Mackenzie Morgan

UWRT 1104
November 13, 2016
Annotated Bibliography
Hughes, Fergus P., Lloyd D. Noppe, and Illene C. Noppe. Child Development. St. Paul: West,
1988. Print.
(Hughes, L. Noppe, and I. Noppe 65, 81, 82)
This source is a book that discusses all aspects of childhood development. The
information I mainly will be using from this book focuses on the determiners of childhood
growth. Genetic disorders such as downs syndrome affect the process of childhood
development. Downs syndrome occurs at fertilization when an additional chromosome 21 is
added, leading to extra genetic material. Most children with downs syndrome have a mild to
moderate IQ due to the fact that these children attend counseling with parents, intervention, and
special education programs. Studies have proved a correlation between high levels of maternal
stress and pregnancy and labor complications, low birthweight in infants, infant irritability, and
behavioral problems later in childhood. This does not show that stress actually causes pregnancy
and birth problems. Smoking, alcohol, and drugs will cause pregnancy complications and infant
issues. Smoking has been proven to have caused sudden infant death syndrome. Fetal alcohol
syndrome causes many problems in infants. This book provides accurate statistics and facts
about genetic disorders and prenatal problems in infants, but the information in this book is from
1988 and is not up to date.
I will use this source to begin to discuss how pregnancy complications correlate to the
development of children. I will discuss how most infants born when the mother had known
problems struggle with keeping up with normal children their same age. I will not only use this
source to discuss this topic because it is not fully up to date. I will research another source for
statistics and up to date information and use this source for facts that have no changed over the
years, such as what downs syndrome is, etc. The authors of this book are well known
psychologists and this is not their only psychological book they have written. They are praised
by many, proving this is a very credible source to use.
Marlowe, Bruce A., and Canestrari, Alan S. Educational Psychology in Context: Readings for
Future Teachers. Sage Publications: Thousand Oaks, 2006. Print.
(Marlowe and Canestrari 100-105)
This book is a source that discusses the psychological stages of cognitive development, as
first discovered by Piaget. In the sensory motor stage children are at least 12 months old and use
intelligence to make their way in life. They rely mainly on actions and movements or perceptions
without language. These ideas the child has in the sensory motor stage later create a structure for
fully achieved ideas of objects, space, and time. In the pre-operational stage children solve
problems they have had with communication and language. In the stage of concrete operations
children are beginning to deal with logic and relations in their life. Children will also begin to
serialize, for example organize objects based on their size. Lastly, in the formal operations stage,
children are able to reason with objects as well as hypotheses and prepositions. While this book

Mackenzie Morgan
UWRT 1104
November 13, 2016
is not fully up to date, it is fairly recent and all of the information I have gathered from it is still
accurate. This source limits me because it only offers Piagets view on the cognitive development
stages of child development and no other psychological views or theories.
I will use this source to discuss the psychological view of how children development over
their lifetime. This source highlights four main stages of psychological childhood development. I
will emphasize that this book only provided me with Piagets theory and will then use my other
research to state other theories psychologists have come up with. The authors of this book both
teach psychology at universities and both have a degree in psychology.
Hurry, Anne. Psychoanalysis and Developmental Therapy. H. Karnac Ltd: London, 1988. Print.
(Hurry 33-35)
This book discusses psychoanalysis and the developmental theory. Neurological studies
have shown that experience effects the development and functioning of the brain throughout life.
The earliest stages of life are crucial both neurologically and psychologically. Without proper
preparation, there will be a maldevelopment in the brain that affect functions such as humor,
empathy, attachment, and regulation. Developmental therapy provides an opportunity for change.
Psychoanalysis helps to meet the needs of individuals who are held back from further
development. There were no limitations or weaknesses to this source, as I was just looking for
the basic background knowledge on what developmental therapy and psychoanalysis is.
This source will be a baseline to begin to discuss the different therapies that children can
undergo in order to succeed in developing the brain fully. I will use this source because it
provides basic background knowledge on developmental therapy that my audience will need to
be knowledgeable on. Anne Hurry is a well-known author who has written many well appraised
books on child psychotherapy.
"About Developmental Therapy." What Is Developmental Therapy. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov.
2016.
This website discusses developmental therapy and why one should bring their child in to
see a therapist. Some reasons for a therapy referral are speech delay, delay in cognitive
development, behavioral problems, and poor social skills. During developmental therapy, the
therapist looks at how a child is developing during birth through five years of age.
Developmental therapists do not address one area, instead they look at the child as a whole. They
will identify specific areas of need and areas of strength. They then will develop play activities to
help the child overcome challenges and improve themselves. This website did not provide me
with detailed explanations about what to expect from a child if there are showing these signs of
needing a therapy referral.
This website goes into more detail of why a child needs developmental therapy and starts
to talk about exactly what the therapist will do during the therapy sessions to help a child
improve. Although, it does not provide detailed explanations of why a child needs this therapy
and how exactly they will be acting. Also, I was not able to find an author on this website while

Mackenzie Morgan
UWRT 1104
November 13, 2016
making my citation. I will most likely only use a small amount of this information in my final
project.
@ParentingWeb. "Know Your Child Better By Learning The Ages & Stages Of Child
Development." Child Development Institute. N.p., 25 Sept. 2011. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.
This website breaks down the development of children into four main stages. During the
first stage children range from zero to two years old. This is the time to develop bonds between
the child and the parent that will last a lifetime. This will provide the child with a beginning stage
of self-esteem and the ability to relate with others. During this time parents will begin to discover
who this baby of theirs really is. During the second stage, children range from ages two to five
years old. Children are beginning to take their first steps on their own. The development of their
language takes major leaps. Children also face major challenges when it comes to controlling
their meltdowns when being told no. In the third stage, children range from ages six to twelve
years old. School age children will begin to try new activities. Children will face frustration and
learn to deal with their weaknesses. The last stage of development as told by this website,
children range from ages thirteen to eighteen. Children face passive aggressive behavior, selfconsciousness and or over confidence, and moodiness. During high school children begin to
really define themselves. During this stage kids need their parents more than ever.
This source breaks down childhood development into four main stages and incorporates
the parents role in childhood development as well. I will use this website as a source because I
like how it incorporates the parents role into the development of children. This website also did
not provide a credible author but it did provide accurate and knowledgeable information.
"Child Development Milestones| Pathways." Pathways. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.
This website discusses what ages children should be reaching certain milestones. When
children are 0-3 months old they should be reaching motor milestones such as using their arms to
lift themselves up and hold their own head up with lying on their stomach. They are able to bring
their hands to their mouths and move their legs and arms when excited. The sensory milestones
they should be reaching at this age are able to calm with rocking, touching, and gentle sounds.
They enjoy a variety of movements. They should be turning their heads at a sound or voice and
smiling in response to a sound or voice. As the child gets older, their motor senses increase. This
website only provided me with milestones the baby will reach from zero to three months old and
no other time in their life. This source also only talked about motor and sensory milestones. It did
not discuss communication, language, or anything else.
I will probably not use this source in my research because it does not give me the
information I was looking for. I was hoping it would go into more detail but it simply lists out the
activities children should be accomplishing. I also could not find a lot of the information on the
website for my citation, probably meaning this source is not the best one to use when pulling all
of my research together.

Mackenzie Morgan
UWRT 1104
November 13, 2016
Sifferlin, Alexandra. "Mothers Who Smoke While Pregnant Put Kids at Risk of Substance
Abuse." TIME 20 June 2013: n. pag. Heathland.time.com. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.
Exposure to cigarette smoke in the womb could interfere with the brain and make
children more vulnerable to addiction. This magazine article provides detailed information about
toxin exposure to infants in the womb. Smoking while pregnant may interfere with proper
development of the babys reward processing system in the brain. There is less activity in the
brain in teenagers who were exposed to smoke while still in the womb. This exposure may cause
people to continue to seek this high and become dependent on addictive substances or
behaviors. Children with ADHD show inhibited activity in the ventral striatum, and other studies
linked lower activity in this region. The results dont suggest that exposure to smoke during
pregnancy will always case addictions, but they do add to the growing amount of data
documenting how harmful this is.
This magazine article is a good source for my research because it links to the problems
children may have when developing their brain. It is also from about three years ago, meaning
the statistics provided are still accurate and I will be able to use them. The author has written
many articles on child development and what factors in their life in and out of the womb can
slow down this process.
"Developmental Therapy." Childrens Therapy Innovations RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.
There are multiple reasons for children needing to attend developmental therapy. This
therapy usually focuses on children ages birth to five years old. Therapists look at children as a
whole and focus on how a child in developing during the most significant period of the childs
life. They will assess a childs strengths and weaknesses. A child should begin to see a therapist if
they experience language and communication disorders, daily functional limitations, sensory
processing disorders, balance and coordination disorders, and gross motor and fine motor delays.
I dont believe I will be using this website in my research. It does not give me as much
information in depth as I was looking for. This website also did not provide me with a credible
author and limited me to the amount of information it provided.
"Developmental Monitoring and Screening." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 23 Feb. 2016. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.
Developmental screening is a short test that can tell if a child is learning basic skills when
he or she should, or if there are delays in their development. This screening can be done by
professionals in health care, community, or school settings. The doctor may ask questions or talk
and play with the child during an examination to see how the child plays, learns, speaks,
behaves, and moves. A delay in any of these activities could be a sign of a problem.
I will be using this source in my research because it shows the importance of
developmental delays and identifying them as soon as possible. As a result of these tests,
children will get the help they need to do well in social and educational settings. This is also
something I did not think I would come across while researching because I had never heard of

Mackenzie Morgan
UWRT 1104
November 13, 2016
this being done to children. I am glad this source had many knowledgeable facts that will
improve the validity of my research and project as a whole.
"Growth Charts." KidsHealth - the Web's Most Visited Site about Children's Health. The
Nemours Foundation, n.d. Web. 13 Nov. 2016.
Growth charts are a standard part of any doctoral checkup and they show the doctors how
kids are growing compared with other kids of the same age and gender. They also allow doctors
and nurses to see the pattern of kids height and weight gain over time, and whether they are
developing proportionately. A different pattern in a child does not necessarily indicate a problem.
The doctor will interpret the childs over all well-being, environment, and genetic background.
Although this source limited me when it came to gathering more information on the information
doctors should be seeing at certain ages, it still provided me with a lot of good info.
This source will be used in my project because it discusses problems that could end up
needing the therapy I have researched along with this project. Although the website did not
provide me with an author, it was still a very credible source that many doctors had attributed to.