotated or
moved. All parts within the path will be moved.
The path or range has to be given always if the number of move steps is larger than zero also in case
of no force evaluation.
The path for the force evaluation can be open.
The results of the calculation will be saved in a file "filename.BATCH" or "filename.BCH".
Format of the files xxx.txt and xxx.poc :

In the Mode < L_SPE_file > or < L_TXT_file > the date for the control of the currents have to be
given in a file filename.txt with the xtension: .text as follows:
Text ( max. 80 characters )
Text ( max. 80 characters )
x1
y1
x2
y2
.
xn yn
( max. 1000 values )
The function y(x) can have any shape. Values will be determined by interpolation. Periodical
function should be described over one complete period ( 360 degrees in the electrical system ) .
x ist he rotation angle in degrees or the displacement in mm in the electrical or in the mechanical
system. The simulation of the movement is based on the mechanical system: The displacement in
electrical angles x is internally divided by the number of pole pairs to get the mechanical. angle.
In the mode < L_POC_file > the required data must be given at first written with an editor (e.g.
Notepad) in a file with the extension: filename.poc as follows:
The file has to be closed with a EoF . The pointer in the editor should be placed to the last
free position. There will be an error message if the EoF does not exist.
4.15.8
03.02.08
FEMAG
a) As Table (fun):
b) As Function (sin, cos, rec, re6):
n (Number of Windings),
key1 (Windings keys )
.
keyn
1 (Phase angle of current l)
n (Number of Windings )
key1 (Windings keys )
.
keyn
1 ( Phase angle of current l)
.
n
max (= 2 Pole pitch)
n
max ( = 2 Pole pitch)
fun
m Number of current and Displacement values
x11, y11
x12, y12
.............
sin (cos or rec oder re6)

[skew angle ([Degree] or [mm])],
[Number of Subdivisions:]
[ ] optional
c) As Multi-Funktion (harmonics)
key1 (Windings keys ) ...
x1m, yi1m
x21, yi21
x22, yi22
............
x2m,yi2m
usw.
[skew angle ([Degree]or [mm]
[Number of Subdivisions n:
n = 0: Subdivisions infinite ]
[ ] optional
keyn
1 ( Phase angle of current 1 )
n
max (= 2 Pole pitch )
har
N Number of Harmonics
I1 (pu), 1 ..
IN (pu),
[Number of Subdivisions n] [ ] optional
d) Als Multi-Funktion (hsp)

key1 (Windingskeys )
keyn
1 ( Phase angle of current 1) .
n
max (= 2 Pole pitch)
hsp
N Number of Harmonics
Hormonics order 1, I1 (pu), 1 ..
Hormonics order n, In(pu),
[Number of Subdivisions n] [ ] optional
In the file only one value per line including sin, cos, rec, re6 ...should be given.
4.15.9
03.02.08
FEMAG
max defines 2 x Pole pitch) i.e. for rotation and in case of a 2 pole machine (p=1): max =
360 [Degree], . in case of a 4 pole machine (p=2): max = 180 [Degree]. For a linear motor
max defines 2 x Pole pitch in [mm].
At the definition of the Windings the currents are the peak values of the functions . The shape of the
currents I( ) will be given by the function: sin, cos, rec, re6, fun, har . Only the winding currents
given by the windings keys in the file filename.poc or filename.txt are modified. All the other
currents are kept constant during the process.
Linear interpolation between the current values is used in the function fun.
In the function fun the x-i-values for the 1. windung should be given always, the values for the
other windings onyle in case 2, ....n = 0 . In case of 2, ....n > 0 it is assumed that the currents
have the same shape with the phase angles 2, ....n ..
In the function har or hsp the currents are determined as:
N
ia = I m sin ( m x m n a )
a = 1...n
m =1
The function rec defines the current in star-connected windings fed by an ideal inverter.
The function rec6 defines the current in delta- connected windings fed by an ideal inverter.
.
Example: File.poc: Three phase windings arrangement, 10 steps of interpolations, Winding keys:
1, 2, 3, windings fed with symmetrical rectangular currents displace by 120 Degree,
2 Pole pitch = 360 Degree. (2 pole Machine) , no skewing
3
1
2
3
0
120
240
360
fun
10
0,
0
30, 0
30, 1
150, 1
150, 0
210, 0
210, -1
330, -1
330, 0
360, 0
4.15.10
03.02.08
FEMAG
Example: File.poc: Three phase windings arrangement, Winding keys: 1, 2, 3, windings fed with
symmetrical sinusoidal or rectangular currents displace by 120 Degree, 2 Pole pitch = 360 Degree.
(2 pole Machine) , skewing by 30 Degree in 3 steps
3
3
1
1
2
2
3
3
0
0
120
120
240
240
360
360
sin
rec
30
30
3
3
4
Current(alpha)[A]:
Current(alpha)[A]:
2000.
2000.
1000.
1000.
-1000.
-1000.
-2000.
-2000.
.0
50
100
150
200
Fig. 4.15.3
.0
50
100
150
200
Position [Degr]:
Position [Degr]:
Examples currents defined with: sin und rec, 180 Degrees
symmetrical harmonics currents displace by 120 Degree, 2 Pole pitch = 360 Degree. (2 pole
Machine) , skewing by 30 Degree in 3 steps
3
1
2
3
0
120
240
360
har
5
1.0,
0
((1. harmonc))
0,
0.0
0.3,
0.0
((3. harmonic))
0.0,
0.0
0.1,
0.0
30
3
4.15.11
03.02.08
FEMAG
symmetrical harmonics currents displace by 120 Degree, 2 Pole pitch = 360 Degree. (2 pole
Machine)
3
1
2
3
0
120
240
360
hsp
2
1,
21,
1.0
0.01
0
0
(( 1. harmonic with amplitude 1.0, Phase angle 0))

((21. harmonic with amplitude 0.01, Phase angle 0))
Fig. 4.1.5.5 Example for the application of filename.poc -files: PM-Motor with Three-phasewinding in the air gap fed by symmetric currents (sin. rec, rec6 and har )
Torque (I,alpha) [Nm/mm]
400.
150.
200.
100.
50.
-200.
Current(alpha)[A]:
Torque (I,alpha) [Nm/mm]
Current(alpha)[A]:
200.
200.
400.
150.
200.
100.
c
a
re6
sin
b
50.
-200.
0
0
-400.
0
0
50
100
150
200
200.
400.
150.
200.
100.
50.
-200.
50
100
150
50
100
150
Position [Degr]:
200
-400.
0
50
100
150
Position
Position [Degr]:
[Degr]:
200
200.
400.
150.
200.
blue line with stars: Zero sequence current
har
rec
100.
200
50.
-200.
a
0
0
-400.
0
0
50
100
150
200
50
100
150
200
50
100
150
Position [Degr]:
200
-400.
0
50
100
150
Position [Degr]:
200
3.2 ) PM-Syn-Motor
This function requires a FE-model with windings and a filename.poc-file for the definition of the
currents in the windings. Magnetization may not be required. The function can also simulate
reluctance machines.
The function is controlled by questions to be answered which are defining the process. For the
determination of the machine parameters the mode: Ld > Lq or Ld < Lq should be selected
according to the machine characteristics ( machines with embedded magnets have Ld < Lq )
An appropriate filename.poc-file should be selected. In the following menu (figure 4.15.6), the
kind of winding arrangement (open, star, delta), the RMS-Value of the currents, the skew angle,
the number of skew steps, temperature magnet, temperature coefficient of magnet remanence Br,
number of parallel windings, the length of the machine, the number of pole pairs, the number of
poles simulated, number of current steps, kind of model and the speed should be given.
4.15.12
03.02.08
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fig. 4.15.6 : Input in the function PM-Syn-Motor

The menu Multiple-Calculation (fig. 4.15.7) will follow. The moving part of the model has to be
defined with the cursor. In the mode New, closed, circle, pointer, which is default in the r/phicoordinate system, a point in the mesh in the air gap should be selected with the pointer, following
the input of the number of move steps. This point defines the path for the force calculation and the
area to be moved. It is recommended to use the number of steps given in the menu. The model
should consist of one or two pole pitches only ( use of machine symmetry and periodic boundary
conditions) . The step size will be adjusted to the mesh size in the air gap if a rectangular mesh is
used in the air gap according to appendix B.
Fig. 4.15.7 Selecting of path, number of steps in the function PM-Syn-Motor

4.15.13
03.02.08
FEMAG
A menu will then appear for saving the results and the calculation is started which is consisting of
two steps:
a) Calculation of the field at no-load ( winding current defined in the file ...poc are set to zero) .
Determination of the cogging torque or force, the windings fluxes as a function of displacement
and the optimal phase angle of the winding current to provide max. torque or force at load..
b) Calculation of the field at load, the torque or the force, the windings fluxes and the winding
voltages as a function of displacement and the machine parameters Ld, Lq and Up considering
the skewing angle given in the menu or the file filename.poc.
The results are saved in the file filename.batch or filename.bch
The results are also displayed in a number of pictures (s. fig. 4.15.8 and 4.15.9)
From the results of the FE no-load- and load calculation a dq-machine model will be derived with
the parameters: Ld, Lq and the magnetic flux m . ( s. Figure 4.15.8 ).
***
PM-Synchron-Motor (Rot.)
***
<<< MENU >>>
Wdg.Voltage (operat. limit) (RMS)[V] =
180.0
Wdg.Current (operat. limit) (RMS)[A] =
10.01
Curr.angle (=0: optim,>0:const)[Deg] =
0.0
Winding resistance stator
[Ohm]
Inductance Ld
[H/mm] =
.3972E-03
Inductance Lq (lin)
[H/mm] =
.5843E-03
Inductance Lq (1.5*In)
[H/mm] =
.5843E-03
[H/mm] =
.5843E-03
Stator end-winding inductance

Wdg.No-load PM flux (RMS)
Effect. armature length
Number of Phases
Number of Pole pairs
[H]
[mm]
100.0
(>= 2) =
3.000
(>= 1) =
2.000
7.987
Rel. mumber winding turns(wdg.1)[pu] =
1.000
Number of steps:
to
Save Data File

RETURN
.3172E-02
Speed range (1/min): from
Data
0.0
Max. current (RMS): = psi_m/Ld [A]
File
0.0
[Vs/mm] =
Local Data
7500
20.00
Yes
Figure 4.15.8: Machine model derived from the FE no-load- and load calculation PM-Syn-Motor
The current m / Ld is determined from the results of the FE-simulations. He is an ideal current
value for an ideal field weakening operation , which characterized by a constant power in the field
weakening range. The Curr. Angle can be either given or optimized.
4.15.14
03.02.08
FEMAG
This model can be used to simulate the steady-state and the transient behavior:
In the stationary operation with ua = 2 U cos( s t + ) etc :
u d = U sin ; u q = U cos with the load angle between terminal voltage and the
flux voltage
u d = R s i d s Lq i q
u q = R s i q + s Ld i d + s m
T = m p ( m iq + ( Ld Lq ) id iq )
with T the torque, m the number of phases , p the number of pole pairs .
d d
u d = Rs id +
q
dt
d q
u q = Rs iq +
+ d
dt
In the transient operation :
d = L d i d + m ; q = Lq i q
T = m p ( d iq q id ) ; = s +
d
dt
At the end of the calculation the dependencies of the torque, the voltage, the currents Id and Iq are
displayed .
Example for the use of the function PM-Syn-Motor:
Permanent-magnet-motor with three-phase-windings, given currents defined with a

filename.poc-file in the mode sin without rotor skewing.
4.15.15
03.02.08
FEMAG
4.15.16
03.02.08
FEMAG
Figure 4.15.9 : Operational characteristics resulting from the FE-calculation

simulation of a PM-Motor with the function PM-Syn-Motor
FEMAG-DC
Ra*Id-Xq*Iq
Up
Ra*Iq+Xd*Id
PM-Syn-/Reluctance Motor
Id+jIq
Ud+jUq
02:09:2002 File: .Synfielw
Sp:7500 [1/min];
Torq:5.49 [Nm]; Volt:180.08[V]; Cur:8.23 [A]; Power:4.32 [kW]; cosphi:0.971
Fig 4.15.10: Operational characteristics of the PM-Motor, derived from the d-q-model (fig. 4.15.8)
Phasor diagram for the operation in the field-weakening range
4.15.17
03.02.08
FEMAG
Fig. 4.15.11: Operational characteristics of the PM-Motor, derived from the d-q-model (fig. 4.15.8)
4.15.18
03.02.08
FEMAG
Figure 4.15.12a Example for PM-Syn-Motor: Motor with two stators and two air gaps
Example for the use of the function PM-Syn-Motor:

Reluctance-Motor with three-phase-winding in air gap, currents given by the file filename.pocfile in the mode sin without skewing..
4.15.19
03.02.08
FEMAG
Skew-angle [Degr]: 0
0.0020
0.0015
a
0.0010
0.00050
b
0
0
Torque [Nm/mm]
100
Position [Degr]:
200
Current(alpha)[A]:
line: Maxwell, stars: IdPsi/dalpha
10.
200.
7.50
100.
5.00
2.50
-100.
c
0
-200.
0
100
Position [Degr]:
200
100
Position [Degr]:
200
Torque [Nm/mm]
Skew-angle [Degr]: 0
10
10.
100 % Value: 6.159
0: 100
6: 5.064
12: 0.360
5.00
10
v1
0
-1
10
-5.00
-2
10
-10.
0
10
20
Harmonics order
30
200
Position [Degr]:
400
Fig. 4.15.12: Simulation of a reluctance-motor with the function PM-Syn-Motor
4.15.20
03.02.08
***
FEMAG
PM-SYNCHRON-MOTOR
***
Voltage (operating limit) (RMS)[V]
400.0
CURRENT (operating limit) (RMS)[A]
70.71
CURR.ANGLE (=0: optim,>0:const)[Deg] =
0.0
STATOR resistance
[Ohm]
0.0
INDUCTANCE Ld
[H/mm] =
0.1024E-03
INDUCTANCE Lq (lin)
[H/mm] =
0.7001E-04
INDUCTANCE Lq (1.5*In)
[H/mm] =
0.7001E-04
INDUCTANCE Lq (2.5*In)
[H/mm] =
0.7001E-04
STATOR end-winding inductance

NO-LOAD PM flux (RMS)
EFFECT. armature length
[H]
0.0
[Vs/mm] =
[mm]
0.0
100.0
NUMBER of Phases
(>= 2) =
3.000
NUMBER of Pole pairs
(>= 1) =
1.000
MAX. current (RMS): = psi_m/Ld [A]
0.0
ROT-MOTOR:0.0; Lin-Motor:2Taupol[mm] =
0.0
Speed range (1/MIN): from
to 10000
Fig. 4.15.13: Operational characteristics of the reluctance-motor, derived from the d-q-model
4.15.21
03.02.08
FEMAG
With the function PM-Syn-Motor the following problems can be studied:

-
Cogging- and load pusation torque, dependencies on design, currents, skewing . . .

Harmonics in flux and voltage, optimal currents
determination of d-q-models parameters
Operational characteristics
The application is not restricted to converter fed machines. The current can take any kind of shape.
It is also possible to simulate commutator machines.
Current(alpha)[A]:
0.0020
1.00
a
0.500
c
a
0.0010
b
a
0.0015
-0.500
0.00050
b
-1.00
0
0
100
Position [Degr]:
200
100
Position [Degr]:
Fig. 4.15.14: Simulation of a commutator machines with the function PM-Syn-Motor

3.3 ) Commut-Motor
This function requires a FE-model with windings and a file filename.poc for the current
definitions. The excitation of the machine can be permanent magnets or a winding with current in
series with the armature or with a given current or both.
Similar to the function PM-Syn-Motor some questions have to be answered first to control the
process. A file filename.poc with the following data has to be selected:.
values are optional
4.15.22
03.02.08
200
FEMAG
The following menu (fig 4.15.14), requires as input: the number of current steps of the nonlinear
simulation, the peak value of the armature current, the displacement angle of th brushes, the
skewing angle, the number of skewing steps ( = 0: infinite ), the ratio brush width to commutator
segment width, the radius of the force path circle ( = 0 given with the cursor), the length of machine,
the number of conductors in the rotor slots, the number of pole pairs, the number of poles simulated,
the number of parallel armature circuits and the speed of the machine.
Fig 4.15.15 : Menu of the function Commut-Motor

The function is equivalent to the function PM-Syn-Motor considering the rectifier effect of the
commutator and the short circuit of the windings during commutation.
A menu will then appear for saving the results and the calculation is started which is consisting of
two steps:
a) Calculation of the field at no-load ( winding current defined in the file ...poc are set to zero) .
Determination of the cogging torque, the windings fluxes as a function of displacement and the
optimal phase angle of the winding current to provide max. torque at load..
b)Calculation of the field at load, the torque, the windings fluxes and the winding voltages as a
function of displacement and the machine parameter Up considering the comutation and the
skewing angle given in the menu or the file filename.poc.
.
4.15.23
03.02.08
FEMAG
Example for the use of the function Commut-Motor

PM-Motor with 8 windings without skewing ( s. fig..15.14 )
4.15.24
03.02.08
FEMAG
Fig. 4.15.16: Simulation of a PM-Motor with the function Commut-Motor

4.15.25
03.02.08
FEMAG
Fig. 4.15.17: d-q-model derived from the no-load and the load simulation in the function
Commut-Motor
4.15.26
03.02.08
FEMAG
Fig. 4.15.18 Operational characteristics of the PM-Motor, derived from the d-q-model (fig. 4.15.9)
3.3) Per-Mag-Motor
This function requires a FE-Model with windings and a file xxx.cad_pm (UNIX) or xxx.pmo (
windows) for the input of the machine parameters. The menu fig. 4.15.19 can be used for the input
of the parameters also.
4.15.27
03.02.08

***
FEMAG
PERMANENTMAGNET-MOTOR
***
<<< MENU >>>
Voltage
[V]
12.00
STARTING current
[A]
45.00
LOCAL DATA
ARMATURE wdg. resistance
[Ohm] =
.3000
FILE
AIR-GAP diameter
EFFECT. armature length
[mm]
[mm]
ZA.P/A :eff. no of armature wires

BRUSH voltage
KEY
[V]
50.00
SAVE DATA File
240.0
=
1.000
armature wdg(0:no,-1: pt.def)
1.000
2.000
NUMBER of Poles simulated (>= 1) =
1.000
NUMBER of Poles (>= 2)
DATA
52.00
RETURN
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
Speed range (1/MIN): from
NUMBER of steps:
to 10000
10.00
YES
Fig. 4.15.19: Menu for the function Per-Mag-Motor

ZA is the total number of conductors with current in the armature. The conductors beeing in the
commutation process will be excluded. The parameter A is the number of parallel armature circuits
devided by two.
Following the call of the function an input of the data (Fig. 4.15.19) is required. The function
performs several field calculations to determine the dependency between the armature flux and the
current.
Based on these parameters the operational characteristics Ia(n) and M(n) will be calculated. The
resulting torque is the inner value not considering armature losses.
4.15.28
03.02.08
FEMAG
Main-Flux (I) [Vs]
.0010
.00075
.00050
.00025
0
0
Torque (ideal) [Nm]
10
20
30
Current (ideal) [A]
40
Current (ideal) [A]
2.00
40.
1.50
30.
1.00
20.
.500
10.
0
0
1000
2000
3000
Speed [1/min]
4000
1000
2000
3000
Speed [1/min]
4000
Fig. 4.15.20: Example for the output of the function Per-Mag-Motor
3.4) Ld-Lq-Identification
works as the function PM-Syn-Motor and determines the dependency of the machine parameters
Ld (I , Beta), Lq (I , Beta), Magnet flux m
from the current I and the angle Beta between I and the voltage Up
The results are saved in the file xx.bch abgespeichert. With these data the operational parameters
can be calculated ( s. above Fig 4.15.8 )
4.15.29
03.02.08
FEMAG
Input Ld-Lq-Identification
>>>MENU <<<
SOLVER
Iterations:
(cur/max) =
Set
Relaxation factor
Options
/
Calculate
NONLINEAR PROCESS
Once
Calc: Ld-Lq-Ident
Calculation mode
nonlinear
Iterations: (cur/max)
Permeability mode
PM Magnetization
99
actual
Draw Field
Change of Permeability [%]:-(cur) =
Lines
Draw Multiple
F(I)
-(max) = .1000
=
Relaxation factor
QUIT
REFINING
Refinement mode
: no refine
Error quantity
:
/
Ref. loops: (cur/max) =
Change of solution [%]:

Elements (cur/max)
Frequency [Hz]
/ RETURN
SAVE / RETURN
1287 /
1.000
70000
INFO
Rel.Permeability=
Induction
[T]
Data input:
***
Ld-Lq-Up-Identification***
<<<MENU >>>
Nominal stator wdg.current(Peak)
[A] :
14.15
Number of current steps <=10:
2.000
Max. Angle Beta I vs.Up : < 0
[Deg]:
-10.00
Min. Angle Beta I vs.Up : > - 50 [Deg]:
-50.00
Number of Angle Beta steps <= 5
3.000
Skew angle [Deg] or displacement [mm] :
30.00
2.000
Temperature Magnet
[Deg C] :
20.00
[%/Deg K] :
-.1000
Temperature Coeff, Br
Number of parallel Windings(>= 1)
Local
Data
File
Data
Save Data File

RETURN
0.0
Radius air-gap center line(torq.)[mm] :
34.32
Generator: I < 0
100.0
angle I vs Up :
[mm] :
(>= 1)
2.000
Number of Poles simulated
(>= 1)
1.000
Rot-Motor:0.0; Lin-Motor:2xTaupol[mm] :
0.0
Motor:
I > 0
-90 .... 90 Degr

or
Generator: I > 0
angle I vs Up :
Rotor speed
[1/min]:
3000.
4.15.30
90 .... 270 Degr
03.02.08
FEMAG
Results of the function Ld-Lq-Identification
4.15.31
03.02.08
FEMAG
Results in the file xxx.bch

Function: Ld-Lq-Identification
Wdg.-Curr
[A rms]
Angle Beta
[Degr]
Ld
[H/mm]
Lq
[H/mm]
Psi_magn
Torque
[Vs/mm rms] [Nm]
Load Volt
[V rms]
5.003
-10.00
.3539E-03
.4844E-03
.3176E-02
9.759
234.4
5.003
-30.00
.3509E-03
.4887E-03
.3176E-02
9.188
196.3
5.003
-50.00
.3532E-03
.4928E-03
.3176E-02
7.188
151.7
10.01
-10.00
.2632E-03
.4062E-03
.3176E-02
19.70
304.0
10.01
-30.00
.3012E-03
.4174E-03
.3176E-02
19.23
250.3
10.01
-50.00
.3215E-03
.4367E-03
.3176E-02
15.55
182.1
Data for the simulation:
***
PM-Syn-Motor (Rot.), Phase-Values

***
<<<MENU >>>
Voltage (operat. limit) (RMS)
[V] =
400.0
Current (operat. limit) (RMS)
[A] =
10.01
Angle I vs Up(0:optim,<>0:const)[Deg]=
0.0
Resistance stator winding
0.0
[Ohm]
Inductance Ld
[H/mm] =
.2632E-03
Inductance Lq (IN)
[H/mm] =
.4062E-03
Local
Data
File
Data
Save Data File

RETURN
0.0
0.0
Stator ewdg + external inductance [H]=
Number of Phases
[Vs/mm] =
[mm]
0.0
.3176E-02
100.0
(>= 2) =
3.000
(>= 1) =
2.000
8.974
Rel. number winding turns(wdg.1)[pu] =
1.000
Speed range (1/min): from

Number of steps:
to
7500
40.00
Yes
4.15.32
03.02.08
FEMAG
Results:
PM-Syn-/Reluctance Motor
06:06:2006/21:15 .Afielw12
-Xq*Iq
Up
Xd*Id
Umd+jUmq
Id+jIq
FEMAG-DC
4.15.33
03.02.08
FEMAG
4) "PM Magnetisation":
This function simulates the magnetisation process consisting of the following steps:
a) Calculation of the vector potential in the non-linear mode for the arrangement
(magnetisation system) with the current or magnetisation as sources.
A B(H)-curve for the initial (virgin) magnetisation (s. fig. 4.15.22 ) of the permanent
magnet should be given at first by means of the sub-function "Magnetisation Curves" and
"ferromagnetic" and should be attached to an area by means of the function
The maximum nominal magnetisation Br max (s. fig. 4.15.22 ), the relative permeability p and
the orientation of the magnetisation as "isotropic" or "anisotropic" (fig.4.15.23 ) must be given in
agreement with the virgin B(H)-characteristic (s. menu, figure 4.15.21 )
In the mode "isotropic" the vector of the magnetisation M in each element is determined by the
pre calculated induction vector B and has the same direction.
In the mode "anisotropic" the axis of the anisotropy is an input value, corresponding to the
direction of the magnetisation M. The component of the induction B in this direction determines
the magnetisation M (s. figure 4.15.23 ).
b) From the resulting field distribution the magnetisation in each element will be determined and
saved in the element data files to be used in following calculations or models.
Fig. 4.15.21 : Menu of the sub-function "Remanence from Magnetisation"
4.15.34
03.02.08
FEMAG
B
p
Br max
B'
B r'
B"
B r"
Fig. 4.15.22: Simulation of the magnetisation process
anisotropic
isotropic
Bm = B
Bm
Br = M
Br = M
x, r
Fig. 4.15.23: Modelling of the isotropic and the anisotropic magnetisation
This function can be used as follows:

1. Modelling of the magnetization arrangement with the currents and the areas to be magnetized.
2. Define the virgin B(H) curve (fig. 4.15.22) with the function "Magnetization Curves" and
attach this curve to the areas to be magnetized with the function "Material Constants", U-function
"Ferromagnetics", nonlinear.
3. Use the function "PM-Magnetization". to determine the magnetization M (vector) in the areas to
be magnetized
4. Modify the arrangement but not the magnetized areas.
5. Calculate the field in the mode linear or nonlinear with the given magnetization M
5) "Draw Field Lines":
4.15.35
03.02.08
FEMAG
Draws equipotential lines. The number of lines must be entered into the field "Number of lines" by
means of the keyboard and confirmed with the <Return>-key. Equidistant values of field lines are
calculated .
6) "Draw Multiple F(I) or F(x)"
The results of the multiple calculations can be displayed and saved in a file for graphic output (s.
figure 4.15.6 ).
4.15.36
03.02.08
FEMAG
Z
R
Flux (I, x) [Vs]

Position x [mm]:
.000
4.00
x
i
3.00
F
2.00
1.00
0
0
Current (x) [A]:
Force F (I, x) [N]
Force F (I, x) [N]
1000.
1000.
750.
750.
x = 0 mm
500.
500.
x = 3 mm
i=5A
250.
250.
0
0
Current (x) [A]:
10
15
20
Position x [mm]:
Fig. 4.15.24: Graphic display of the results of Multiple calculation
4.15.37
03.02.08
FEMAG
4.16 "Analysis"
The function allows various evaluations of the vector potential distribution (s. figure 4.16.1 ).
*** MAGNETIC INDUCTION ***
*** COLOUR GRADATION ***
<<< MENU >>>
Rel.Permeability=
Quantity :
Absolute B
Force/Torque
Induction 1 [T] =
Region
Total
Flux/Inductance
Induction 2 [T] =
Range
Default
Magnet. Voltage
=> Induction [T]=
Min
0.4677E-02
Induction
Max
1.934
Losses
Magnet. Energy
*** MAGNETIC ENERGY ***
*** MAGNETIC VOLTAGE ***
2-D Plots
3-D Plots
Energy [J/zl]=
Contour
M.Voltage [A]=
*** CONSTANS * AREA ***
Region
Constans
Colour Gradation
Const * Area
WRITE to file
RETURN
C*Area [mm2] =
Draw Current Vectors ? ( No/Yes )
No
Figure 4.16.1: Menu of the function "Analysis"

Subfunctions:
1) "Force/Torque":
For the calculation of the total force and/or torque affecting a solid in the magnetic field,
the solid should be enclosed by a polygon located completely in the air surrounding the
solid. (s. figure 4.16.3 )
The reference point for the torque calculation can be defined with the mode Define P0.
The centre of the coordinate system (0,0) is the default setting for the reference point
(s. figures 4.16.2 and 4.16.3 ).
Input:
* Refinement mode:
(No refine / Refine) for the force oriented mesh refinement.
* Magnetisation curve:
(linear / curved)
s. function "Field Calculation"
* Integration path:
( new/old, open/closed, polyline/circle/arc, pointer/keyboard).
Integration of forces following a new or an old, an open or a closed path. The path can
be defined as a polyline or a circle or an arc. Select a polygon in the graphic window
4.16.1
FEMAG
with the cursor (pointer +) and confirm with the <Return>-key>-.

Close with the < . >-key (s. figure 4.16.3 ).
*** FORCE AND TORQUE ***
<<< MENUE >>>
Method:
Maxwell
Force X [N/zl]=
Center point:
Define
Force Y [N/zl]=
Force
=>Force [N/zl]=
Torque
(default=0.0)
Contour modes:
Set Options
UNDO
new
open
Torque [Nm/zl]=
arc
QUIT / RETURN
keyboard
SAVE / RETURN
refine
Refinement mode:
M
S
*** INPUT CIRCLE (ARC) ***

R
R
Centerpoint :[mm]
Angle 1
XM =
45.01
28.87
YM =
0.0
Radius [mm] =
5.729578
TICE:
Angle 2
365.729614
: [mm] - for
(x,y),(r,phi)
: 1 - for (r,z)
Specify integration path by means of arc input:
Figure 4.16.2: Menu of the function "Force and Torque"
y
N
Fy
Fx
S
Polyline for
force integration
PO
Torque
x
Figure 4.16.3: Definition of force and torque
4.16.2

* Storage:
* Center-point:
FEMAG
(yes / no) the refined mesh can be stored or not.

(0,0 / Point P0) for the calculation of the torque.
The mesh refinement is controlled by means of the parameters: number of refinement steps,
relative change of force (s. "Field Calculation"). The actual number of elements and the limit
is displayed.
2) "Flux / Inductance":
The magnetic flux i and the self inductance Lii of an electrical circuit "i" and the mutual
inductance Lij between two electrical circuits "i" and "j" can be calculated, whereby an
electrical circuit may be:
* either one winding-coil or
* in the x/y- and r/-coordinate system two regions
* in the r/z-coordinate system one region
*** FLUX LINKAGE, INDUCTANCES ***
<<< MENU >>>
CIRCUIT:
" i "
Region 1
Number of turns
Region 2
Winding
Flux / Inductance
Mutual Inductance
VP = 0.0
Inductance Matrix
Current in region 1 [A] =
SM Impedances
CIRCUIT:
RETURN
" j "
Region
Number of turns
Current [A]
Flux Linkage
*zl [Vs]
Self Inductance
*zl [H]
zl= z-length [mm](car/pol)
Mutual Inductance
*zl [H]
zl= 1 (cylind. co'system)
Figure 4.16.4: Menu of the subfunction "Flux / Inductance"
Sub-functions in the menu FLUX LINKAGE, INDUCTANCES:

A) "Flux / Inductance": serves for the calculation of the flux i and the self-inductance Li of
the electrical circuit "i", determined by an area as follows:
One region can be a winding, a superelement or a subregion, one or two elements, one or
two nodes with a given vector potential:
4.16.3

- (Node):
-
FEMAG
Select in graphic window with the cursor (pointer +) and

confirm with the <Return>-key.
As mentioned above
see (Node)
see (Node)
see (Node).
(Element):
(Superelement):
(Subregion):
(Winding):
The number of winding turns of each circuit has to be entered by <keyboard>.

The source of the magnetic field should be the current in the electrical circuit "i".
B) "Mutual Inductance": serves for the calculation of the mutual inductance Lji between the
electrical circuits "i" and "j" determined as above. The source of the magnetic field should
be the current in the electrical circuit "j"
C) "Inductance Matrix": Serves for calculation of the matrix of self- and mutual inductances
(figure 4.16.5). Select with the cursor (pointer +) in the graphic window the corresponding
regions (superelement, subregion, winding) in the sequence.
*** MATRIX OF INDUCTANCES ***
Description
<<< MENU >>>

Select Inp. File
Number of regions =
Define
Sequence
Replace Sequence
Replace Region
Sequence of Regions:
Index
Type
Key
Name
Region
Delete
Region
Display Sequence
Calculate Matrix
Number of turns =
Frequency [Hz]
Insert
RETURN
Figure 4.16.5: Menu of the sub-function "Inductance Matrix"
The sub-function "Calculate Matrix" attaches to the regions selected in sequence a current of
1 [A] and calculates the field for actual values of the permeability and the corresponding
elements of the inductance matrix. The results (key, type, name, number of windings,
inductances) are stored in the given sequence of the regions in an ASCII-file with given name
and the default extension .MTX. In figure 4.16.6 you see an example of such a file. The value
of the inductance is given in [H] for r/z- and in [H/mm length] for x/y- and r/-coordinates.
4.16.4
FEMAG
Subfunctions of the menu MATRIX OF INDUCTANCES:

a) "Select Input File":
Serves for file administration and for the input of file names
(s. section 4.2).
b) "Define Sequence", "Replace Sequence", "Replace Region", "Insert Region", "Delete

Region":
Regions can be selected and attached.
c) "Display Sequence":
Serves for the presentation and control of the regions selected.
d) "Calculate Matrix":
see above
e) "QUIT/RETURN":
Return to the sub-menu, store no results.
f) "SAVE/RETURN":
the file is saved.
Figure 4.16.6: Inductance matrix for three regions

Type of regions: 5 - "superelement", 6 - "sub-region", 7 - "winding"
D) "SM Impedances": Serves for calculation of the L-M - equivalent circuit of a synchronous
machine considering the rotation of the rotor against the stator (see figure 4.16.7 ).
The following terms are used in this section:
- "Sub-winding" is an elementary area of a winding. It can be a superelement, a sub-region
or a winding-coil.
- "Winding" combines a number of subwindings, connected in series.
It is assumed that:
- The whole synchronous machine is modelled.
- The Ns stator slots are equally distributed.
- The stator winding can have one (r = 1) or two layers per slot (r = 2).
4.16.5
FEMAG
- The permeability distribution is given, e.g. as an actual permeability in the finite

elements from the last field calculation or as an incremental, small signal permeability.
- The sub-windings are selected in sequence counter-clockwise for each layer of the stator
winding. The sequence of the definition will be controlled.
Figure 4.16.7: Menu of the subfunction "SM Impedances"
Subfunctions in the menu INDUCTANCES OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINE:

a) "Select Input File":
Serves for the management of files and for the input of the file
name (s. section 4.2).
b) "SM Parameters":
Serves for input of the stator winding parameters:

number of layers, number of stator slots, number of subwindings
c) "Sub-windings":
The sequences of the sub-windings (superelements, subregions

or winding-coils) are selected corresponding to the mode
counter-clockwise by means of the cursor (pointer +),
e.g. in the stator rNs sub-windings should be defined.
The excitation winding and the equivalent damper winding
(copper and iron) of the rotor can be defined as sub-windings
without a certain sequence.
Area-Modes:
(Stator - 1st Layer), to select the 1st layer of a stator winding with two layers
(Stator - 2nd Layer), to select the 2nd layer of a stator winding with two layers
(Stator) (one layer), to define the sub-windings of a stator with only one layer
4.16.6

(Rotor)
FEMAG
to define the sub-windings in the rotor (s. fig. 4.16.8 )
By means of the function "sub-windings" (see figure 4.16.9 ) the sequences of sub-regions
are defined similar to the sub-function "Inductance Matrix".
SM-Windings:
1. WS-Stator (key=1): SW1(IN) + SW2(OUT)
2. WS-Rotor (key=2): SW17(IN) + SW18(OUT)
Figure 4.16.8: Example of a synchronous machine
d) "Calculate Matrix":
A current of 1 [A] will be attached to each sub-winding in

sequence and the field will be calculated for a predetermined
permeability in each element. From each calculation one column
of the inductance matrix LS (dimensions nn with n = rNs + Nr)
will be determined. The number of turns in each sub-winding
will be taken as N = 1.
The sub-windings and their data (key, type, name) are stored in
the inductance matrix linewise and are written in the file
"filename.SMX". The value of the inductances is given in
[H/mm length in the z-direction] for the x/y- and r/- coordinate
system.
4.16.7
FEMAG
Figure 4.16.9: Menu of the subfunction "Sub-windings"
e) "SM-Windings":
It transforms the sub-windings into m windings according to the

current direction in each sub-winding. Each winding will be
given its number of turns N. A sub-winding may belong to
several windings, see section 4.12 and figure 4.16.10.
Figure 4.16.10: Menu of the subfunction "SM-Windings".

From this information the winding-sub-winding incidence matrix K (n m) is determined,
which consists of 0, 1 or -1 elements, depending on the identity of the winding currents Iw
with sub-winding currents Is
4.16.8
FEMAG
Is = N * K * Iw = KN * Iw
N is a diagonal matrix with the number of turns of the winding-coils as elements:
KN = N * K
The windings-inductance matrix LW is derived from the sub-windings-inductance matrix LS
according to:
LW = KNT * LS * KN
The sequence of the sub-windings, the structure of the windings and the inductance matrix
(only the upper half, written rowwise) are written on an ASCII-file with a given name and
with the default extension .SMX.
This file may be read again with the function "Select Inp. File", modified and saved (e.g. to
change the structure of the windings).
f) "FFT Ind. Matrix":
The effect of the rotation of the rotor against the stator about an
angle = k * p, with k = 1, 2, 3, ... Ns and p as the angle
between two consecutive stator slots (p=2/Ns), on the stator
inductances and the stator-rotor-mutual inductances is
determined by shifting the stator windings in the KN matrix
slotwise.
Ns supporting values for the determination of inductance
harmonics by means of the Fourier analysis are generated in this
way. This permits the determination of the Ns/2 + 1 coefficients
of the Fourier serie:
Ns / 2
Li j ( ) = C0 + [Cn exp( j n + j )]
n =1
for each inductance (n = 1, 2, 3 ... Ns/2).

The structure and the self and mutual inductances of the
windings or the coefficients C0, C1, C2, .... of the Fourier series
of the windings are written on an ASCII-file with a given name
and the default extension .FFT. The file with the extension .FFT
cannot be read with the program FEMAG. The value of the
inductance is given in [H/mm of the length in the z-direction].
Modes:
(Values)
(FFT)
- Save the value of the inductances.

- Save the coefficients of the Fourier analysis.
The inductance matrix of the sub-windings LS is calculated only once. On this basis the
winding inductances may be determined for various arrangements by means of the Fourier
analysis.
4.16.9
FEMAG
Figure 4.16.8 shows a simplified example of a salient-pole synchronous machine with a single
layer stator winding, distributed in 16 slots. Results are given in figure 4.16.11.
Figure 4.16.11: Inductances of the SM-model

"FFT One Element": It performs the Fourier analysis of mutual inductances between
two windings selected with the cursor (<Pointer> +). The results
will be drawn.
g) "Clear Display", "Draw Sub-windings", "Draw SM-Windings":
draws sub-windings and windings.
h) "QUIT/RETURN":
Returns to the sub-menu without saving the results.
i) "SAVE/RETURN":
The file " * .SMX" will be saved.
4.16.10
FEMAG
3) "Magnetic Voltage":
calculates the magnetic voltage between two points or along a closed polygon.
Modes of the integration path:
(closed):
a closed integration path is expected.
(two points): an integration path between two points will be selected.
Define the integration path in the graphic window with the cursor (pointer +) and confirm
with the <Return>-key. Close with the < . >-key.
4) "Induction":
The determination of induction B may be done numerically (Induction) or graphically
(2-D Plots). The value of B is determined at the position of the Pointer (+). Close this
sub-function by pressing the < . >-key.
I f the rotor will be moved in the functions multiple-I/x or PM-Syn_Motor the
components of the induction in each element will be calculated and saved.
These values will be displayed ( s. Fig. 4.16.12a ). A phase shift is an indication for a
rotating magnetization.
FE-L [W/mm3]
Induction Bphi [T]
.585E-03
.536E-03
.487E-03
.438E-03
.390E-03
.341E-03
.292E-03
.244E-03
.195E-03
.146E-03
.974E-04
.487E-04
.0000
FEMAG - DC
Current Density [A/mm2]
Position[Degr]
Fig 4.16.12a: Display of the field components in the function: "Induction"
4.16.11
FEMAG
5) Losses
By call of this function you will get the menu shown in figure 4.16.12:
*** Iron - and Cu-Losses - EVALUATION from multi ***
<<<MENU >>>
Frequency
[Hz]
100.0
Base Frequency
fo
[Hz]
50.00
Base Induction
Bo
[T]
1.500
Hysteresis-Coefficient
ch
[W/kg]
4.000
Eddycurrent-Coefficient
cw
[W/kg]
2.000
hfh
(=1)
1.000
hfe
(=2)
2.000
bc
(=2)
2.000
Area for loss
FE-Material factor
ff >= 1.0
1.000
calculation:
Conductor space filling-factor:
Conductor height:
[%]
[1/Ohm m]
Number of conductor layers (ac-Losses)

(ac-Losses)
Losses [W]*zl: Iron:
RETURN
.4000
<= 1
Relative conductor length (core+end wdg)

Conductor conductivity.
Calculate
100.0
.4540E+08
> = 1
10.00
[mm]
3.000
Conductor:
Magnet:
Fe-Losses= zl. area. ff. (ch.(f/f0)**hfh + cw.(f/f0)**hfe)(B/Bo)**bc

zl= z-length [mm](car/pol. co'system),
Figure 4.16.12: Menu for evaluation of iron losses and Cu-losses

This function calculates after input of the demanded values the iron losses (hysteresis and
eddy-current losses in the iron) element by element for the selected region
and integrates them to the total iron losses.
and the I2R-Losses in a selected area with current according to the situation. Eddy
current losses are included if a multi layer arrangement is considered with number of layers
> 1 and conductor height given
The selection of the area is given by the selected functions: any region, superelement or
range and done with the pointer:
There are two possibilities for the determination of the iron losses:
a) starting from the values of the preceeding field calculation and the selection mode of the
area: any region, superelement or range
b) starting from the values of the components of the induction in the elements defined in the
functions multiple-I/x oder PM-Syn_Motor and the selection mode of the area:
region Mult, S-element Mult oder range Mult
4.16.12
FEMAG
At a) Calculation of the iron losses in each element
f
f B
PFe = k H + kW V k u
f0
f 0 B0
and summation. The Field factor k u is a multiplier considering the rotation and material
effects. In a rotating field k u > 1.7 The exponents , , are in the range 1 2, normally
= 1, , = 2
At b) Calculation of the iron losses in each element
B x2 + B y2
f
f
Ve k M
PFe = k z k H + kW
B0
1
f0
f 0
for each harmonic with the frequency f and summation. The Material factor k M is a
multiplier considering material effects. The internal factor k z represents the dependency of
the hysteresis losses from the field ( translation: = 1, or rotation = 1.55). The Field factor
k u is not required because the rotation is represented by the components B x and B y
6) Magnetic Energy
calculates the total magnetic energy. It is only applicable for linear problems and without
permanent magnets.
7) "2-D Plot":
Serves for presentation of various values (s. figure 4.16.13 ).
4.16.13
FEMAG
Figure 4.16.13: Menu of the function 2-D Plot

Sub-functions of the menu "2-D Plot":
a) "Set Plot": defines the parameters of the figure:
* Field values:
-
Modes (for two quantities):
(Potential A):
(Absolute B):
(B component 1):
(B component 2):
(Bn from VP):
(Absolute H):
(H component 1):
(H component 2):
(Product H*dl ) :
Vector potential
Absolute value of the induction B
Component of the induction in the 1st axis
Component of the induction in the 2nd axis
Normal component of the induction with a Fourier analysis
Absolute value of the field strength
Component of the field strength in the 1st axis
Component of the field strength in the 2nd axis
Component of the field-strength in the direction of the "dl"vector (of the integration path)
(Abs f-dens tot): Absolute value of the force density
(f-dens n):
Normal component of the force density
(f-dens t):
Tangential component of the force density
(Integral H*dl)
(Not drawn):
No distribution
* Presentation:
-
Smoothing (no/average/FFT):
Input for (/2)
Colour:
Title:
X-axis, Y-axis:
Design (large/small ):
Line colour:
Background Colour:
Background sections:
Numbers in x-axis/y-axis:
Scale x,y-axis (default/set):
- Unit ([mm]/[deg])
- ymin_1, ymax_1, yaver_1:
-
Limit line (not drawn/drawn):

Limit value:
Polyline mode (new/last):
Harmonics n
:
Smoothing of the curve

Input of data for half or one period (FFT)
Colour of the plot lines
Title of the figure
Description of the axes
Size of the figure
Colour of the axes incl. description
Background colour
Background mesh
Number of figures of the axis description
Scaling of the axes
Default = maximum from x, y - values)
x-axis in [mm] or [degree]
Minimum-, maximum-, and average value
of quantity 1 (calculated)
Draw limit line or not
y-coordinate of the limit line
Define new or use the last polygon
Numbers of harmonics (n1 to nn) for the Fourier
analysis. If nn = n1 , the harmonic of orders n1 is
shown and its amplitudes are given in ymin_1 and
ymax_1 , assuming the Fourier analysis was done
for quantity 1
4.16.14
FEMAG
Select modes with the <space bar> and confirm with the <Return>-key, input numbers
via keyboard and confirm with the <Return>-key.
b) "New plot":
A new drawing is made. A polyline should be given by means of the cursor (pointer +).
The values selected are determined along this polyline and displayed in the graphic. In
the mode "Design" = small, 5 individual figures can be drawn on one display.
c) "Replace plot/ Plot number":
Draws the predefined number of figure 1-5, (see fig. 4.16.12 ).
d) "Graphics":
Calls the function "Graphics" to draw and modify the layout of the picture.
e) "Hardcopy":
(s. chapter 4.3 "Graphics", 19)
f) "Write to File":
The drawings are written in an ASCII-file under a name with the

extension .PLT.
g) "Return": Return to the sub-menu "Analysis".
8) "3-D Plot":
Serves for the presentation of field values in three dimensions (s. figure 4.16.14 ).
Figure 4.16.14: Sub-menu of the function "3-D Plot"

4.16.15
FEMAG
Sub-functions of the menu "3-D PLOT":

a) "New plot":
A window should be defined by two diagonal points in the graphical window with
the cursor (pointer) and confirmed with the <Return>-key.
Modes:
* Field values:
- (Vector Potential):
Vector potential
- (Magnetic induction): Induction B
- (Ht Error):
Field error: Delta Ht
- (Bt Error):
Error of induction
* Presentation:
- Number of elements in x-direct.:
- Number of elements in y-direct.:
- Plot mode (Plot & region/Plot only):
Number of interpolation points in x-axis

Number of interpolation points in y-axis
Representation of selected field values
with and without figures.
- Viewpoint angle x-z, x-y plane: Angles of the viewpoint
- Scale factor for Amplitude:
Scaling factor for z-axis
- Upper Side Colour:
Select the colour for the upper area of the figure
- Under Side Colour:
Select the colour for the lower area of the figure
b) "Plot mode":
c) "New Viewpoint":
d) "Manual Scale":
e) "Change Colour":
f) "Draw plot":
g) "Graphics":
h) "Hardcopy":
i) "Return":
Drawing with or without the figure of the model

Change of the viewpoint
Change of the scaling factor
Change of the colour
Repeats the drawing with modified parameters
Calls the function "Graphics"
(see chapter 4.3 "Graphics", 19)
Return to the sub-menu
9) "Colour Gradation":
Coloured presentation of the field values.
10)"Const * Area":
Calculates the area in mm2 of a selected region. This

value will be multiplied with a constant and displayed.
11)"WRITE to file":
The results of calculations can be written (added) to the

journal ASCII-file by means of the sub-function "Write
to file" after each call of the sub-functions "Force /
Torque", "Flux/Inductance", "Magnetic Voltage",
"Induction", "Const * Area". The journal file with
extension .LIS is opened during the whole session.
12)"RETURN":
Returns to the main-menu.
4.16.16
FEMAG
5.0 The functions of the program FEMAG-AC

The program FEMAG- AC calculates 2-dimensional, quasi-stationionary magnetic-fields and
eddy-currents with sinusoidal current or voltage sources considering:
a) the nonlinearity of iron by means of an equivalent b(H)-curve
b) current or voltage condition in windings
FEMAG-AC has the same or similar functions as FEMAG-DC. It can be used the
same way, in the "Interactiv" - and in the "Batch"- mode. FEMAG-AC uses the same database as
FEMAG-DC, e.g. modells created with FEMAG-DC can be used in FEMAG-AC nad vice-versa.
Unlike FEMAG-DC the program FEMAG-AC works with:
a) A complexe vector potential:
A = A * exp (j ( 2 f t + )) = ( AR + j AI ) * exp (j 2 f t)
with f the frequency of the current or voltage sources and the phase shift
b) Complexe field quantities: inductions, fluxes, current-densities, currents

( peak-values of sinusoidal quantities)
c) Eddy-currents induced by the magnetic field if the electrical conductivity
(S/m) is different from zero. The reaction of these eddy-currents is considered.
d) Current- or voltage sources given as r.m.s.-values.
e) Equivalent magnetization-characteristics for the fundamental frequency, determined either
for a sinusoidal field strength or a sinusoidal induction.
f) Forces in an ac-field are pulsating with double frequency. FEMAG calculates by means of
the Maxwellstress tensor the average, the maximum nand the minimum values of torque
and forces.
g) Winding-coil defined by means of the function "Windings" with:

- no eddy-currents (conductivity = 0) and a given current ( Mode "Wires & Current" )
or voltage ( Mode "Wires & Voltage )
With frequency f = 0 : the flux coupled with the winding can be given
( Mode "Wires & Flux )
5.1
FEMAG
with eddy-currents and a given current I (equivalent to an external source),

( Mode "bars & Current )
This allows the modelling of a solid conducting region with closed eddy-currents (I = 0)
h) Regions with a velocity
5.1 Main men of FEMAG_AC

The main-menu (s. figure 5.1.1) shows all functions of the program, whereby only
the functions:
- " Material Constants "
- " Windings "
- " Magnetization Curves "
- " Field Calculation "
- " Analysis "
show minor differences compared with those of the program FEMAG-DC
Figure 5.1.1 Main-menu of the programe FEMAG-AC
5.2
FEMAG
Use of the program:

* Select the function in the menu with the <Cursor>-key.
* Call the function with <Return>-key.
a) Select a file with the function "Select Input File" , which could be generated
also with the program FEMAG-DC or defines a new file.
b) Generate a mesh as in FEMAG-DC by means of the functions "Geometry",
"Node-chains", "Mesh-Generation", "Subregions" and "Transformations".
c) Recalulate by means of the function "Magnetization Curves" the
magnetization-characteristics
d) Define with the function "Material Constants" the material properties, especially
the the electrical conductivity.
e) Define with the function "Windings" and "Boundary-Conditions" the external conditions.
f) Calculate with the function "Field Calculations" the complexe vector potential
for a given frequency.
g) Analyse the field by means of the function "Analysis".
i) Save the results with the function "Save/ Save as".
5.2 Material constants : Material Constants

The use of this function describes sect. 4.10. The current and the current
density can be given as complex values (s. figure 5.2.1), thus allowing to model phase-shift
between regions.
Permanent- magnets can be represented in steady-, zero frequency state only.
(e.g. eddy-currents induced by permanent magnets or current sources in moving
part )
The speed can be given in real values, independent on the local coordinate system.
5.3
***
MATERIALS
Calculation Mode
Magnetic Curve Key
Remanence (+;-) Br
[T]
FEMAG
***
<<< M E N U >>>
linear
Ferro-/Diamagnetics
Permanent Magnet
0.0
0.0
1000.000
Conductivity
[S/m]
Air (default)
Current Density
Ampere-Turns (N*I)
.5000000E+08
polar
Display Attributes
[m/s]
1-Comp =
0.0
2-Comp =
0.0
Velocity x/y,r/z-Co
Replace Attributes
Disp./Reset MCurves
QUIT / RETURN
Ampere-Turns
[A]=
SAVE / RETURN
100.0
Area of
0.0
[mm**2]
Colour
blue
Figure 5.2.1 Menu of the function "Material-Constants"
5.3 : Input of "Windings"

The use of this function describes sect. 4.12.
Particular subfunctions:
"Define W-Coil": Selects the subregions and combines them into winding-coil.
Input:
Name:
Name given with the keyboard and confirmed with the

<Return>-key.
Colour: Select the colour with the <T-bar> and confirmed with
the <Return>-key.
Winding & Exciting type:
Choose between three types:
a) Wires & Current: Winding with a given current,
without eddy-current
b) Wires & Voltage: ( = Wires & flux if frequency f = 0 )
Winding with a given voltage ( frequency f > 0)
In the x/y or r/phi-coordinate system in [V/mm], in the r/z.coordinate
system in [V], with an external impedance
b) Bar & Current: Solid winding with eddy-currents
-winding-currents and a superimposed current (input)
( = voltage/length*dc-resistance).
Select the region in graphic window with the pointer and confirm with the
<Return>-key. Close the subfunction with <.>-key.
5.4
FEMAG
*** WINDINGS ***

Name =
Key
<<< MENU >>>

Define Winding
Delete Winding
Change Assign. Sbr

UNDO
DELETE
ALL
Wdgs. Attributes: (x/y-Co: z = l[mm], r/z-Co: z = 1)

Clear Display
Number of wires in series / winding:
Current [A]
or
Flux
[Vs/z]:
Draw Subregions
real =
( Peak Values not RMS )
Draw Windings+Cur
imag =
External Inductance [H/z]
Draw Polarity-Def
L :
Change Polarity-Def
Display Attributes
(f=0: R=0; X=L; Vim=Psi)
Change Attributes
QUIT / RETURN
Colour =
SAVE / RETURN
Figure 5.3.1: Menu of the function "Windings".
*** MATERIAL OF WINDINGS-COIL ***

Material type
Calculation mode:
diamagnetic
linear
MC-Name :
MC-Key
: 0
Rel. Permeability =
1.000000
Conductivity [S/m]
.5700000E+08
cartesian
Velocity
x/y,r/z-Co [m/s]
1-Comp =
0.0
2-Comp =
0.0
Figure 5.3.2: Menu for the materials input in the im mode Bar & Current
5.5
FEMAG
5.4 "Magnetization Curves" B(H)

***
***
<<< MENU >>>

Select BH-Curve
Curve Name
: V330_35A
Description
: Magnetic Curve V330-35A

Remanence [T]
Iron-Fillfactor [%]
Input New Curve

Change one Point
Soft iron
Insert one Point
0.0
Delete one Point
No
100.0
Recalculate
= 50
List B_i(H_i)
Draw B(H)
Index
(< 51)
Field Strength
Draw mue_r (B)
H [A/m] =
[T]
Draw mue_r (B2)
Draw dnue_r/dB2
Hardcopy
SAVE
SAVE AS ...
RETURN
./V330_35A.MCV
Figure 5.4.1 Menu of the function "Define Magnetization Curve"
Particular subfunction:
"Recalculate":
The magnetization characteristic will be recalculated

according to th given iron filling factor (Yes/No) and
according to the assumption of an either sinusoidal
induction (Flux-Density) or of a sinusoidal field-strength
(field-intensity)
5.6
FEMAG
Figure 5.4.2 B(H) curves with sinusoidal induction or field strength
5.7
FEMAG
5.5 "Field Calculations"

>>> MENU <<<
SOLVER
Iterations:
(cur/max) =
Set Options
Relaxation factor
/
Calculate Once
NONLINEAR PROCESS
Calc:Induct-Motor
Calculation mode
linear
Permeability mode
PM Magnetization
1
Draw Field Lines
Draw Multiple F(I)
-(max) =
Relaxation factor
QUIT / RETURN
REFINING
Refinement mode
Error quantity
SAVE / RETURN
no refine

Elements (cur/max)
INFO
/
7062 / 45000
Rel.Permeability=
Induction [T]
Frequency [Hz]
400.0
Figure 5.5.1: Menu of the function "Field-Calculations"

Particular subfunction:
"Set Options": Frequency:
defines the freqency
"Calculate once" : The solution process uses elimination, NR- and

Matrix-iteration methods if the frequency f is larger than zero
The size of the elements should be chosen by means of the the size of the
node-chains such that:
a) the width of the elements in the direction of the decay of the eddy currents
equals approximately 1/3 of the eddy current penetration depth:
2
2 f
with: the permeability , der el. conductivity, f the frequency.

5.8
FEMAG
b) the width is normal, i.e. larger than after a distance of 3* measured in

the direction of the decay of the eddy currents
c) The width h of the mesh in a solid conducting area with velocity should fullfill the
following condition
h 2 / ( v)
in order to get a stable solution
2) "Calc Induct-Motor":
For a complete FE-model of an induction-machine, consisting of a mesh, with windings and a
conducting rotor winding the steady-state operational characteristics for three speed ( slip)
values can be determined.
Figure 5.5.2: Induction machine
5.9
FEMAG
The input data are described in the following menu:

***
Induction-Motor
***
<<< MENU >>>
Stator windings voltage (RMS)
[V]
Wdgs-connection: 0=open;1=star;2=delta
Nominal Stator frequency
Stator phase winding resistamce
Stator phase end-winding reactance

Effect. air gap
length
[mm]=
Effect. rotor bar length (+end)
115.0
0.0
0.0
34.00
3.000
(>= 1) =
1.000
Number of Poles simulated
(>= 1) =
2.000
Number of parallel windings
(>= 1) =
1.000
Slip 1
Slip 2
.1000
Slip 3
1.000
Data
Save Data File
34.00
[mm]=
Rot-Motor:0.0; Lin-Motor:2xTaupol[mm]=
File
0.0
(>= 2) =
Number of Phases (poc.file)
Local Data
400.0
RETURN
0.0
0.0
Be generated =
0.0
Yes
Figure 5.5.3: Menu of the function "Calc Induct-Motor

The determination of the effective rotor bar length l eff is based on the following equation:
l eff = lb +
Dr qb b
Qr q r r
1
2 sin 2
Qr
with: lb :
effective length of the rotor bar ( >= effect. length of air gap )
Dr :
average diameter of the end ring
qb , qr : geometric area of the rotor bar , end ring
b , r : el. conductivity of the rotor bar , end ring

p:
number of pole pairs,
Qr : number of rotor slots
If the current densities in the bar and in the ring are equal the geometric areas qb and qr are related:
qb / q r = 2 sin( p / Qr )
If the el. conductivities of the rotor bar and the end ring are equal: b = r the effective rotor bar
length l eff is:
D
Dr
1
l eff = lb +
lb + r
p
Qr
p
sin
Qr
5.10
FEMAG
For the definition of the windings the following xxx.poc file is required :
Induction-Motor: Format of File
xxx.poc
!! 2xpole-pitch, xi, skew : Rot. machine: (Degree),
Lin. machine: (mm) !!
Number of armature windings : n

Key of armature winding 1
Key of armature winding
...
Key of armature winding n

Angle phi of voltage in winding 1
(Degree)
Angle phi of voltage in winding ... (Degree)

Angle phi of voltage in winding n
(Degree)
2 x pole-pitch (degree) or (mm)

Shape of current: sin,
3
1
2
3
0
120
240
360
sin
Figure 5.5.4 : Example for a file xxx.poc

A circle has to be defined in the air gap for the calculation of the torque.
The results of the calculation are stored in a file ( figure 5.5.5) and displayed (figure 5.5.6)
*** OUTPUT FILE ***

Directory
: .\
File Name
: MT2_3
<<<
MENU
>>>
ASCII/Binary
Select directory
File format
ASCII
Open File
NEW File
RETURN
Figure 5.5.4: File selection in the function "Calc Induct-Motor
5.11
FEMAG
Results of Induction-Motor simulation:

S LIP
TORQUE
VOLTAGE
CURRENT
POWER
COSPHI
FREQUENCY
.00
.00
400.
.00
.00
115.
.982
.100
.476
115.
4.20
.125E+04
.865
400.
1.00
.492
115.
13.2
.132E+04
.290
400.
Figure 5.5.5: Results of the calculation "Calc Induct-Motor
2) "Draw Field Lines":

The aequipotential or flux lines for the vectorpotential at the tome t = 0 are drawn. Die Anzahl
The "Number of lines" is input.
The program FEMAG-AC determines steady-state (DC) and periodic (AC) electro magnetic fields
considering constant speed in a part of the model. (s. Tabelle 5.5.1 ).
Input and output:

Sources :
- Current density
- Current (Ampre turns )
- Current conditions :
- Magnetization:
Soft iron: B(H):
Losses in conductin areas:

Force, torque:
Inductance , Impedance
f = 0 (DC)
DC (max)
f > 0 (AC)
max = 2 RMS
i
iN
i = J dA
M
DC: b = f (h)
J
IN
I = J dA
recalculate b = f (h)
for sinus. B or H
Beff = f (Heff)
effective
Average, mean, max, min.
R + jL
Effective
max
L
The number of elements in the AC-version of FEMAG is maller than in the Dc-version because a
elimination process is used. The limit is given by the number of non-zero-elements (NZE)
generated during the elimination process. The NZE value and its limit will be displayed.
5.6 "Analysis"
The use of this function describes sect. 4.16 (s. figure 5.6.1).
5.12
FEMAG
*** LOSSES, CURRENTS ***
<<< MENU >>>
Rel.Permeability=
Region:
Force/Torque
Induction 1 [T] =
Losses [W/zl]:
Flux/Impedance
Induction 2 [T] =
Total current (Peak) [A] =
Magnet. Voltage
Induction
Induction
[T] =
Losses
*** ELECTRIC
VOLTAGE ***
Electr. Voltage
2-D Plots
Contour
Region:
M.Voltage [A] =
=
3-D Plots
Electr.Voltage [V/zl] =
;
;
Quantity :
Region
Region
Constans
Range
C*Area [mm2] =
Min
Max
Colour Gradation
Const * Area
WRITE to file
RETURN
zl: [mm] - (x,y) and (r,phi)

zl: 1
- (r,z) co'sys
Figure 5.6.1: Menu of the function "Analysis"

Particular subfunctions:
1) "Force/Torque":
The average value of the force or torque and the max./min. values of the
oscillating part will be calculated.
5.13
FEMAG
*** FORCE AND TORQUE ***
<<< MENUE >>>
Method:
Maxwell
Average VALUE:
Set Options
Center point:
Default
Force X [N/zl]=
Force
Force Y [N/zl]=
Torque
old
=>Force [N/zl]=
UNDO
closed
Torque [Nm/zl]=
(default=0.0)
Contour modes:
circle
Refinement mode:
QUIT / RETURN
pointer
MINIMAL VALUES:
No refine
Force X [N/zl]=
SAVE / RETURN
Force Y [N/zl]=
Mag. curve mode:
=>Force [N/zl]=
Save refined mesh:
Torque [Nm/zl]=
Ref. loops (cur/max ) =

Rel. change[%](cur)=x
MAXIMAL VALUES:
Force X [N/zl]=
Force Y [N/zl]=
NOTICE:
Num. of elements(cur) =
=>Force [N/zl]=
zl: [mm] - for
(max) =
Torque [Nm/zl]=
(max)=
(x,y),(r,phi)
zl: 1 - for (r,z)
Figure 5.6.2: Menu of the function "Force and Torque"

F(t)
Fmax
Fmean
Fmin
t
Figue 5.6.3: Force calculation FEMAG-AC
2) "Flux / Impedance":
Instead of the inductances the complex impedances Zii, Zji etc. will be calculated
including eddy current effects.
An example for the subfunction "Impedances Matrix" is given in figure 5.6.4
5.14
FEMAG
Figure 5.6.4 Impedance matrix for a model with three areas.

Type of the area : 5 - "Superelement", 6 - "Subregion", 7 - "Winding".
3) "Magnetic Voltage":
This function determines the magnetic voltage along a polgon line determined with the cursor.
The magnetic voltage has a real and an imaginary component.
4) "Losses": I2R:
This function calculates losses (I2R) in a conducting region and displays the
real- and the imaginary part of the current in this region.
<<< MENU >>>
Rel.Permeability=
Region:
Force/Torque
Induction 1 [T] =
Losses [W/zl]:
Flux/Impedance
Induction 2 [T] =
Magnet. Voltage
Induction
Induction
[T] =
Losses
*** ELECTRIC
VOLTAGE ***
Electr. Voltage
2-D Plots
Contour
Region:
M.Voltage [A] =
=
3-D Plots
;
Const * Area
Quantity :
Region
Region
Constans
Range
C*Area [mm2] =
Min
Max
Colour Gradation
WRITE to file
RETURN
zl: [mm] - (x,y) and (r,phi)

zl: 1
- (r,z) co'sys
Figure 5.6.5: Calculation of eddy current losses in a conducting region
5.15
FEMAG
5) Iron losses and I2R-Losses

At the lower end of the menu the question Evaluate FE-Losses (No/Yes) is displayed.
Responding with Yes generates the menu Figure 5.6.6.
This function calculates according to the preceeding field calcuation the iron losses ( hysteresis
and eddy current ) in each element selected and adds it up by means of the following equation:
PFe = k H
f
+ kW
f0
f B

f 0 B0
V k u
kH = specific loss value for the hysteresis losses at fo and Bo [W/kg]

kW = specific loss value for the eddy current losses at fo and Bo [W/kg]
f0 = reference frequency
B0 = reference value for the flux density (RMS-Value)
= spec. Density [g/cm3]
V = Volume of the area
The Field factor k u is a multiplier considering the rotation and material effects. In a rotating field
k u > 1.7 The exponents , , are in the range 1 2, normally = 1, , = 2
*** Iron - and Cu-Losses - EVALUATION ***

Frequency
[Hz]
100.0
Base Frequency
fo
[Hz]
50.00
Base Induction
Bo
[T]
1.500
Hysteresis-Coefficient
ch
[W/kg]
4.000
Eddycurrent-Coefficient
cw
[W/kg]
2.000
hfh
(=1)
1.000
hfe
(=2)
2.000
bc
<<<MENU >>>
Calculate
RETURN
(=2)
2.000
Area for loss
Material+field factor: oscil >=1 rotating >=2
1.000
calculation:
Conductor space filling-factor:
.4000
Any region
<= 1
Relative conductor length (core+end wdg)

Conductor conductivity.
[1/Ohm m]
Number of conductor layers (ac-Losses)

Conductor height:
Fe-Losses :
[%]
(ac-Losses)
*zl [W]
100.0
.4540E+08
> = 1
1.000
[mm]
0.0
Cu-Losses :
*zl [W]
Fe-Losses= zl. area. ff. (ch.(f/f0)**hfh + cw.(f/f0)**hfe)(B/Bo)**bc

zl= z-length [mm](car/pol. co'system),
Figure 5.6.6: Menu for the calculation of the

The I2R-losses are calculated using the currrent density in the element considering the filling factor
and the rekative length.
5.16
FEMAG
4) "Electr. Voltage":
This function calculates the external voltage of a conducting region determined
by the special conditions ("bar&current").
5.17
FEMAG
7.0 List of the file names in the program FEMAG

The extensions for PC have max. 3 signs (shown in the parenthesis).
a) Files of the FE-model:
*.ISA7
*.AUX7
(PC)
(*.I7)
(*.A7)
*.ISA7_ASCII
*.AUX7_ASCII
(*.I7A)
(*.A7A)
- Data of the FE-model in the binary format
- Data of the FE-model in the ASCII-format
*.GEO
- Data of the geometry (lines, points) stored separately

by means of the sub-function Read/Write File" and
in the function "Geometry"
*.NCH
- Data of the node-chains stored separately by means of

the sub-function "Read/Write File" and in the function
"Node-chains"
*.MCV, or
*.MCV_ASCII
*.poc
*cmm
(*.MC)
(*.MCA)
*.poc
*cmm
- Data of a magnetisation characteristic in the binaryor ASCII-format

- Data for the control of movements and currents in
Multiple .. and PM-syn.-M..
b) Temporary files:
*.CAL, *.TMP, *.LTP, *.GRX, *.GR1, *.GR2, *.GR3, ...
These files will be opened during a FEMAG session and closed under normal exit circumstances. In case of an abnormal end of the program, e.g. interrupt with CTRL^Y, CTRL^Z
or due to any error, the files can be deleted by means of the operating system commands.
c) Files of the graphic output:
*.PS
*.HPGL
*.PIC
- graphic output in the Postscript format

(*.HPG)
- graphic output in the HPGL format

- graphic output in the FEMAG-internal format
These files are being generated by the sub-function "Hardcopy".
7.1
FEMAG
d) Files for the support of the input:

*.MLOG
(*.ML)
- Log-File for BATCH-calculations
*.CAD_SEQ
(*.SEQ)
- input coordinates of the node chains given by user
*.CAD_R1,
*.CAD_S1
(*.CR1)
(*.CS1)
- Rotor- and Stator-slot dimensions of a universal motor

(sub-function "CAD" of the function "Node Chains")
.. ......._..
.. ......._..
*.CAD_R5,
*.CAD_S5
- ..............................................................
- ..............................................................
(*.CR5)
(*.CS5)
- Rotor- and Stator-slot dimensions of a DC-machine

(sub-function "CAD" of the function "Node Chains")
e) Files with results of postprocessing

*.LIS
- Results of the sub-function "Write to file", called by

the function "Analysis"
*.PLT
- Coordinates of the 2D-Plots (sub-function "Write to

File" of the function "Analysis")
*.BATCH
(*.BCH)
- Results of the multiple calculation mode (function

"Field Calculations")
*.MTX
- Inductance matrix from the sub-function "Inductances

matrix" of the function "Analysis"
*.SMX
- Sequence of the sub-windings, structure of the "SM

Windings" and inductances matrix of the sub-function
"SM Inductances"
*.FFT
- Fourier coefficients of the self and mutual inductances

of the sub-function "SM Inductances"
*.igs
- geometry data in IGES-format
*.dxf
- geometry data in DXF-format
7.2
FEMAG
7.3
ETH Zrich
FEMAG
8.0 Use of the program and examples
FE-Calculation and FEMAG

Analytical
EM-Design
=> CAD
Parameter
input
Optimization
GP-FEMAnalysis:
EM-FEMAnalysis:
-DC
-AC
-Transient
El-Magn.
Thermal
Mechanical
Coupled
-SM
-BLDC
-COM-M
-SRM
-...
Magnetization
Demagnetization
PE-Simulation
EM-Models
Performance
Performance
characteristics
characteristics
FEMAG consists of a general purpose FE-code (GP-FEM-Analysis) and a part which

allows you to simulate electrical machines (EM-FEM-Analysis ).
The general purpose FE-code (GP-FEM-Analysis) determines the magnetic field based on a
FE-Model and general data such as forces, flux densities etc.
With the simulation of electrical machines part (EM-FEM-Analysis ) you may modell the
machine and based on the model machines characteristics can be calculation, such as torque
vs. Speed etc.
The input of the FE-model can be based euther on geometry data given by a dxf-file from a
CAD-system or on node-chains or on machine models (CAD-Parameters).
8.1
ETH Zrich
FEMAG
The sequence of the procedure is more or less given:
Matlab, . . .
FE-Calculation
with FEMAG
Example : PM- Mas hine , general purpose FE-code (GP-FEM-Analysis)
Define basis geometry and node chains
Mirror rotor slot
Define material
Fe
PM
Fe
8.2
Generate mesh
Copy rotor slots
ETH Zrich
FEMAG
Mirror stator and close air gap with

node -chains
Define windings in rotor
Define mesh in air gap
Define boundary condition: A= 0 on the back

negative periodicity on the symmetry line
Calculate magnet field
flux density distribution at load

|B| [T]
1.81
1.66
1.51
1.36
1.21
1.06
.9061
.7551
.6040
.4530
.3020
.1510
8.3
ETH Zrich
FEMAG
Load situation
Examples for the machine simulation (EM-FEM-Analysis ):
No load situation:
Load situation:
P, Q, U, f given
I, cosphi, If, load angle ?
8.4
13
ETH Zrich
FEMAG
Synchronous Machines:
q
Up
jXd Is
jXd Id
jXq Iq
Uq
Usi
jXwiko Is
Us
i
Ud
Id
Iq
Is
Terminal short circuit: Stator- and field winding flux constant, Rotor turned by 180 degrees:
Transient Reactance Xd
8.5
ETH Zrich
FEMAG
Stromwendung bei G-Maschinen:

Wendepole, Kompensationswicklung
Streufeld
Sttigung
0.5
1.0
[T]
Hauptpol
[T]
Bw
0.5
0.25
-0.5
Wendepole
-1.0
Ia/In
1.0
Problem: Lineare Abhngigkeit der

Flussdichte Bw unter dem
Wendepol vom Ankerstrom Ia ?
2.0
Prof. Dr. K.Reichert ETHZ
3.0
C4-7a
Einflsse: Streufeld Wendepol - Hauptpol,

Sttigung Joch
Machine data from FE-Simulation:

No-load and load calculation
***
***
PM-Synchron-Motor (Rot.)
Wdg.Voltage (operat. limit) (RMS)[V] =
250.0
Wdg.Current (operat. limit) (RMS)[A] =
10.00
Curr.angle (=0: optim,>0:const)[Deg] =

[Ohm]
Inductance Ld
[H/mm] =
.3289E-03
Inductance Lq (lin)
[H/mm] =
.5846E-03
[H/mm] =
.5846E-03
[H/mm] =
.5846E-03
Stator end-winding inductance

Number of Phases
[H]
[Vs/mm] =
[mm]
0.0
0.0
.3056E-02
100.0
(>= 2) =
3.000
(>= 1) =
2.000
9.291
Rel. mumber winding turns(wdg.1)[pu] =
1.000
Rotor Speed (1/min): from

Number of steps:
8.6
0.0
Winding resistance stator
to 7500
20.00
ETH Zrich
FEMAG
Commutator -Motor
Magnet:
8.7
ETH Zrich
FEMAG
Induction machine with solid rotor:
8.8
FEMAG
9.1 FEMAG Installation on a UNIX Computer (Binary version)

Hardware Requirements
At least 10 MB free space on the hard disk
The file system has to accept names longer than 14 digits
X-Window System, at least version X11R4
The floppy disks or the DAT-tape with the FEMAG installation files, both are written in
the tar-format.
Copying Files
The floppy disks use the MSDOS-format and each of them contains one file, e.g.
CFEMBIN1.TRZ or CFEMBIN2.TRZ, .......
1. The first step is to read these files and transfer them to the UNIX-computer. They can be
read on a personal computer and transferred to the UNIX-computer, e.g. by means of a
KERMIT program. Since the files are of binary type, they should be transferred in the binary
mode. The volume of the files must not be changed during transfer!
2. Change the names of the files as follows:
cd /tmp
mv cfembin1.trz cfembin1.tar.Z
mv cfembin2.trz cfembin2.tar.Z
..............................
If the installation files are on the DAT-tape, copy the file cfembin.tar.Z to the temporary
directory /tmp as follows:
cd /tmp
tar xvf device_name
Decompressing Files
Decompress all files cfembin*.tar.Z as follows:
zcat cfembin1.tar.Z | tar xvf zcat cfembin2.tar.Z | tar xvf ..............................
As a result, the following new directories will be created:
./bin
with the executable files:

xfemag
= FEMAG-DC = stationary version of FEMAG
cxfemag
= FEMAG-AC = eddy current version of FEMAG
./femmask
xfemconv
/femdemo
with the mask-files

data conversion programm
with the demo-files and BH-curves in ASCII
9.1.1
FEMAG
FEMAG Installation
If you have already installed FEMAG on your computer, take care about your old version.
In order to use FEMAG, the following requirements should be satisfied:
1. Start the X Windows System, e.g. with "xinit" or "x11start"
2. The system can find the executable files "xfemag", "cxfemag" and "xfemconv" by
means of PATH the Shell Variable (normally defined in the file .login ). It is suggested
to copy all executives to the directory, e.g. /bin/femag:
cp ./bin/xfemag /usr/bin/femag
cp ./bin/cxfemag /usr/bin/femag
cp ./bin/xfemconv /usr/bin/femag
and to modify the PATH variable.
3. Executives "xfemag", "cxfemag" and "xfemconv" search for the mask-files in the
default directory /usr/lib/femag/msk or in the directory defined by the Shell Variable
FEM_MASK and P_MASKLIB. Thus, there are two possibilities to install the maskfiles:
a) Create and copy the mask-files to "/usr/lib/femag/msk" directory:
mkdir /usr/lib/femag /usr/lib/femag/msk
cp ./femmask/*.MASK /usr/lib/femag/msk/
b) Copy mask files to your preferred directory "path-to-femsrc"
cp -rf femmask "path-to-femsrc"/.
and set the Shell Variables "FEM_MASK" und "P_MASKLIB" as follows:
(1) For "sh"- und "ksh"-users introduce the following commands in the profile-File:
FEM_MASK="path-to-femsrc"/femmask/
P_MASKLIB="path-to-femsrc"/femmask/
export FEM_MASK
export P_MASKLIB
(2) For "csh"-users introduce the following lines in the ".login"-file:
setenv FEM_MASK "path-to-femsrc"/femmask/
setenv P_MASKLIB "path-to-femsrc"/femmask/
4. Delete temporary files
rm -rf /tmp/bin /tmp/femmask
Running FEMAG
1. Start the X-Windows System, e.g. with "xinit" or "x11start"
2. Create your own directory for your FEMAG data files and go to this directory
3. Call the program xfemag or cxfemag
9.1.2
FEMAG
Changing size and fonts of mask-window

If the size of the mask-window and the fonts are not satisfactory (e.g. too small), you can
control it by means of setting Shell Variables "XMASK_FONT_NORMAL" and
"XMASK_FONT_NORMAL". The size of the window is determined by the size of the fonts.
The following procedure is recommended:
Select a font in both versions NORMAL and BOLD, which is not proportional, e.g.
Courier or Terminal. (prohibited are e.g. Times, Helvetica).
For example the following font strings in the standardized font format:
-adobe-courier-bold-r-normal--14-100-100-100-m-90-iso8859-1
-adobe-courier-medium-r-normal--14-100-100-100-m-90-iso8859-1
The fonts and their font format, available on your workstation, can be found by means
of the program "xlsfonts" or "xfontsel", which may not be both available on your
workstation.
Implement the new fonts as follows:
-Edit the ".profile" file (for "sh"- and "ksh"-users) or ".cshrc" file (for "csh"-users):
Example:
"sh"- and "ksh"-users: add the following lines in ".profile"-file:
XMASK_FONT_NORMAL="font format "
XMASK_FONT_BOLD="font format "
export XMASK_FONT_NORMAL
export XMASK_FONT_BOLD
"csh"-users: add the following lines in ".cshrc" file:
setenv XMASK_FONT_NORMAL "font format "
setenv XMASK_FONT_BOLD "font format "
Example for the font format input: XMASK_FONT_NORMAL=\
"-adobe-courier-medium-r-normal--14-100-100-100-m-90-iso8859-1"
XMASK_FONT_BOLD=\
"-adobe-courier-bold-r-normal--14-100-100-100-m-90-iso8859-1"
.Activate ".profile" or ".cshrc" file by means of the command .source or by
logout and login.
Notes for Apollo-users:

About 30 MB free disc space is required to run FEMAG! (oder 20??????????)
Notes for HP-UX-users:

FEMAG programs require about 16(10)MB and 32(24?)MB stack size for xfemag and
cxfemag respectively. Ask your system manager to set the appriopriate stack size.
Notes for Sun-users:

9.1.3
FEMAG
FEMAG programs require about 16(10?)MB and 32(24?)MB stack size for xfemag and
cxfemag respectively.
The "csh"-users can change the stack size as follows:
limit stacksize 16000
for xfemag
limit stacksize unlimited
for cxfemag
If the keypad keys do not work properly under the Open-Windows 3.0, you can reset Sun-4
keyboard by means of using the file "keymap.vt100" as follows:
xmodmap keymap.vt100
Get the file "keymap.vt100" from the VTKEYMAP.TRZ compressed tar-file. This command
has to be called after each start of Open-Windows, otherwise it should be introduced to
"~/.xinitrc" file!
9.1.4
FEMAG
9.2 FEMAG Installation on Personal Computer

This chapter describes the installation of the interactive program FEMAG on any IBMcompatible personal computer with Windows 95, 98 or NT ...
1. Hardware requirements
Computer, at least 386/486-CPU, with VGA-screen, more than 16 MB memory for the
virtual service or 16 MB for the extended service
At least 40 MB free space on the hard disk
Diskettes with FEMAG files and the program "Unzip" or winzip etc.
Load of the diskettes

The diskette No. 1 contains the program "wfemag.zip",
the diskette No. 2 the program section "wcfemc.zip" and the program for archiving
"unzip.exe"
In the following "C:" or "c:" means the hard disk drive, where FEMAG shall be installed,
"A:" or "a:" means the floppy disk drive.
Procedure
Open the installation directory by the commands:
c:
Copy the files
cd\
mkdir femag
cd femag
wfemag.zip and wcfemc.zip from the diskettes 1 and 2
Unzip the files with an existing unzip program

Or Copy the program "UNZIP.EXE" of diskette No. 2:
copy a: unzip.exe unzip.exe
Read and unwrap the files "wfemag.zip" and "wcfemag.zip" by the commands:
unzip a:\wfemag.zip
and
unzip a:\wcfemg.zip
You will now find the following files in the directory femag:
wfemag.exe
wcfemag.exe
:
:
startwfe.bat
calculation program for stationary fields

calculation program for quasi-stationary fields
(sinusoidal time variation)
FEMAG-DC start file
9.2.1

startwcf.bat
FEMAG
FEMAG-AC start file
In the newer versions ( since 2004 ) the masks are build into the programs
The Start file consists of the following statements:
rem
rem Runs wfemag
rem
set femdir=C:\femag
%femdir%\wfemag %1
The path definition in the Start file may be adjusted taccording to the installation.
If a log file has been defined ( s. appendix A) it can be included in the start file:
rem
rem Runs wfemag
rem
set femdir=C:\femag
%femdir%\wfemag start_wxfemag.MLO %1
Example: start_wxfemag.MLO
MFMENU 1 22 1 80
MENUE: 1 <RETURN>
MENUE: 3 <RETURN>
MFSELSTR 8 20 2 47
. MENUE: 4 <RETURN>
TITLE Load Situation
!! reads Data file given in position 4

<RETURN> 1
Setup of FEMAG environment and call of FEMAG:

wfemag.exe and wcfemag.exe must be accessible by the actual path-variable.
startwfe.bat and startwcf.bat sets the variables of the environment.
P_MASKLIB and FEM_MASK.
3.1 Lokal service in a working directory "XXX":

Install a working directory XXX and copy the files startwfe.bat and
startwcf.bat and the files fpr the b(H)-curves into this directory.
Call FEMAG-DC or FEMAG-AC from this directory by calling files
startwfe.bat or startwcf.bat
3.2 Call of the program FEMAG from any directory:
The file AUTOEXEC.BAT must be adapted or extended by:
additional description of the path:
set PATH=c:\FEMAG;
9.2.2
FEMAG
inserting of:
set P\_MASKLIB=c:\FEMAG\FEMMASK
set FEM_MASK=c:\FEMAG\FEMMASK\
Restart the computer, resp. boot MS-DOS.

The call of FEMAG is a single step: wfemag or wcfemag
4.
Use of the keyboard:

FEMAG uses the following keys and codes for the control of the program:
Key
F12
space bar
Enter
- (minus)
. (point)
, (comma)
9
8
7
6
Function
change window
cursor up
cursor down
change of functions
confirm input
zoom
finish an action
switch to keyboard
switch to graphic
output of graphic
change of input
display of position
Code
0;134
0;72
0;80
decimal
134
72
80
32
13
45
46
44
57
56
55
54
hexadecimal
86
48
50
20
D
2D
2E
2C
39
38
37
36
It must be sure, that FEMAG gets these codes by pressing these keys. You can control the
assignment of the keys by the program "keyinfo".
5.
Tips:
Files, which end with "", are backup files of the file version before the latest save
action
Important notes:
After a crash the disk shall be checked by
chkdsk c:/f
In the directory working files remain.

Files, which do not end with the suffix .a7, .i7 or .exe, may be deleted.
In case a file .a7 and .i7 can not be read because they were not properly closed:
1) Delete the files
.a7 and .i7
2) Rename the backup files .a7~ and . i7~ : Delete the ~ in the file name.
9.2.3
FEMAG
9.2.4
Inst. El. Machines
FEMAG
Users Manual
FEMAG
Supplement A
"Batch"-calculations with the program
FEMAG-DC and FEMAG-AC

ETH Zentrum
CH-8092 Zuerich
September 1998
Tel.: +41-1-632 2719/21 FAX: +41-1-632 1195

Inst. El. Machines
FEMAG
1.0 Introduction
This enables the program FEMAG to work in a "batch"-mode by means of log-files.
Any sequence of FEMAG commands of a session can be stored in the log-file with a given name starting with the
command CTRL^L in a menu XXXX. The log mode will be indicated with the text "LOG" in the alpha-numeric
window. The second command CTRL^L closes the process and the log-file. The log-file will be stored in the
actual directory.
The keyboard command CTRL^P called in the same menu XXXX opens a menu for the selection of the log-file
and starts the batch process. An error command will appear if the log-file has been called in a wrong menu.
If you start to record the log-file in the main menu before the first call of the function "Select Input File", you can
start to play the log-file while starting the program FEMAG.
Thus, the log-file name can be introduced as the parameter of FEMAG call:
- for UNIX applications: xfemag "filename".MLOG
or
cxfemag "filename".MLOG
- for windows applications:
or
cfemag "filename".MLO
femag "filename".MLO
The log-file is written in a ASCII-format. It can be modified considering the syntax given in the next sections.
2.0 Format of the log-files

Log-file uses the following five types of the mask-commands:
1. MASK-NAME zmin zmax kmin kmax
Example: MFNODE 1 22 1 80
"MASK-NAME" controls calls of mask name while starting with the CTRL^P. If the mask
name is different from that in the log-file the error will be displayed. Other parameters
defining the dimension of the window will not be checked.
2. CPOS FIELD-NAME VALUE ITERM IRET
Example:
COORD1 0.5274685E-02 <RETURN> 0
This command reads values with the following parameters:

CPOS
- It is the text, consisting of a number of dots ("......").

The number of dots shows the patch level of the actual mask.
FIELD-NAME
- Name of the input field
VALUE
- The input value being read according to the data type. The command
format depends on type of the parameter VALUE:
INTEGER:
FMT = '(A, A, 1X, I8, A, I4)'
REAL: FMT = '(A, A, 1X, G11.4, A, I4)'
CHARACTER: FMT = '(A, A, 1X, A, A, I4)'
ITERM
- Terminating symbols: <RETURN>, <PF1>, <PF2>,
Inst. El. Machines
FEMAG
<PF3>, <PF4>, <0>....<9>, <->, <+>, <.>, <ENTER>
referred to keypad symbols of the VT100 keyboard.
IRET
- Substituting factor. Not examined.
3. CPOS ITERM
Example: ....
<RETURN>
This command closes input of the group of values, where ITERM = <RETURN>.
4. CPOS MENUTEXT IMENU ITERM

Example:
...MENU: 5 <RETURN>
Format: FMT = '(A, A, I3, A)'
The command selects the function of number "IMENU".
MENUTEXT - Text constant of the value "MENU".

IMENU
- The integer number defining menu position of the selected function or

sub-function.
ITERM
- = <RETURN>
5. CLOG CVAR IBUT

Example : %%GLOCAT: 0.1230619E-1 0.7778243E-2 -1
The command serves for the input coordinates with the pointer.
CLOG - Text constant with the value "%%", specific this type of input.
CVAR - Log-Record, e.g. the x, y-coordinates of the pointer
ITERM - Terminating symbol: ITERM < 0 - input with the pointer
ITERM > 0 - input with the keyboard
The following terminating symbols of the keyboard and pointer (mouse) have
their reference value in the program FEMAG:
Mouse keys:
Function keys:
<left key>
- -1
<middle key>
<right key>
<PF1>
<PF2>
<PF3>
<PF4>
<0>
<1>
.
.
<9>
<->
<,>
<.>
<ENTER>
<RETURN>
- -2
- -3
-
256
257
258
259
0
1
.
.
9
45
44
46
270
1
Inst. El. Machines
FEMAG
3.0 A log-file from FEMAG-DC program

An example of the log-file for calculation of the inductivity and the induction in the air gap
(2 points) for three values of the excitation current is shown below.
The log-file has been generated (begin and end with CTR^L) for only one value of the excitation current being
introduced with the function "Windings". To save time the non-linear iteration process has been broken with
CTR^L.
The inductivity was calculated by means of the sub-function "Flux/Inductance". The induction was calculated
with the sub-function "Induction" for two points being selected with the <Pointer>. The results have been written
(added) to the journaling file (*.LIS) with the sub-function "Write to file".
The text of the log-file has been edited, a part of the log-file has been copied twice. The values of the exciting
currents and the maximum number of non-linear iterations have been changed.
The log-file being used for "batch"-calculations does not incorporate the comments.
Inst. El. Machines
FEMAG
FEMAG
Users Manual
FEMAG
Supplement B
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR USE

ETH Zentrum
CH-8092 Zuerich
April 1999
Tel.: +41-1-632 2719 or 21 FAX: +41-1-632 1195

B.1
FEMAG
1. Calculation of cogging torques and -forces with FEMAG

A: General
Cogging torques and -forces are caused by an inhomogeneous magnetic field in
the air gap resulting from slot shape and movement of magnetised armature.
The calculation of cogging (detent) torques and -forces in electrical machines
by means of Finite-Element-Methods is a very ambitious task, because the
computation of differences of forces may lead to an amplification of errors
induced by numerics and mesh structure.
Principally there are two ways to calculate the detent torques and -forces:
1. Modelling of the whole machine, using a mesh of dense elements in the air
gap and selecting refine (once) in the functions Calculation, Set
Options. So the mesh in the region of the force will be refined automatically
during the computation of the forces in the function Calculate Multiple.
2. Systematic generation of a task dependent mesh with respect to the specific
requirements.
Method 1) does not ultimately give reliable results, as the mesh in the air gap is
irregular. This method might exceed the max. number of elements and the
computation will be stopped without result. The characteristics of detent torque
vs. angle of rotation or of force vs. path may have harmonics induced by
numerical calculation. This means that method 1), though seeming to be
simpler, cannot be recommended for the calculation of detent torques and forces.
B: Systematical proceedings for the calculation of detent torques or -forces

We recommend to use the available functions Rotor... or Stator... (using the
functions Node Chains and CAD - Parameters) for the generation of nodechains. These CAD-functions generate node-chains in the air gap, which are
optimised for the computation of detent torques.
If the node-chains are generated by DXF- or IGES-files, we recommend to
generate nothing but the geometry lines of one slot or one magnet. Then
proceed in generating an adapted node-chain mesh using Transformations.
B.2
FEMAG
The further steps shall be explained by the following example:
1. First generate one slot, one magnet pole and the outside magnetic circuit by a
mesh in the air gap without connection between slot and magnet pole. (see
figure 1a and 1b)
PHI
R
Figure 1a
B.3
FEMAG
PHI
R
Figure 1b: Initial node chains (Rotor generated by Rotor 3)
2. In the air gap two node chains with the same number of nodes have to be
generated, resulting in a mesh of nearly equilateral rectangles. The lateral
length in the circumferential direction gives the smallest step width of the
function Multiple Calculation (s. figure 2 )
B.4
FEMAG
PHI
R
Figure 2: Node chains in the air gap
3. Generate the mesh, define Subregions, assign the material and enter the
total number of teeth and magnet poles.
This number has to be selected so that you get the smallest unit which gives
multiplied with an integer number the total machine and so that the front
sides have periodical boundary conditions.
4. Generate the complete model with the functions Transformation, rotate,
copy according to the selection of teeth and magnet poles.
In this model stator and rotor are still separated. This means that stator and
rotor have to be connected with an adequate node chain. So a mesh can be
generated in the air gap (s. fig. 3).
B.5
FEMAG
Figure 3: Complete arrangement
5. Generate the node chain connection between stator and rotor by node
chains, generate the mesh in the air gap and define the boundary conditions.
Dependent on the polarity of the model or the magnet poles respectively,
select a negative or a positive periodical boundary condition. If the number of
the poles is an odd number (as in this case), a negative periodical boundary
condition has to be selected.
6. By the steps 1) - 4) a complete model is generated. Now the field distribution
is to be calculated. Use the function calculations, check the selections in
set options and execute a simple field calculation in order to check the
inputs and the model (s. fig. 4).
B.6
FEMAG
Figure 4: Field distribution
7. For the calculation of detent torques use the sub-function calculate multiple
in the function calculations. Previously check the settings of the coordinate
system. For a rotating arrangement you have to select the r/-system, for a
translated arrangement the x/y-system.
In a first test run it is useful to set the number of steps of a nonlinear
calculation to 1 and to eliminate the refine-mode.
8. The menu of the function calculate multiple shows the different
possibilities for selection of current, movement and evaluation.
For the calculation of detent torques the currents in the windings have no
influence in general. So the next step is to go directly to the set (input) of
movement.
Important: Select the number of moving steps and the total angle or path of
displacement so that the mesh in the air gap is not deformed during rotation
or translation.
B.7
FEMAG
For the evaluation the moving part must be characterised by a special path.
For calculation of forces this path is identical with the path for the evaluation
of forces. The path has to be in the middle of the air gap.
9. The results of this calculations are plotted by the function draw multiple in
calculations and stored in a file xx.batch.
The curve of detent torque vs. position [degrees] should have a clear
periodicity. Figure 5 shows the graph of detent torque calculated with 20
steps and a total step angle of 8.33 degr. (this angle was determined by the
width of mesh in the air gap (see figure 2)). Because of the teeth number 24
this graph has a periodicity of 15 degrees. It is symmetrical.
0.20
E-02
0.10
E-02
0
-0.10
E-02
-0.20
E-02 0
5.0
10.0
Figure 5: Detent torque: 20 steps, 8.33 degr. total

In the newest FEMAG-version the width of steps is adapted automatically to
the width of mesh elements, if there is a uniform mesh of rectangles (or a
fairly exact mesh of squares) along the path of the field calculation.
Without this adaptation and with an other set (20 steps and 7.5 degrees)
higher harmonics occur in the graph of detent torque (see figure 6).
B.8
FEMAG
These (harmonics) are due to numerical errors, which especially occur, if

during a translation or rotation the mesh in the air gap is deformed from a
rectangle to a trapezod or if triangles exist along the path.
0.20
E-02
0.10
E-02
0
-0.10
E-02
-0.20
E-02 0
5.0
10.0
Figure 6: Detent torque: 20 steps, 7.5 degrees in total
In case of such a result the mesh and the node chain distribution along the
path of the force calculation and the step width or the number of moving
steps and the total displacement is to check. An adaptation of the node chain
density at the surface of the slot and of the situation of the mesh in the air gap
does not result in an improvement.
B.9
FEMAG
PHI
R
Figure 7: Ideal mesh in the air gap
Cogging torques may be influenced or reduced by:

1. Geometry of the poles: Pole width, cutout angle, magnetic field distribution
or unsymmetry of the poles.
2. Geometry of the slots: slot number, distribution along the circumference, slot
width, grid of the surface.
3. Chamfer of the magnets or the core (assembly).
4. A chamfer makes sense only if the content of harmonics is small, i.e. at first
is to generate a suitable curve with minimal amplitude by changing the
geometry.
B.10
FEMAG
Dont forget, that pulsations of torque may occur due to currents in the coils,
especially caused by commutation and by the distribution of the coils.
Zrich, 18.9.1998
K. Reichert
Berechnung der Wirbelstromverluste in den Magneten

von
PM-Maschinen mit FEMAG
1) Aufgabenstellungen
Vor allem in PM-Maschinen mit Einzelzahnwicklungen treten in den Magneten des Rotors und in massiven
Rotorjochen Wirbelstromverluste bei Belastung auf, obwohl nach der Theorie der klassischen
Synchronmaschine das Rotorfeld im stationren Betrieb konstant sein sollte.
Die Ursachen der Verluste sind einerseits die Pulsationen des Luftspaltfeldes welche durch die Nutung und durch
die Bestromung des Stators verursacht werden und andererseits die Pulsationen des Magnetflusses bei der
Bestromung einer el. Maschine mit Einzelzahnwicklungen.
Bei der Berechnung der Wirbelstrme in den Dauermagneten geht man von den folgenden Annahmen aus:
a) Die Wirbelstrme in den Magneten werden von eingeprgten Flssen erzeugt, eine Rckwirkung auf den
erzeugenden Fluss ist nicht vorhanden ( schwache Rckwirkung ).
b) Die Problemstellung ist 2-dimensional, d.h. die Wirbelstrme verlaufen in der Richtung der z-Achse. Die
Wirkung der Endbereiche wird vernachlssigt. Es wird jedoch angenommen, dass die Wirbelstrme im
Magneten zurckfliessen und kein usserer Rckschluss vorhanden ist ( wie in einem Kurzschlusslufer der ASM
)
c) Die Maschine befindet sich in einem stationren Betriebszustand, d.h. der Rotor bewegt sich mit synchroner
Geschwindigkeit, in den Statorwicklungen wird lageabhngig ein Wechsel- bzw. Drehstromsystem eingespeist.
d) Die Verhltnisse sind linear, d.h. die Wirbelstromberechnung kann fr zeitlich sinusfrmige Vorgnge
durchgefhrt werden und berlagert werden.
2) Vorgehen:
besteht aus zwei Schritten
a) Die Berechnung der Feld- und der Flussverhltnisse in den Magneten mit
FEMAG-DC im Leerlauf und bei Belastung.
b) Die Berechnung der Wirbelstrme und Verluste in den Magneten bzw. in einem
Magnet mit FEMAG-AC aufgrund der Flussverhltnisse in den Magneten.
B.11
FEMAG
zu a) Anwendung FEMAG-DC
Die el. Maschine wird als FE-Modell nachgebildet, mit einem Wicklungssystem im Stator und einer
Magnetanordnung im Rotor, soweit mglich unter Bercksichtigung der Periodizitt ( Bild 1 ).
2
Bild 1: Motoranordnung ( Sektor ) , Flussbeobachtungspunkte 1 und 2
In der Statorwicklung wird ein Stromsystem eingeprgt, abhngig von der Lage des Rotors. Fr jede Rotorlage,
vom Winkel Null bis zum Winkel 360 / p , wird das Magnetfeld berechnet und die Flussverkettung mit den
B.12
FEMAG
Magneten zwischen den Punkten 1 und 2 ( s. Bild 1 ) ermittelt. Eine Wirbelstrombildung im Rotor ist in dieser
Berechnung nicht bercksichtigt. Die Feldverhltnisse sind quasistationr.
p = Polpaarzahl der Maschine.
In FEMAG-DC kann fr diese Berechnung entweder die Funktion PM-Syn-Motor oder die Funktion
Multiple-I/x mit der Vorgabe der Bestromung mit Hilfe eines Files XXX.poc verwendet werden. ( Bild 2 )
3
1
2
3
60
300
180
36
sin
Bild 2 : File XXX.poc fr die Vorgabe der Bestromung in der
Multiple-I/x List-VC oder in der Funktion PM-Syn-Motor fr den Motor in Bild 1
( Weitere Infpormation zu dieser Eingabe: Handbuch Seite 106 ff )
*** MULTIPLE CALCULATION ***
CURRENT VARIATION FACTOR
Mode of current variation
FORCE/TORQUE
List_VC
Equidistant Number of values =

First
value
Last
value
Force path
Path modes
: Closed
New
circle
1
0.0
pointer
100.0
List: Number of values(<=20) =

Values (
) %
BASE CURRENTS
FLUX
Number of regions:
Type of region:
Base region current [A]
Numb.of values(<=40)=
0.0
Region 1:
Node
Region 2:
Node
MOVEMENT
Number of steps =
Action type
Vector [mm/grad]
49
(<=120)
Eingabe
Knoten 1 und 2
Rotate
{X1} =
36.00
{X2} =
Bild 3: Maske zur Eingabe der Knoten 1 und 2
Die Knotenpunkten 1 und 2 fr die Beobachtung des magn. Flusses im Magneten

(Bild 1 ) wird mit Hilfe der Maske ( Bild 3 ) eingegeben.
B.13
Funktion
FEMAG
Als Ergebnis erhlt man die Abhngigkeit des Flusses von der Rotorlage bzw. von der Zeit = 2 n t (
Bild 4 ). Der Fluss besteht aus einem Gleichanteil, dem Magnetfluss, und Oberschwingungen k mit der
Frequenz
fk = k f = k p n
wobei : k = Ordnungszahl ( 1, 2, )
p = Polpaarzahl
n = Drehzahl
bedeuten
Bild 4 : Magnetfluss ( Ergebnis aus der Funktion PM-Syn-Motor )

Die Fourieranalyse liefert die Amplitude der Oberschwingungen des Flusses k und der Ordungszahl k bezogen
auf die Amplitude des Gleichanteils. (s. Bild 4 ).
Wirksam ist in diesem Beispiel vor allem die Grundwelle ( K = 1) mit einem Maximalwert des Flusses von
0.00000775 Vs/mm und einer Frequenz von f = p . n
zu b) Anwendung FEMAG-AC
Die Wirbelstromberechnung kann nun getrennt fr jede Oberschwingung durchgefhrt werden. Aufgrund der
Linearitt knnen dann die Verlustberechnungen berlagert werden.
Ein Magnet der Maschine wird durch ein FE-Modell nachgebildet, zusammen mit dem Rckschlussjoch ( Bild 5
). Man verwendet dafr soweit wie mglich Rechteckelement mit einer Elementabmessung welcher kleiner als
1/5-tel der el. Eindringtiefe ist:
2
2 f k
mit : = Permeabilitt
Permanentmagnet : = 1.05 ,
massives Eisen : = 100 ,
B.14
FEMAG
=1.05 . 4 10-7 Vs/Am

= el. Leitfhigkeit
Nd FeB- Magnet
Sm Co- Magnet
0.63 10 6 S (1 / Ohm m)
2.0 10 6 S (1 / Ohm m)
( in Ferritmagneten ist = 0 , d.h. es treten keine Wirbelstrme auf )

Vektorpotential
A = 0.375E-5 Vs/mm
Vektorpotential
A = 0
Vektorpotential
A = - 0.375E-5 Vs/mm
Eisenjoch
Magnet
Bild 5 : Magnetanordnung mit Netzeinteilung

Zunchst muss in der Funktion Field calculation, in der Unterfunktion Set Options die Frequenz f
eingegeben werden damit in der Funktion Windings dann die Bedingung bar&current aktiviert werden
kann.
Der Magnet muss dann mit Hilfe der Funktion Windings als Wicklung definiert werden mit der Bedingung
bar&current und dem Gesamtstrom I = 0 da die Wirbelstrme sich nur innerhalb des Magneten zurck
schliessen knnen. ( s. Maske Bild 6)
B.15
FEMAG
*** WINDINGS ***

Name =
Key
<<< MENU >>>

Define Winding
Delete Winding
BAR & CURRENT
Change Assign. Sbr

UNDO
DELETE
ALL

Clear Display
Number of wires in series / winding:
Current [A]
or
Voltage [V/z]:
( Peak Values not RMS ! )
Draw Subregions
real =
0.0
Draw Windings+Cur
imag =
0.0
Draw Polarity-Def
External Impedance [Ohm/z]
jX :
Change Polarity-Def
(f=0: R=0; X=L; Vim=Psi)
0.0
+j
0.0
Display Attributes
Change Attributes
QUIT / RETURN
Colour =
yellow
SAVE / RETURN
Bild 6 : Eingabe der Strombedingung fr den Magnet

Dem Magnet, bzw. dem entsprechenden Superelement ist die el. Leitfhigkeit und die Permeabilitt
zuzuordnen ( Funktion Windings). ( s. Maske Bild 7) durch Auswahl mit dem Pointer. Die Magnetisierung
des Magneten wird gleich Null gesetzt.
*** WINDINGS ***
Name =
Key
<<< MENU >>>

2
Define Winding
Delete Winding
BAR & CURRENT
Change Assign. Sbr

UNDO
DELETE
ALL

Clear Display
Draw Subregions
*** MATERIAL OF WINDINGS-COIL ***
Draw Windings+Cur
Draw Polarity-Def
Material type
diamagnetic
linear
Calculation mode:
Change Polarity-Def
MC-Name :
MC-Key
Display Attributes
: 0
Rel. Permeability =
1.000000
Conductivity [S/m]
630000.0
polar
x/y,r/z-Co [m/s]
1-Comp =
0.0
2-Comp =
0.0
Velocity
Bild 7 : Eingabe der el. Leitfhigkeit und der Permeabilitt fr den Magnet
B.16
Change Attributes
QUIT / RETURN
SAVE / RETURN
FEMAG
Dem Rckschlussjoch muss mit der Funktion Materials die Permeabilitaet und im Falle eines massiven,
nicht geblechten Joches auch noch eine el. Leitfhigkeit zugewiesen werden.
DerWechselfluss k durch die Magnete wird dem Modell mit Hilfe der Randbedingungen in der Funktion
Boundary-Condition mit der Bedingung Vp = const eingeprgt.
( s. Maske Bild 8 )
*** BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ***
B-Conditions Type
Vector Potential
Real
<<< MENU >>>
V-Pot constant
External
value = -.3750E-05 [Vs/mm]
Imag. value =
0.0
[Vs/mm]
B-C
Internal
B-C
Infinite
B-C
Reset all
B-C
UNDO
First node key
89
Last
node key
Clear Display
Display B-C
QUIT / RETURN
Symbols used for B-C:
SEGMENTS DEFINITION:
<
<
<
/////////////////
>
>
//
. - No condition
o - V-Potential = 0
Inner bound. V//^ t
x - V-Potential = const
//
+ - Positiv, periodic
/////////////////
* - Negativ, periodic
<
>
<
>
SAVE / RETURN
>
oo- Infinite boundary
Bild 8 : Eingabe der Randbedingung
Einzugeben ist der Wert
A1 =
1k
2l
auf der linken Grenze und der Wert
A2 =
1k
2l
auf der rechten Grenze
des Magneten ( nicht auf dem Joch ). ( s. Bild 5)

Die Berechnung erfolgt in der Funktion Field Calculation mit der Unterfunktion Calculate once und der
Frequenz fk ( s. Maske Bild 9 ).
B.17
FEMAG
>>> MENU <<<
SOLVER
Iterations:
(cur/max) =
Set Options
Relaxation factor
Calculate Once
NONLINEAR PROCESS
Calc:
linear
Calculation mode
Permeability mode
PM Magnetization
1
Draw Field Lines
Draw Multiple F(I)
-(max) =
Relaxation factor
QUIT / RETURN
=
REFINING
Refinement mode
Error quantity
SAVE / RETURN
no refine
/

Elements (cur/max)
Frequency [Hz]
INFO
/
435 / 45000
Rel.Permeability=
Induction [T]
20.00
Bild 9: Feldberechnung
Die Auswertung erfolgt mit der Funktion Analysis:
Den Verlauf des Magnetfeldes zeichnet man mit der Unterfunktion : Draw fieldlines
( s. Bild 5 ).
Die Wirbelstromverluste im Magneten ermittelt man mit der Unterfunktion Losses
( s. Maske Bild 9 ).
Rel.Permeability=
Region:
Induction 1 [T] =
Losses [W/zl]:
Induction 2 [T] =
Induction
[T] =
Winding
.708948E-02
.63490E-07 ;
-.36895E-04
<<< MENU >>>

Force/Torque
Flux/Impedance
Magnet. Voltage
Induction
Losses
*** ELECTRIC
VOLTAGE ***
Electr. Voltage
2-D Plots
Contour
M.Voltage [A] =
=
Region:
3-D Plots
Colour Gradation

Quantity :
;
Region
:
=
Region
Constans
Range
C*Area [mm2] =
Min
Bild 9 : Wirbelstromverluste im Magneten
B.18
Const * Area
WRITE to file
RETURN
FEMAG
Die Verteilung der Wirbelstromdichte erhlt man mit der Unterfunktion Color Gradation und Eddy
Currrents. ( Bild 10)
.1968
.1804
.1640
.1476
.1312
.1148
.0984
.0820
.0656
.049
.033
.016
.000
Bild 10 : Stromdichteverteilung
Die Verteilung der Wirbelstromdichte im Magneten ermittelt man mit der Unterfunktion 2-D Plots , und Abs.
EC-density , EC-dens t=0 ( s. Bild 10) .
Dieses Vorgehen kann auch auf die Problemstellung : Oberflchenverluste durch Oberfelder des Luftspaltfeldes,
hervorgerufen durch Nutffnungen oder/und Wicklungsstrme angewendet werden.
In diesem Fall beobachtet man wie unter a) mit FEMAG-DC den Fluss zwischen zwei Punkten an der
Oberflche des Magneten im Abstand der halben Nutteilung von der Rotorlage . In FEMAG-AC muss ein
entsprechender Ausschnitt des Magneten nachgebildet werden.
1.2.2004
K. Reichert
B.19
FEMAG
Support
1.) Installation problems:
Edwin Thaler Tel: +41 1 632 27 18
e-mail: thaler@ee.ethz.ch
2.) General problems with FEMAG or imperfections / bugs:

Prof. Dr.-Ing. K. Reichert Tel: +41 56 4 26 39 66 (priv. Tel.+Fax)
ETH Zentrum ETL
CH-8092 Zrich
Version April . 2005
B.20

Femag Manual En10 08

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Inst. El.

Machines / ETH Zrich

(steady-state excitation + speed)

Institute of Electrical Machines

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

2. The Program Interfaces

3. Basic Terms and Definitions

4. The functions of the program FEMAG-DC

5. The functions of the program FEMAG-AC

"Batch"- calculations with the program FEMAG-DC and FEMAG-AC

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

Transformations for modifications

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

2. The Program Interfaces

2.2 The Display

the program FEMAG-DC

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

Select Input File

Node Chains (SE)

Version 7.9.7 - March 99

Figure 2.2.1: Main-menu of the program FEMAG

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

2.3 The Keyboard

Figure 2.3.1: Keyboard

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

column 1 = key in the function-area on the keyboard

hyphen < - >

comma < , >

point < . >

Lower row of keys in the graphic window (see fig. 2.3.2 ):

Figure 2.3.2: Function-keys in the geometry-menu

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

2.4 The Pointer (Mouse)

Figure 2.4.1: Pointer (Mouse)

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

3. Basic Terms and Definitions

Length in millimeter [mm]

3.2 Definition of the geometry

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

polylines with cubic spline interpolation,

Figure 3.2.1: Crossing of lines

Figure 3.2.2: Illustration of the Pick-window

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

Figure 3.2.3: Generation of a new point

The calculation of the coefficient-matrices is performed, according to the theory of finite

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

3.4 Description of the finite element arrangement

Figure 3.4.1: Types of elements

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

Figure 3.4.2: Node-chains

Figure 3.4.3: Superelement

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

Windings (in series connected winding-elements):

Figure 3.4.4: Winding-elements and windings

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

4. The functions of the program FEMAG-DC

Define with the sub-functions "Param/Dev/Zoom" and "Window" of the

Inst. El. Machines / ETH Zrich

Define with the function "Subregions" subregions having the same

Define with the function "Material Constants" the properties of superelements

Define with the function "Windings" the winding-elements and the

Define with the function "Magnetization Curves" the magnetisation curves

Define the boundary conditions with the function "Boundary Conditions" .