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Plan of attack:
brief summary of matrix approach to light ray optics
(Marta Divalls talk at GANIL School also refers)
optical axis
Each optical system will have an axis, and all light rays will be
assumed to propagate at small angles to it (Paraxial Approximation)
We define all rays relative to the relevant optical axis.
4
Ray Vector
xin , qin
xout , qout
position, x
q
slope, q
x
optical axis
x
q
5
Ray Matrices
For many optical components, we can define 2 x 2 ray matrices.
An elements effect on a ray is found by multiplying its ray vector.
Ray matrices
can describe
simple and
complex systems.
xin
q
in
A
C
B
D
xout
q
out
spatial
magnification
xout
xin
xout
xout
xout
xin
qin
xin
qin
qout
qout
qout
xin
qin
xin
qin
xout
q in
xout A B xin
q C D q
in
out
q out
xin
q out
q in
We can write
these equations
in matrix form.
angular
magnification
7
xin
q
in
O1
O2
O3
xout
q
out
xout
xin
xin
q O3 O2 O1 q O3 O2 O1 q
out
in
in
xout qout
xin, qin
qout qin
Rewriting these expressions
in matrix notation:
z=0
Ospace
1 z
=
0
1
xout
1 z xin
q 0 1 q
in
out
qout
qin
xout = xin.
xout
n1
xin
n2
n1 sin(qin) = n2 sin(qout)
Ointerface
0
n1
n2
10
q1
q1 = n2 q2
n1
q2
n2
Ocurved
interface
n1
( 1) / R
n2
n1
n2
11
Ocurved
interface
Othin lens
R1
1
0
(
n
/
n
1)
/
R
n
/
n
1 2
1
2
n=1
Ocurved Ocurved
interface 2
interface 1
(n 1) / R2
R2
n1
n=1
0
1
0
n (1/ n 1) / R1 1/ n
1
0
1
0
(
n
1)
/
R
n
(1/
n
1)
/
R
n
(1/
n
)
(
n
1)
/
R
(1
n
)
/
R
1
2
1
2
1
1
0
(
n
1)(1/
R
1/
R
)
1
2
1
where: 1/ f (n 1)(1/ R1 1/ R2 )
1
1/ f
0
1
Olens
1
=
-1/f
The quantity f is the focal length of the lens. Its the single most
important parameter of a lens. It can be positive or negative.
R1 > 0
R2 < 0
f>0
R1 < 0
R2 > 0
f<0
xout = A xin
14
0 1 d o
B d o di d o di / f
1 d i 1
O
1/ f 1 0 1
0
1
d o di 1/ d o 1/ di 1/ f
do
0 if
1 d i 1
1/ f 1 d / f
1 1 1
0
1
d o di f
1 di / f d o di d o di / f
1/
f
1
d
/
f
o
16
Imaging Magnification
1 1 1
d o di f
is satisfied, then:
1 di / f
O
1/ f
1 do / f
1 1
A 1 di / f 1 di
d o di
di
M
do
0
1/ M
1 1
D 1 do / f 1 do
d o di
do
1/ M
di
So:
M
O
1/ f
17
Consecutive lenses
Suppose we have two lenses
right next to each other (with
no space in between).
1
Otot =
-1/f 2
f1
0 1
0
1
1 -1/f1 1
-1/f1 1/ f 2
f2
0
1
0 1 f xin
xout 1 f 1
q 0 1 1/ f 1 0 1 q
in
out
f xin
1 f 1
1/ f 1 q
0
1
in
f xin f q in
0
x
/
f
1/
f
0
in in
So
xout qin
q out xin
19
When using cylindrical lenses, we must perform two separate raymatrix analyses, one for each transverse direction.
This compares with a Quadrupole lens in charged-particle optics.
20
i
qz R( z ) wz 2
After finding the optical ABCD matrix as before, the complex radius
of curvature is transformed in the following way
q' z
Aq z B
Cqz D
q1 qin qs
qs xin / R
R
qout
qs
qin
qout q1 q s (qin q s ) q s
qin 2 xin / R
q1
q1
xin = xout
z
0
1
Omirror =
2
/
R
1
Like a lens, a curved mirror will focus a beam. Its focal length is R/2.
Note that a flat mirror has R = and hence an identity ray matrix.
24
Unstable Resonators
An unstable cavity (or unstable resonator) can work if you do it
properly!
In fact, it produces a large diameter beam, useful for high-power
lasers, which must have large beams.
The mirror curvatures
determine the beam size,
which, for a stable resonator,
is small (100 mm to 1 mm).
C D 2 / R 1 0 1 2 / R 1 0 1
1 2 L / R2
2 L 2 L2 / R2
2
4 L / R1 R2 2 / R1 2 / R2 1 2 L / R2 4 L / R1 4 L / R1R2
stable
unstable
After N round trips, the output ray is related to the initial ray by:
N
xout A B xin
q C D q
in
out
2 L 2 L 2 L2
cos 1
R1 R2 R1R2
A B
1
C D
sin
B sin( N )
A sin( N ) sin[( N 1) ]
C sin( N )
D sin( N ) sin[( N 1) ]
xout
1
[( A sin N sin( N 1) ) xin ( B sin N )qin ]
sin
Note that the output ray position xout remains finite when N goes to infinity, as long as is
a real number.
If becomes complex, then sin N
1 iN
(e eiN )
2i
g1 (1
L
)
R1
g 2 (1
0 g1 g2 1
L
)
R2
Analysis of Gaussian laser beams gives the same result for stable cavity modes!
hemisph
Aberrations
Aberrations are distortions that occur in images, usually due to
imperfections in lenses - some unavoidable, some avoidable.
They include:
Chromatic aberration
Spherical aberration
Astigmatism
Coma
Curvature of field
Pincushion and Barrel distortion
Chromatic Aberration
Because the lens material has a different refractive index for each
wavelength, the lens will have a different focal length for each wavelength.
Recall the lens-makers formula:
1/ f ( ) (n( ) 1)(1/ R1 1/ R2 )
Here, the refractive index is larger for
blue than red, so the focal length is less
for blue than red.
Achromats use
two different
materials, and
one has a
negative focal
length.
32
Spherical surface
Paraboloidal surface
34
Minimising spherical
aberration in a focus
R2 R1
q
R2 R1
R1 = Front surface
radius of curvature
R2 = Back surface
radius of curvature
plano-convex lenses (with their flat surface facing the focus) are best
for minimising spherical aberration when focusing.
One-to-one imaging works best with a symmetrical lens (q = 0).
35
Spherical
aberration can
also be minimised
using additional
lenses
(general point here is
that aberrations may be
minimised by utilising
symmetry.
Also true in CP optics)
36
Astigmatism
Can model
astigmatism
by separate x
and y analyses.
37
38
Lorentz Force
q = electric charge
B = magnetic induction
E = electric field
v = velocity
39
sextupole magnet
40
M2 versus Emittance
M2 - deviation of real laser beam envelope from ideal TEM00
Gaussian envelope
- fundamental beam divergence a consequence of diffraction
of finite aperture beam
41
z
1 M 2
w02
M 2
q
w0
42
CP Beam Emittance,
defined as 2D phase
Liouvilles Theorem:
accelerators.
N.B. Even when LT holds, non-linear forces can give rise to an increase
in the effective phase space area occupied by the beam, termed
filamentation.
45
Basic calculations (to 3rd order) can be carried out by matrix techniques quite
similar to ABCD
R12
R22
R13
R23
R14
R24
R15
R25
R32
R33
R34
R44
R35
R45
R55
etc
R16
R26
R36
R46
R56
R66
x0
q
0
y0
0
0
R12
R22
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
R52
0
R33
R43
0
0
R34
R44
0
0
0
0
1
0
R16
R26
0
0
R56
x0
q
0
y0
0
0
assuming here (as is normal) that all bends are in horizontal plane.
47
Transport of a ray though a system of beam line elements is as before for L optics:
Curvilinear TRANSPORT
Coordinate System
49
R16 = 0 achromatic
and
R26 = 0 angle-achromatic
examples
follow
51
SINGLET
optics of a quadrupole
singlet & doublet
DOUBLET
VERTICAL
HORIZONTAL
52
FD and DF planes of a
stigmatic quadrupole doublet
point-to-point
quadrupole sextet
53
focusing with a
quadrupole triplet
55
Examples of systems,
and comparison with L optics
56
R16 = R26 = 0
57
Isochronous Systems
There is no point in generating an ultrashort electron (or CP) bunch if we cannot
deliver this bunch unaltered to a target! Systems required need to be isochronous
to at least 2nd order in the particle co-ordinates.
Extreme example of
isochronous system TOF mass spectrometer
(Wollnik, 1987)
59
Non-isochronous systems
Comparison: electron bunch compressors with laser pulse compressors/expanders
Problem: Coherent X-ray sources (single-pass FELs), linear colliders and laser
plasma wakefield accelerators all require high peak currents/very short electron
bunches, so we need bunch compression techniques.
60
chicane
R56 0 T566 0
S-chicane
R56 0 T566 0
FODO arc
R56 0 T566 0
Dog-leg
R56 0 T566 0
61
prisms
Newport Corporation
62
gratings
63
Swamp Optics
64
4-f spectral filter used to carve out narrow-band pulse (Dundee-Daresbury group)
65
BIG KARL
Spectrometer
(Jlich, KFZ)
67
68
Useful References
Accelerators:
Accelerator Physics, S.Y. Lee, World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, 1999
Charged-particle optics:
Optics of Charged Particles, Hermann Wollnik, Academic Press, 1987
The Optics of Charged Particle Beams, David. C Carey, Harwood Academic Publishers,
New York, 1987
High Energy Beam Optics, Klaus G Steffen, Wiley Interscience, 1964
TRANSPORT, A Computer Program for Designing Charged Particle Beam Transport Systems,
K.L. Brown, D.C. Carey, Ch. Iselin, F. Rothacker, Report CERN 80-04, Geneva, 1980.
69
P. Blanger, "Beam propagation and the ABCD ray matrices," Opt. Lett. 16,
196-198 (1991).
70
END
71
Focus
2. Lens 2
3.
Lens 3
72
Hexapole
Octopole
73