SHE

SPE6716
A FIELDCASESTUDYOF DIFFERENTIAL-PRESSURE
PIPESTICK
ING
by Neal Adams,MemberSPE-AIME,Prenticeand RecordsEnterprises,Inc.

g Copyright 1977. American Irrsbtute of Mmmg. Metallurgical. and Petroleum Engineers. Inc
Thw paper was presented at the 52rrd Annual Fall Techmcal Conference and Exh,brllon of the Sociely 01 Petroleum Engineers of AIME. held m Denver. Colorado. flct 9.12, 1977 The material la subjecl 10
correchon by the aulhor Permlasion to copy la reslncfed 10 an abstracf 01 nol more than 300 words Wrde 6200 N Central Expy. Dallas. Texas 75206.

the volumesof fluid spottedvs successratiosfor

these applications
in an effortto determineminimum
spottingfluidvolumesthat can be used to achieve
Differential-pressure
pipe stickinghas menaced
the drillingindustrysincethe industry?sinception. maximumsuccessratiosfor fieldusage.
A numberof theoreticalstudiesl~2and laboratory
2. Wellboreand drillstringcharacteristics
anelyses3-7have been made in an effortto defineand
were studied. An effortwas made to definedrilling
remedythe problem. Hoxever,as yet, very little
intervalsmost conduciveto ctickingand the sections
work has been done in the analysesof differentialof the drillstringinvolvedin the stickingprocess.
pressurepipe stickingfield cases.
Casingconfigurations
and wellborediameterswere
gatheredto observerelatablepipe sticking
It was the generalobjectiveof this studyto
tendenciesor anomalies,
observeand defineany relatablepipe stickingfield
case characteristics.Whenpossible,an attemptwas
3. The drillingfluidsinvolvedin each of the
.,made
to draw conclusionsfrom these cbserved
field cases studiedwere used to determinethe fluid
characteristics
as to the best practicalapproaches
type most conduciveto sticking.
in order to avoidor minimizethesepossibleproblem
situationsin the future.
h. Also, a specificobjectiveof the studywas
INTROLIJCTTON
to definethe amountsof differential
pressureneeded
to initiatepipe stickingunder field conditions.An
Differential-pressure
pipe stickingoccurswhen
effortwas made to determineif the pressure
~fferentialwas due to eitherexcessivedrilling
the drillstringbecomesembeddedin a mud solids
fluiddensities,formationspressureprogressions
filtercake,usuallyacrossa permeablezone, and is
held in place by an amountof differentialpressure. that exposedupper zones to high fluid densities,or
as a resultof formationpressureregressionswhile
Differentialpressureis the differencebetweenthe
drillingfluidhydrostaticpressureand the formation maintaininga constantfluiddensity.
fluidpressure. This type of pipe stickingusually
CASE STUDYMETIHOL13L(XY
occursafterthe pipe remainsmotionlessin the
wellborefor a periodof time and is identifiedby no ,
This studywas approachedfrom several different
impedanceof drillingfluidflow in the annularspace
and the inabilityto move the pipe in eithervertical areas,the firstof which was the gatheringand
analyzingof spottingfluiddata. A spottingfluid
direction.
is any vubstencetoil or waterbase, that is
The principalmethodsused for releasingstuck
positionedin the wellboreto achievea specific
pipe are costlyand unsuccessfulin a large
purpose. In this study,only oil-basefluidsthat
are used to attackthe ~ipe-to-filter
cake sealing
percentageof the cases. Thesepipe releasing
mechanismswere analyzedsincewater-basefluidsused
techniquesrange from a chemicalapproachsuch as
for this purposehave not yet gainedindustry-wide
spottingfbidss to mechanicalmethodsincluding
acceptance.Some of the data gatheredincludedthe
impactloadingend hydrostaticreduction.q~loPipe
releaseeffortsare often appliedindiscriminately
volumeand densitys~tted, the successof the
snd withoutforethought.
effort,and the type of fluid (oil-or water-base)
that was displacedby the spottingfluid.
OBJECTIVES
A secondapproachfor this studywas throughthe
analysisof a modifiedsoniclogllthat is used to
1. An analysisof spottingfluid applications
detectfree and etuckintervalsof the drillstring.
~
Referencesand illustrations
at end of paper.
ABSTRACT

AFIELD CASE STUDY OF DIFFERENTIAL-PRESSUREPIPE STICKING

Since the log is used primarilyto detectthose

portionsof the drillstringthat can be easily
recoveredprior to remedialwashoveroperations~it
log. These
?Iasbeen termeda drillpiperecovery
loge were used to studythe depthof sticking,the
sectionsof the drillstringthat were involvedin
the stickingprocess,casingdepths,and when
possible,the drillingfluidtypes that here involved
in the stickingoccurrences.

SPE 6716

intervaleand not at the deepestexposedformations.

A lower numberof cases occurredin the 13.0through15.O-lb-gal
renge. If it is assumedthat
intermediatedepthcasingis set into the top of the
abnormallypressuredzones,then a drillingfluid
of 13.0 to 15t0lb/galwould not exertlarge amounts
of differentialpressureon these zones. Consequently
the numberof stuckpipe occurrencesshouldbe low in
this range.

In al effortto etudyfurthereach of the two

abovementionedsources(spottingfluid and log
is
A secondpeek of stuckpipe occurrences
data),availableelectriclogs were gatheredand
observedin the fluiddeneityran e from 16.o to 17.0
studied. When possible,formationpressureswere
lb/gal. These drilling(spotting
7 fluiddensities
calculatedfrom the logs using conventional
requiredto drill the high-preseured
formations
proce&wes.12?13 (All casesinvolvedhydrocarbonencounteredat increasingdepthsmay exert enough
besriagzones ae the stickingintervalwere deleted
differentialpressureat the intermediatecasing
sinceconventionalformationpressurecalculation
seat to initiatedifferentialsticking. Also, in
procedurespresentl cannotaccountfcr hydrocarbon
drillingto thesedepths,a formationpressure
pressuredepletionT From thie information,the
regressionmay be encountered. This regressionwould
amountof differential
preseureinvolvedin the
effectlarge amountsof differentialpressureat the
ettckingwas calculated,and the formationpressure -hole bottom due to the necessityof maintaininghigh
systemwae identified.Also gatheredin this
drillingfluid densitiesin order to controlupper
portionof the studywas the type of fluid involved
e~osed higherpressuredzones.
in the skickingprocessand the depth at which the
etickingoccurred.
The last minimumrange of stuckpipe caeeefrom
Fig. 1 was noted in the 18.O-lb/galcase. This
SFOTTINGFLUID DATA
was attributedto more tubularsbeing used to protect
the lowerpressuredzones. Also, sincefew wells
A studyof 310 separatespottingfluid applica- approachformationpressuresend resultingdrilling
tionswas made and the data analyzed. The data
fluid densitiesof this magnitude,it wouldbe
wae obtainedfrom the L@siana Gulf Coaet area for
logical.
that fewer casesof stuckpipe wouldbe
the years 1974 and 1975.
recorded.
After the data wae obtained,the spottingfluid
densitieswere correlated.Since it ie a common
fieldpracticeto use a spottingfluid that is of a
densityequivalentto the drillingfluid in use,
then the recordeddensitywae equatedto be the
drillingfluiddensity. It shouldbe noted that this
assumptionis probablyin errorin certdn cases;
however,it is felt that the deviationwould be
em.alland negligibleon a statisticalbasis.
The spottingfluid densitiesvs the numberof
caeesfor each densityrsnge are presentedin Fig.
1. The case~of stuckpipe reacheea maximumin
the fluidder..ity
rangesfrom 9.0 to 13.0 lb/galend
from 16.oto 17.0lb/gal. A reducednumberof cases
was observedin the rsnge from 13.0 through15.0
lb/galand againin densitieeof 18.0 lb/gal,or
greater. Each of thesefour rangesoccurefor
varyingreasonsand shouldbe studiedon en indiviiual basis in an effortto predictpossiblefutvre
problemsituations.
when the spottingfluid
Stuck pipe occurring
density,i.e., the drillin fluid density,is in che
range from 9.0 to 13.0lbfgal is a resultof the
typicalformationpressuresystemfound in the South
Louisianaarea. As drillingdepth increases,abnormalformationpressuresare often encounteredat
some point. As these formationsare drilled,the
drillingfluid that ie circulatedmust exert a
greaterpressurethan the formationpressurein order
Howto preventkicks and maintainhole integrity.
ever, the higherdrillingdensityrequiredto drill
to thesedepthswill exerta large differential
preseureinto the formationat the shallower3.ntervsls,which increasesthe differential-pressure
stickingtendencies.In this case, the greatest
possibilityof pipe etickingoccursat these shallow

Volumeof Fluid Spotted

In studyingthe volumesof fluid spotted,the
data was separatedinto densityrangesand into
successfuland unsuccessfulepottingefforts. This
data is presentedLnFig. 2. When statistically
surveyingthe data, all volumesover 1,000bbl were
excludedsince they were assumedto be a complete
systemdisplacement,
and not a spottingeffort.
The firstimmetiateobservationis that in the
densityrangesfrom 9.0 to 12.0 lb/gal,a large
volumeof fluidwae used to effecta pipe release
more effectivelythan a smallervolumeof fluid.
Also, when spottingfluidswere in the rangeof 14.0
to 15.0 lb/gal,the reversewas true in that larger
volumeedid not cause a pipe releasemore readilytha
smallervolumes. This incongruityis not readily
understendable
sinceit would seem that larger volume
of fluidwould envelopemore verticalannularepace
and increasethe successof releaee,as was noted in
the lower densityranges. In the rangesof 16.Oto
1S.0 lb/gal,approfiatelythe same averagevolume
wae noted in successfulattempt&as was in the unsuccessfulattempts.
For fieldusage,perhapsa minimumvolumemay
be developedfrom this data. Since it was observed
in six of the 10 densityrangesthat a volumeof
approximately125 bbl was more effectivein securing
a pipe releasethanwas a lesservolume;thus, this
value of 125 bbl ma; be used ae a minimumfieldvalue
that statistically
till achievethe highestdegree
of success. However,it is importantto understand
that this is only a minimum,and that largervolumes
of spottingfluidsshouldimprovethe pipe release
effectiveness
of the fluid.

SPII
-------6716

NEAL
ADAMS
......-.
..-

Time Rewired io EffectA Fi~eRelease

The known time for pip: zzlz~sewas separated
into densityranges,averagedpand presentedin Fig.
3. Althoughspecificdata pointswere recordedin
excessof 12.0hours,the averagedata times never
exceededthis value. In fact, sixof the 10 recordedaveragesare in the 7.0- to 9.O-hourran e.
This may be interpretedto mean that more than %.0
hourswill generallybe requiredae a minimumto
effecta releaseafter the fluidhas been spotted.
DrillingFluid ties
In the drillingfluidssystemsdisplacedby the
spottingfluid,it was observedthat 309 of the 310
displacedfluids\iereof the water-basetype and
only 1 of the oil-basetype. Thus in the cases
studied,stuckpipe occurred99.63percentof the
time in water-basefluidsand 0.32 percentin oilbase fluids. It shouldbe noted,though,that no
data was availableon the numberof oil-basefluids
used as drillingfluidscomparedwith the total
mmber of wells drilled. Therefore,the values
obtainedin this studycannotbe put in a proper
perspective.
SpottingFluid Success
Of the 310 cases s+..?ied,
only 44 percentwere
apparent
known to be successful.lhere
are several
reason:;
for this. First,as notedby Helmickand
Longle7,completespottingfluiddisplacementof the
drillingfluidwas difficultas a resultof fluid
chanmling. This effectivelynegatedthe releasing
actionof the spottingfluid. Also, other data
observedin this studyindicatesthat perhapsan
insufficientvolumeof fluidwae originallyspotted
tc co~n?rall of the stuckregions.
DRILLPI.FZRWOVERYLCG DATA
Of the 70 drillpiperecoverylogs originally
evaluatedin this study,only 32 were selectedfor
analysis. This was done in an effortto obtain
completeand concisesets of data with respectto
hole diameters,fluid densities,and the sectionof
the drillstringinvolvedin the stickingzones. The
data obtainedon the hole dismetere,and fluid
densitiesinvclvedwere tabulatedand are presented
in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively.Fig. 5 corresponds
well to the fluid densitydata previouslyobtained
and preeentedin Fig. 1. The wellborediemetere
presentedin Fig..4wil.1.be discuesedlater in conjunctionwith other data presentedfrom an analysis
of the electriclog data.
Drillstrim Intervals
A studyof the drillstringsectionsinvolvedin
the stickingintervalyieldedinterestingresults.
of the 32 cases studied,18 exkibltedstuak sections
exclusivelyin the drillpipe,four in the drill
collars,end 10 in both the drillpipeand collars.
Thesedata conflictWith previouslypublished
materialthat contendedthat greatersticld.ng
tendenciesoccurredat the collars,due to the
greateravailablecontactarea.
This observationcan be supportedby a study
of annularfluidflow end filtrationbehavior. Due
to the smellannularclearanceat the collarregion,

the drillingfluidmay exhibitturbulentcharacteristicsend tend ta minimizefilter-cakebuildup~a

pipe sticking.
necessityin differential-pressure
As opposedto this, fluid flow in the upper zones
aroundthe drillpipewould usuallybe in the lsminer
regime,and possiblyexhibitchannelingcharacteristics. This would developa large filterceke with
higherfiltrationrates and, thus!would increase
the pipe stickingtendencies.
The drillingfluid densityvs formationpressure
systemsdiscussedin the spottingfluid analysisalso
supportsthis observation.Due to largeramountsof
differentialpressuregenerallyexertedon upper
exposedzones, the greatertendencyfor stickingthen
would be at depthsother than thoseimmediately
adjacentto the bit and collars. This differentielpressurerelat5.onship
can be seen in Fig. 6. Note
that the formationpressureregressionis the only
systemin which the highestvaluesof pressure
differentialare seen at the hole bottom. (The
valuesassignedto Fig. 6 are for illustrative
purposes.)
ELIKITRIC
LCG DATA
The field casesof stuckpipe obtainedfrom the
spottingfluid end drillpiperecoverylog studies
were combinedand analyzed. Availableelectriclogs
were obtainedon these cases. Only the casesof
stuckpipe that couldyield concisedata were studied
further.
WellboreDiameters
A studyof the wellborediameterswas made and
is presentedin Fig. 7. Severalmajor idlection
@nts are noted,but only one is of some consequence.
The stuckpipeoccurrences
in hole diametersfrom 8.5
to 10.0in. and from 12.0 to 13.0 in. were expected
since a largepercentageof the wells drilledin
the case studyarea were drilledwith 8.5-, %87-*
and 12.25-in.diameterbits. However,the numberof
casesoccurringin the 6.o- to 6.5-in.range was
outstandingsincealthoughthis bit size is not
uncommon,it is used to a smallerdegreethan the
otherbit eizes. It was ccncludedfrom this observatim that the increasedcontactarea in the smaller
diameter
holes led to a higher frequencyof stuck
compares
pipe cases. Fig. &presented earlier
favorablywith the data presentedh Fig. 7.
Depth of Sticking
The depthsat which the pipe became stuckwere
tabulatedand are presentedin Fig. 8. The depths
from 8,000to 15~000ft exhibitedthe highest
stickingtendency. This was concludedt: be a result
of abnormalformationpressureentryin these dapth
ranges,
as well as the statisticalfact that a
majorityof the wells drilledin the geographicalcase
study area are drilledwithinthese depthranges.
Amountsof DifferentialPreesure
A differential-pressure
correlationwas made
beiweenthe celctilated
hydrostaticpressuresand logderivedformationpressures. This correlationwas
plottedvs depthin Fig. 9. .Aswas observedin the
study,the differential
pressureinvolvedin the
stickingincreasedwith depth. In shallowdepths,
smallamountsof differential
pressurewere present;

AFIELD

CASE STUDY OF DIFFERENTIAL-PRESSUREPIPE STICKING

SPE 6716

whereas,largeramountswere observedat deeper

depths.

involvedin the pipe sticking. Tt would followthat

if a mud solidscake is built on the inner casing
wall, then pipe stickingcouldoccur as a resultof
CasingDepths
frictiononly, with no availabledifferential
pressure present. (Thismud solidsbuilduplong has been
Casing-depthdata were observed. In the 40 case observedby field personneland has led ta the
histories,42.5 percentof the wells had only surface developmentof casin scrapingtools designedto
remove these solids.
casing,while 57.5percenthad intermediatedepth
7
casing,or deeper. The averagedifferential
pressure
for the surfacecad.ngcaseswas 1,240psi, while the
Furthermore,as pointedout by Wilson and Bush
wellswith the longerstringsof casinghad an
tn earlierworks,13sincethe earthradiatesheat,
averageof 3,287pei.
then formationwith a high water contentwould act as
heat insulators,while formationswith a low water
DrillingFluid llnes
contentwould exhibitlowerheat-insulation.
characteristics. Therefore,sinceporous send zoneswith a
As previouslymentioned,the averagedif$eren- high water contentwould dissipatedrillingfluidheat
tial pressureinvolvedin the stickingcasesbelow
less readilythan nonporousshalezones,then perhaps
a deep casingstringwas 3,287 psi. This value
a largervolumeof solidmud particleswould be
was obtainedfor all the drillingfluid systemsin
depositedin the casingoppositethe warmer porous
the study. A totalof 37 of the 40 cases etudied
zones. It would followthat if a largersolids
or dispersedsystems,while the
had lignosulfonate
depositwould occur oppositeporouszones,then the
remainingthree caseshas lime-baseor inhibited
stickingwould be more likelyto occur oppositethese
systems. It wae interestingto note that of the
zones.
threewellswith a lime system,en averagedifferential pressureof 4,101psi was observed?which was
.CONCLUSIONS
814psi more than the combinedeverage for the depth
range.
Perhapsthis cenbe interpretedto mean that
1. In general,spottingfluid successis
lime-basespstemstend to resietpipe stickingmore
relatedto the volumeof fluidused to effecta pipe
than lignosulfonate
systems. It shouldbe noted,
release. Data generatedin this studyperhapsmay be
though,that a sufficientnumberof field caseswas
used to formulatefieldusage guidelineswith respect
not availableto confirmthis observation.
to fluidvolumes.
FORMATIONP
RESSURESYSTEMS
The formationpressuresystemswere observedto
definethe areasof higheststickingtendencies.A
totalof 55 percentof the cases studiedwere stuck
in upper exposedzoneswhen the drillingfluid
densityhad been increasedin order to controllowerzone formationpressures. Normalformationpressures
were observedin 42.5 percentof all cases. A total
of 22.5 percentof the stuckpipe situations
occurredas a resultof formationpressureregreseions,while maintaininga constantfluiddensityto
controlupper-zoneformationpressures.
SPIIXMLANOMALIES
An interestingobservationwas made when croesreferencingdrillpiperecoverylog and electriclog
data. An anomalywas notedon one well.in which it
appearedthat the drillpipebecame stuckinsideof
the casing. However,upon a furtherinvestigation,
a totial
of four such occurrenceswere noted,with
three casesbeing observedin intermediatecasing
stringsand one in surfacecasing. It was also
observedthat the stickingprimarilywas oppoeite
porous aend zonesthat were outsideof the casing
string, (Thisphenomenonsincehas been recordedby
severalgroupsof fieldpersonnel.) Fig. 10 is an
exempleof one of thesecases. Note in this example
that the stuckintervalwas in a casedhole as indicatedby the casingrecordfrom the drillpipe
recovery
log. Also,,the intervalwas oppositea
permeable,porouezone as shownby the electric-log
lithologyindicator,which was run prior h the casing
eetting.
The authorwishesto proposea theoryto ex#ain
this observation.Helmickand Longleyobservedin
their experimentsthat frictionalonewas the cause
A5 percentof the restrictiveforce
Of approximately

2. Frequencyof spottingfluid applications

within specificdensityranges may be used to infer
drillingsituationsthat have high pipe sticking
tendencies.
3. After a fluid has been spottedwithinthe
borehole,time is necessaryto effecta release
cf the stuck drillstring.Data presentedwithin
have been used to attemptto qusntifythis variable.
4. Drillpiperecoverylog data indicatethat
the drillpipeas well as the drill collarsexhibits
high stickingpotentials. Definitivemeasuresshould
be taken to identifythe stuckintervalin actual
field cases.
5. In general,the amountof differential
pressurenecessaryto initiatestickingincreases
with depth. Actual field case derivedvaluesare
presentedfor several.
depths.
6. This studyindicatesthat lime (inhibited)
drillingfluidsmay have a greatertendencythan
lignosuLfonate-base
fluidsto resistthe initiation
of pipe sticking.
7. Formationpressuresystemsinvolvedin the
stickingwere identifiedueing log-derivedformation
preseurecalculationtechniques

ACKNOWLEXMtENTS
I would like to thankOil Base, Inc.,
McCullough,and CsmbreLog Libraryfor their aid in
this study. I would also like to thankCrystal
Adams for typingand proofreadingthe manuscti-pt.

REFERENCES
1. Helmick,W. E. and Longley,A. J.: Presauxe-

NEAL ADAMS

SPE 6716

2.

3.
4,

5.
6.

7.

Differential
Stickingof Drill Pipe, Oil and
Gas J. (June17, 1957) 132-136.
Outmens,H. D.: llMech~cs of Differential
8.
PreseureStickingof DrillCollsrs,~l
paper
presentedat AIME SouthernCaliforniaPetroleum
SectionMeeting,Las Angeles,Oct. 17-18,1957.
9.
Tschirlev.N. K. and Tanner.K. D.: Wetting
Agent Re&cesStuck Pipe,Oil end GasJ. (S~pt. 10.
17. 1958) 165-168.
Ttil&,w; R.-J.: ~lLubricating
Propertiesof
11.
DrillingFluids,l.Proc.,
Sixth World Petroleum
12.
Cong. (1963)SectIon2.
Park,A. end Lummus,J, L.: Wew Surfactant
MixtureEases Differential
Sticking,Stabilizes
Hole,!?
Oil and Gas J. (Nov.26, 1962)62-66.
13.
Annis,M. L. and Monaghan,P..H.: DifferentialtieseureSticking-Laboratiry
Studieeof Friction
BetweenSteel and Mud FilterCake,J. Pet. Tech,
14.
(May 1962)537-543.
Lubricity:
Mondshine~T. C.: f!~lhg+ud

--

-r-

Guide to ReducedTorquead Drag,Oil andGa~

~. (Dec.7, 1970)70-77.
Outmans,H. D.: nspotFl~d QtiCklYto Free
Differentially
Stuck l%ipe,~l
Oil and-GasJ.
(J~Y 16. 197L)65-68.
~oods,fiomas~R.: lI-Tube
MethodFrees Stuck
Pipe,
Oil snd GasJ. (March31, 1975)99-1o6.
S~td.n, B. J.: ~~~llstem TesterFrees Stuck
Pipe,Pet. EnR. (Oct.1960)32-36.
McCulloughPipe RecoveryLog Bull. No. 902.
Matthews,W. R. end Kelly,J.: ~?Howto
PredictFormationPressureand Fraction
G&&t,
Oil and Gas J. (Feb.20, 1967)
lf&fjiHottm&, C. E. and Johnson,R. K.:
mati.on
of FormationPressuresfrom Log-Derived
Shaleproperties,t~
J. Pet. Tech. (June1965)
717.
Uilson,
G. J. and Bush, R. E.: ?!Pressure
PredictionWith FlowlineTemperate
Gradients,t
J. Pet. Tsch. (Feb. 1973) 135-142.

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