Objective of the study:

To study Electromagnetic Induction..

To study Faradays Experiment.
To study Faradays Laws of Electromagnetic Induction.
To study Lenzs Rule
To study Mutual Induction and coefficient of Mutual
Induction
To study Self Induction and coefficient of Self Induction
To study Eddy Currents and its applications.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Trishna Goswami, a student of class XII

Sc of roll no . has successfully completed the
project on ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION under the
guidance of Mr. M.K Sahoo(P.G.T Physics) during the year
2016-17 in the partial fulfillment of AISSCE 2017 physics
practical examination conducted by CBSE, New Delhi.

External Examiner
Examiner No
Principal
JNV,Jorhat

ACKNOWLEDGE
I take the opportunity to express my deep
regards and profound gratitude to my honourable
teacher Mr. M.K Sahoo(P.G.T Physics) for his valuable
guidance,vital support and encouragement through
out the course of this project. His blessings,help and
support from time to time shall carry me long away in
the journey of life on which I am about to embark.
I also would like to express a deep sense
of gratitude to our honourable V.Principal Mr. Vinod
Kumar for his support and encouragement.
Lastly, I thank Mr K.B Chetry, Lab
attendant, my parents and all my classmates for their
help and constant encouragement during the entire
span of my studies here at Jawahar Navodaya
Vidyalaya, Jorhat.

Thanking you all.

INTRODUCTION
Whenever an electric current flows through a conductor,
a magnetic field is immediately brought into existence in the
space surrounding the conductor. It can be said that when
electrons are in motion, they produce a magnetic field. The
converse is also true i.e. when a magnetic field embracing a
conductor moves relative to the conductor, it produce a flow
of electrons in the conductor. This phenomenon whereby an
e.m.f. and hence current is induced in any conductor which
is cut across or is cut by a magnetic flux is known as
electromagnetic induction.

Electromagnetic Induction (EMI):

In 1831 Michael Faraday discovered the effect
called electromagnetic induction. It is just the converse of
magnetic effect of electric current. When a coil is made up of
copper wire is placed inside a magnetic field, magnetic flux is
linked with the coil. Faraday found that when the magnetic
flux linked with the coil is changed an electric current starts
flowing in the coil, provided the coil is closed one. The current
and emf so produced are called induced current and induced
emf. The induced current and the emf in the coil last only so
long as the magnetic flux linked with the coil keeps on
changing.
The electromagnetic induction is the phenomenon
of production of electric current in a coil when the magnetic
flux linked with the coil is changed,

Faradays Experiment:
The following experiment performed by Faraday led to the
discovery of the electromagnetic induction.
When the strength of magnetic field is varied:
Consider two coil P and S wound on an iron rod. Iron rod is
connected with galvanometer, battery and tapping key. When
tapping key is pressed and when it is released galvanometer
shows deflection showing the presence of induced current.
Explanation : When the tapping key is pressed then
magnetic flux linked with the coil S changed because of
increase in magnetic field of coil P and induced current is
produced and when it is released magnetic flux is again
changed and induced current is produced. But when the
tapping key is kept pressed then the magnetic flux linked
with coil do not changed and induced current do not produce
so galvanometer shows no deflection.

Faradays Laws of Electromagnetic Induction :

The results of Faradays experiment on electromagnetic

induction are known as Faradays Law of Electromagnetic
Induction. These are stated as below :
1. Whenever magnetic flux linked with a circuit (a loop of wire
or a coil or an electric circuit in general) changes, induced
e.m.f. is produced.
2. The induced e.m.f. lasts as long as the change in magnetic
flux continuous.
3. The magnitude of induced e.m.f. is directly proportional to
the rate of change of magnetic flux linked with the circuit.
Lenzs Rule :
Lenzs rule is a convenient method to determine the direction
of induced current produced in the circuit.
Lenzs law states that the induced current produced in a
circuit always flows in such a direction that it opposes the
change or cause that produce it.
Let us now apply Lenzs law to find the direction of flow of
induced current in the circuit.
On pressing the key the current in the coil P flows in
clockwise direction and magnetic lines of force are directed
from left to right. Then magnetic flux linked with the coil S
changed. The direction of induced current should be such that
it should oppose the direction of flow of magnetic field lines.
So induced current in the coil S is in the direction opposite to
the magnetic field in P. Hence, direction of induced current in
coil S is from right to left. So induced current in coil S should
flow in anticlockwise direction
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EXPRESSION FOR MOTIONAL E.M.F. :

Consider that a uniform magnetic field B confined to the
region PQRS and a coil ABCD is placed inside the magnetic
field. The direction of magnetic field is perpendicular to the
plane of the coil and in inward direction.
Consider that at any time t, the part BA = CD = x(say) of
the coil inside the magnetic field. If l is the length of the arm
BC of the coil, then area of coil inside the magnetic field at
any time t.
A = BCX CD = lx
Therefore magnetic flux linked with the coil at any time t.
f = BA = Blx
Suppose that the coil is pulled out of the magnetic field with
velocity n. As the coil is pulled out magnetic flux linked with
the coil changes. The time rate of change of magnetic flux
linked with the coil is given by
If e is induced e.m.f. produced, then
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e = -Bln
The negative sign shows that induced e.m.f. opposes to the
coil being pulled out of magnetic field
Mutual Induction :
Consider two coil P and S are placed very close to each other.
Coil P consists of battery and tapping key and coil S consists
of galvanometer G. When the key of coil P is pressed then
magnetic flux is building and induced e.m.f. produced in it
opposes the flow of magnetic flux. Because coil P and coil S
are very close to each other. So magnetic flux also changed
in coil S and induced current is produced which opposes the
direction of flow of magnetic lines of force in coil P.
The phenomenon according to which an opposing e.m.f. is
produced in a coil as a result of change in current or magnetic
flux linked with a neighboring coil is called mutual induction
Coefficient of Mutual Induction :
Suppose that current I is flowing through coil P and f be the
magnetic flux linked with coil S
faI
f = MI
M = Coefficient of mutual induction.
Let e be the induced e.m.f. in coil S.
e=

(-ive sign shows opposition of induced e.m.f.)

M=e/

The mutual inductance of two coils is said to be one Henry, if

a rate of change of current of 1 ampere per second in one coil
induces an e.m.f. of 1 volt in neighboring coil

Self Induction
Consider a coil connected to a battery and a tapping
key. When key K is pressed magnetic lines of forces starts
growing through it and induced e.m.f. is produced. Direction
of induced e.m.f. is opposite to that of growth of current. On
the other hand when key is released the current in the coil
decreases and e.m.f. is produced in opposite direction. Thus
during both growth and decay of current an opposite induced
e.m.f. is produced. This e.m.f. is called back e.m.f.
The phenomenon according to which an
opposing induced e.m.f. is produced in the coil as a result of
change in current or magnetic flux linked with the coil is
called self induction.
Coefficient of Self Induction :
Suppose when key is pressed, current I flows through the coil
and magnetic flux f linked with the coil.
faI
f = MI
L is called coefficient of self induction.
Let e be the induced e.m.f.
e=
e = (-ive sign shows opposing nature of induced e.m.f.)
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M=e/
Self inductance of a coil is said to be one Henry if a rate of
change of current of 1 ampere per second induces an e.m.f.
of one volt

Eddy Currents :
Eddy currents are the currents induced in a conductor, when
placed in a changing magnetic field. They are also known as
Focaults Currents.
Following experiment explain the origin of eddy currents.
Introduce a soft iron core inside a solenoid and connect it to
the source of alternating current. Place a metallic disk over
soft iron core.

Explanation : When the circuit is switched on the current

starts growing and hence magnetic flux linked with disk also
increases. Thus disk is converted to small magnet. If soft
irons upper face acquires north polarity. Then metallic disks
lower surface acquires north polarity and due to repulsive
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force metallic disk placed over soft iron core is thrown up into
the air.

Application of Eddy Currents :

1. Dead Beat Galvanometers : The oscillation of a moving
coil galvanometer generally take a long time to die out. But
by winding its coil on a metallic frame made of copper or
aluminium the galvanometer can be made dead beat. It is
because, due to production of eddy currents in a metallic
frame. The coil of galvanometer comes to rest very soon.

2. Speedometer :
In speedometer, a small magnet is
geared to the main shaft of the vehicle. The magnet is
mounted in an aluminium cylinder with the help of hair
springs. Due to rotation of magnet eddy currents are
produced which led the drum to oppose the motion of relating
magnet drum experience torque and gets deflected at certain
angle.
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3. Electric Brakes : A metallic drum is coupled to the wheels

of train ; so that when train rotates drum also rotates. In
order to stop the train magnetic field is applied to rotating
drum. The eddy currents produced oppose the motion of
drum. Since drum is connected to wheels of train, it comes to
halt.

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CONCLUSION
Magnetic fields and electric fields are both components of an
electromagnetic wave. In such a wave, the electrical and
magnetic fields potentiate each other. Within most electrical
circuits, an electromotive force, or EMF is produced by a
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source of potential difference within a circuit. The source of

potential difference is usually some form of battery of
capacitor.
Electromotive force drives current flow between
areas of differing voltages in a conducting material. The
movement of charges or current flow is directly proportional
to the EMF and inversely related to the resistance of the
conducting material.
An EMF that causes current within a circuit can,
however, be created from an put side source as well. In its
most usual form, electromagnetic induction refers to the
induction of an electromagnetic force within a conductor by
an external magnetic field. A current that is produced in a
circuit without a battery or other source of electrical potential
is called an induced current.
The electromagnetic induction of current by a magnetic field
occurs only when the magnetic field is changing. Shifting
magnitude or direction of a magnetic field is called magnetic
flux change. A current is induced within a conductor existing
inside of a magnetic field when magnetic flux changes with
time. This principle, that the induced electromotive force
through a circuit is equal to the rate of change of magnetic
flux through it, is known as Faraday's law of induction, first
demonstrated by Faraday

BIBLIOGRAPHY
WEBSITES:
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google.com
quora.com
wikipedia.org.in
projectsyappa.com

BOOKS:

Ncert text book class xii

Biology today
Pradeeps fundamental

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