colloque
quipe
derecherche
surlapnalit
CentreInternationalde
CriminologieCompare
Montral,
567dcembre2007
Introduction
MarionVacheret
Marion.vacheret@umontreal.ca
Cestceproposquelecolloquedontsontissuslesactesprsents
icisesttenuMontralendcembre2007.Cecolloquearassemblprs
de 50 confrenciers issus de disciplines telles que la sociologie, la
criminologie,ledroitoulespolitiquessociales.Pendanttroisjours,ceux
ci se sont penchs sur les finalits de la sanction pnale, ses formes, ses
russitesetseschecs,ainsiquesurlesenjeuxquiendcoulent.
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Lesactesreprennent29descommunicationsprsenteslorsdece
colloqueetportentsurlescinqdimensionsquiontfaitlobjetdestravaux
derflexionsdesparticipants.
Peine,approchescritiquesetrhabilitation
Leretourenforceactueldelarhabilitationoffreuneopportunit
intressante pour rflchir aux transformations qui se sont rcemment
manifestes au sein des institutions pnales. Peuton ainsi aujourdhui
repenser lintervention clinique auprs de personnes judiciarises dans
uneperspectivecritiquesansncessairementrejetertoutelalgitimitde
cetteformedintervention?Enrejetantlesthoriesdelarhabilitation,la
perspective critique natelle pas contribu la revalorisation dautres
finalits de la peine plus guerrires et davantage orientes vers une
logique dexclusion? La perspective critique peutelle offrir des outils
constructifsafindecontribuerdresserlagendacliniquedesinstitutions
correctionnellesetpnales?
Leschercheursquestionnenticiplusparticulirementlimpactdes
mutations de la rhabilitation au sein du systme pnal actuel. Ainsi,
Bastien Quirion sinterroge sur les transformations de lintervention
thrapeutique, cellesci ayant engendr un phnomne de
responsabilisation du condamn et ayant modifi par l mme la
perspective clinique. Lock Villerbu et Valrie Moulin analysent les
reprsentations et les pratiques professionnelles dans le cadre dune
gestion de la peine centre sur la responsabilisation du condamn et
DanyLacombenousinterpellesurlamiseenuvredeprogrammesde
traitementspcifiqueslredelanouvellepnologie.
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Peine,souffranceetdmocratie
Peineetresponsabilisation
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SiDanKaminski,MarieSophieDevresseetMarieEveSylvestre
remettent en question la volont mme de tenter de responsabiliser le
contrevenant travers sa peine, Kelly HannahMoffat et Marion
Vacheretsinterrogentsurlesoutilstechnologiquesutilissdanslecadre
de cette responsabilisation. Quil ait lieu sur le contrevenant ou sur les
intervenantspnaux,limpactdecettetechnicisationetmcanisationdes
mthodes de travail en matire correctionnelle est analys par ces
chercheures,analyselaquellesejointletravaildeNathalieJauvinetses
collaborateurssurlesagentsdecorrection,dontilsfontressortirlaplace
aucurdelarchitecturepnale.Lacritiquerestefortemmesicertains
acquis ressortent, tels les changements lgislatifs en France qui, selon
Patrick Mounaud, favorisent laccompagnement des condamns dans la
prparation la sortie et leur permet de passer dune situation depeine
subieunesituationdexcutiondepeineconstruite.
Peineetprisonnisation
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Repenserlepnaltraversles30ansdelarevueDvianceetSocit
systme?Enfin,repenserlepnalamnepoursuivrelarflexionsurles
politiques, les mesures et les pratiques lintrieur comme lextrieur
du systme pnal (dpnalisation, dcriminalisation, justice rparatrice,
intgrationsociale,rductiondesmfaits).Enquoisontellessusceptibles
nonseulementderduirelasouffrancedeceuxquisontencontactavecla
justice,maisgalementdeproduireuneplusgrandejusticesociale?
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Whetherwespeakofthefunctionsofpunishment,thejustificationforthe
right to punish, or of the different modalities for the execution of penal
sanctions, the theories, policies, and experiences regarding penality are
manyandvaried.Centraltothedebatesandinanincreasinglyrepressive
legislative context, questions emerge regarding new penology,
actuarial justice , the risk society, or even new rehabilitation .
These are defining the stakes confronted by the actors andthinkers of
contemporarypenalsystems.Althoughincarcerationremainsoneofthe
most used of penal measures, the truely great changes seen by current
penalityneedtobeconsideredandanalysed.Andthisisso,whetherwe
studyalternativeformsofpenalsanction, control,socialreintegrationor
else try to operationalize success or failure in contemporary penal
interventions.
ItwasinrelationtotheseissuesthattheMontrealconference,the
sourceoftheseproceedings,washeldinDecember2007.Thisconference
assembled close to 50 speakers from disciplines such as sociology,
criminology, law, and social policy. Over the course of three days, the
speakersfocusedontheobjectives,forms,successes,andfailuresofpenal
sanctionsaswellasontheresultingstakesinvolved.
Theproceedingsinclude29ofthepaperspresentedoverthecourse
oftheconferenceanddealwiththefivedimensionsthatwerethefocusof
theparticipantsefforts.
Punishment,CriticalApproachandRehabilitation
Introduction
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Textsinthissectionarequestioningmoreparticularlytheimpact
of the changes in rehabilitation within the actual penal system. Thus,
Bastien Quirion studies the transformations within therapeutic
intervention, these having engendered a phenomenon of
responsibilizationofthecondemnedandhavingalsomodifiedtheclinical
perspective. Lock Villerbu and Valrie Moulin analyse professional
representations and practices regarding sentencing management in a
modelcenteredontheresponsibilizationofthecondemned,whileDany
Lacombediscussestheimplementationofspecifictreatmentprogramsin
theeraofnewpenology.
PenalTheories,SufferingandDemocracy
Thissubjectconsistsoftwodimensions,whichthoughtightlylinked,can
beapproachedseparately.Ontheonehand,itisamatterofanalysingthe
consequencesofsentencingtheoriesthatareinsensitivetosocialinclusion
and are concerned with methods that are exclusively negative. On the
otherhand,wealsowanttodeterminehowtheideasofpopulismand
democracyrelatetothecreationandchoiceofpenalsanctions.Inthis
investigation, serious consideration must be given to the notion of
suffering, seen as the infliction of pain on a person in response to that
personsoffence. Is it possible tosuggestother theories of punishment?
Can we leave the issue of the severity of sentences to the public or,
contrarily, use it as an ethical or legal guideline? Also, human rights
complicate the relationship between sentencing, suffering, and public
opinion:howisitpossibletodemandagreaterinflictionofsufferingin
thenameofhumanrights?Howshouldweunderstandthedemandsfor
the criminalization of some actions in the name of human rights? Do
thesetwoimpulsesderivefromsimilarrationales?
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Thetextsinthissectiondealmorespecificallywiththenormative
and legal aspects of penality. On the one hand, Line Beauchesne and
Sandra Lehalle confront issues related both to legal norms and penal
legislation.Thefirsthighlightstheineffectivenessofapunitiveapproach
to the prevention of traffic violations; the second highlights the
malleabilityoflegalnormsandtheirpoliticaluseinthecontextofthewar
against terrorism. On the other hand, Chlo Leclerc, tienne Blais and
Isabelle Beaudoin, and Catherine Rossi investigate legal or penal
practices that relate to three things: the issue of sentence equivalences;
thediversificationofapproachestoroadsafety;andtheeffectsofvictim
involvementincorrectionalprocedures.
PunishmentandResponsabilization
Attheheartofthechangesaffectingthepenalsystem,therehasbeenan
inversion of an idea central to the production and management of
penality: that of responsibility. From the offender being perceived as a
victimofsocialinjusticesfromwhichitwasnecessarytoprotecthim,and
whose inappropriate behaviours required his reeducationwe have
arrived at the concept of the rational offender, responsible for his
trajectory, and requiring sanctions when his trajectory deviates from the
right path. Made responsible for his acts, the offender is also made
responsiblefortheprocessandoutcomeofhissentence.Inasocietythat
is increasingly security conscious, the offender is increasingly seen as a
risk that needs to be controlled, if not neutralized. What must we think
and, above all, what must we expect from such a turn that, while
relatively recent, appears to have effortlessly become a self evident
necessity?Howcanone,inthiscontext,takeapositionontheactuarial
toolsthattrapfrontlineprofessionalsinamanageriallogic?
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PunishmentandPrisonnization
PunishmentRevisited
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Introduccin
Sehabledelasfuncionesdelapena,delasjustificacionesdelderechoala
punicinodelasdiversasmodalidadesdeaplicacindelasancinpenal,
lasteoras,laspolticasylasexperienciasenelcampodelapenalidadson
numerosas y variadas. Al centro de los debates y en un contexto
legislativocadavezmsrepresivoseencuentrancuestionesrelativasala
nueva penologa, la justicia actuarial, la sociedad de riesgo e
incluso la nueva rehabilitacin, definiendo as las cuestiones a las que
se confrontan los actores y pensadores de los sistemas penales
contemporneos.Yaseaparareflexionarsobrelasformasalternativasala
sancinpenal,elcontrololareintegracinsocial,obiensetratededefinir
el xito o el fracaso de las intervenciones penales contemporneas, es
necesario reflexionar sobre las verdaderas grandes mutaciones que
ocurreneventualmenteenelsistemapenaldenuestrosdasyanalizarlas,
an si el recurso al encarcelamiento sigue siendo una de las medidas
penalesmsutilizadas.
ConeseobjetivoseorganizenMontrealendiciembrede2007el
coloquiocuyamemoriasepresentaaqu.Elcoloquioreuniacercade50
conferenciantes derivados de disciplinas como la sociologa, la
criminologa,elderechoolaspolticassociales.Durantetresdaselgrupo
reflexion sobre los fines de la sancin penal, sus formas y sus xitos y
fracasos,ademsdesobrelascuestionesquedeellosederivan.
Lapena,enfoquescrticosyrehabilitacin
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porgenerarunatensinconstanteentrelosdiversosenfoquescrticosyel
idealderehabilitacin,loquevolviimposibleparalosrepresentantesde
la criminologa crtica el pensar en la rehabilitacin de otra forma que
parasurechazocategrico.
Pena,sufrimientoydemocracia
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penasalpblicoo,porelcontrario,tomarlocomoguaticaojurdica?
Adems, la racionalidad de los derechos humanos se inmiscuye entre la
pena, el sufrimiento y la opinin pblica: cmo puede reivindicarse
infligirunmayorsufrimientoennombredelosderechosdelhombre?Y
cmodebentomarselasdemandasdecriminalizacindeciertosactosen
nombredelosderechosdelhombre?Procedenestosdosmovimientos
delgicassimilares?
Penayresponsabilizacin
Enelcentrodelastransformacionesquemarcanelsistemapenal,hemos
vistoemergerunarealinversindeunanocincentralenlageneraciny
la gestin de la penalidad: la nocin de responsabilidad. As, de un
infractorpercibidocomounavctimadeinjusticiassocialesdelascuales
es necesario protegerlo y, dados sus comportamientos inadecuados,
educarlo,hemosvueltoaunaconcepcinenlaqueelinfractoresunactor
racional,responsabledesusactos,alqueesprecisosancionarcuandosu
comportamientoseapartadelbuencamino.Alservistodenuevocomo
responsabledesusactos,alinfractorselehaceresponsabledelprocesoy
elresultadodelasancinqueseleimpone.
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deherramientasactuarialesqueinsertanalosinterventoresenunalgica
demanagerialismo?
SiDanKaminski,MarieSophieDevresseyMarieEveSylvestre
cuestionan la voluntad misma de tratar de responsabilizar al infractor a
travs de la pena, Kelly HannahMoffat y Marion Vacheret se
cuestionan respecto de las herramientas tecnolgicas empleadas en el
marco de esta responsabilizacin. Se ejerza sobre el infractor mismo o
sobre los interventores penales, el efecto de esta tecnificacin y
mecanizacin de los mtodos de trabajo en materia correccional es
analizado por estos investigadores, a los cuales se suma el trabajo de
Nathalie Jauvin y sus colaboradores sobre los agentes correccionales,
que resalta el papel central de stos en la arquitectura penal. La crtica
sigue siendo severa a pesar de algunos logros, como los cambios
legislativos en Francia que, segn Patrick Mounaud, favorecen el
acompaamientodeloscondenadosenlapreparacindesusalida,para
permitirles pasar de una situacin de pena sufrida a una situacin de
ejecucindepenaconstruida.
Penayprisionizacin
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MarieAndreBertrand,GillesChantraineyVroniqueStrimelle
abordan en particular algunas poblaciones encarceladas, principalmente
lossubgruposmsvulnerables,yaseaelcasodelasmujeres,enuncaso,
delaspersonasconproblemasdesaludmental,enotro,odelaspersonas
de edad avanzada, en el tercer caso. Ninon Lalonde, Sylvie Frigon y
SimonaIonaSchumacherentantoanalizanlainfluenciadelaprisinen
elcuerpoprisioneroyenelciudadanoaislado.MaritzaFelicesLuna,por
ltimo,analizaelrecursodelaprisincomoherramientadecontroldela
oposicinpoltica.
Reflexinsobrelopenalatravsdelos30aosdelarevistaDvianceet
Socit
PhilippeMaryiniciaeldebatealpreguntarse,porunaparte,cmo
comprender las transformaciones en materia penal y, por otra, como
repensar la criminologa crtica y su forma de comprender lo penal;
reflexionesqueretomanNicolasCarrier,MariannaThorstensenPossas,
[ActesducolloqueLepnalaujourdhui:prennitoumutations|
SoniaGauthieryFranoiseVanhamme,quienesseinterrogansobrelos
riesgos de ciertas prcticas penales, ya sea la produccin de legislacin
penal, la judicializacin de la violencia conyugal o la determinacin de
sentencias.CatherineRmy,porsuparte,nosinvitaareflexionarsobrela
desviacin como indicador de fronteras. Philippe Robert, por ltimo,
concluyenuestrareflexinaldelinearunperfilde30aosdepublicacin
delarevistaDvianceetSocitenlaquesuevolucintemticaydereas
de inters es indicadora de la evolucin de las preocupaciones de los
investigadores en materia de desviacin, de violencia social y de
prevencin,perotambinfrentealosprocesosymecanismospenales.
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[Introduction|