PE Review - Structural PDF

The Civil Engineer School at AFIT
The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.
PE EXAM REVIEW:
STRUCTURAL MORNING
TOPICS
Thomas M. Synovec
Capt, USAF
AFIT/ENV/GEM
9 September 2013
Vital - Relevant - Connected
Overview
Introduction
Topics
Loadings
Determinate Analysis
Mechanics of Materials
Materials
Member Design
Takeaways
Structural PM Exam
Introduction
Structural Accounts for 20% of the Morning Exam

Approximately 8 Questions
5 Sub-Topics
Loadings
Analysis
Structural Materials
Member Design
Format
Fundamentals Driven Lecture
Discussion of Individual Sub-Topics Followed by Representative
Exam-Style Questions
Loadings
Loadings
Loads: Forces or other actions that result from the weight of all
building materials, occupants and their possessions, environmental
effects, differential movement, and restrained dimensional changes
Types of Loads
Dead (D)
Live (L)
Construction (Lc)
Wind (W)
Seismic (E)
Rain (R)
Snow (S)
Fluids (F)
Lateral Earth Pressure (H)
Dead Loads
Dead Loads: Consists of the weight of all materials of construction

incorporated into the building including, but not limited to, walls, floors,
roofs, ceilings, stairways, built-in partitions, finishes, cladding, and other
similarly incorporated architectural and structural items and fixed service
equipment including the weight of cranes (ASCE 07-05)
Live Loads
Live Loads: A load produced by the use and occupancy of the building or
other structure that does not include construction or environmental loads,
such as wind, snow, rain, earthquake, flood, or dead loads (ASCE 07-05)
Construction (Live) Loads

Construction Loads: Typically live loads that occur as a direct result of

construction activities
Translating Loads
PD = 5 kips
wL = 3 kips/ft
wD = 2 kips/ft
5 ft
25 ft
Load Combinations
Two Design Methods with Different Load Combinations

Load and Resistance Factored Design (LRFD)
aka: Strength Design
Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

aka: Working Stress Design
For Either Design Method, use the Controlling Load

Combination for Analysis/Design
Service Loads or Serviceability Limit States use
Unfactored Loads
LRFD Load Combinations

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
1.4(D + F)
1.2(D + F + T) + 1.6(L + H) + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2D + 1.6(Lr or S or R) + ((0.5 or 1.0)*L or 0.8W)
1.2D + 1.6W + (0.5 or 1.0)*L + 0.5(Lr or S or R)
1.2D + 1.0E + (0.5 or 1.0)*L + 0.2S
0.9D + 1.6W + 1.6H
0.9D + 1.0E + 1.6H
Largest Load Controls Design/Analysis
ASD Load Combinations

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
D+F
D+H+F+L+T
D + H + F + (Lr or S or R)
D + H + F + 0.75(L + T) + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
D + H + F + (W or 0.7E)
D + H + F + 0.75(W or 0.7E) + 0.75L + 0.75(Lr or S or R)
0.6D + W + H
0.6D + 0.7E + H
Largest Load Controls Design/Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Determinate Analysis in the AM

Indeterminate Analysis on Civil-Structural (PM)
Statics Requires Equilibrium Conditions are Met

Fx = 0
Fy = 0
M = 0 (About an axis of interest)
Topics Covered in this Section
Connections
Determinacy
Determinate Analysis (Summing Forces)
Superposition using Beam Formulas
Frames
Trusses
Connections
Connections
Connections
Determinacy
Xa
Ra
r > 3n (Indeterminate)
r = 3n (Determinate)
r < 3n (Unstable)
Rb
Determinacy
3 = 3(1)
Stable
4 = 3(1)
Indeterminate
2 = 3(1)
Unstable
Determinacy
3 = 3(1)
Unstable
PD = 5 kips
wL = 3 kips/ft
wD = 2 kips/ft
5 ft
25 ft
PD = (1.2)(5 kips) = 6 kips
w = (1.2)(2 kips/ft) + (1.6)(3 kips/ft) = 7.2 kips/ft
5 ft
25 ft
P = 6 kips
w = 7.2 kips/ft
Xa
5 ft
25 ft
Ra
Rb
Fx = Xa = 0
Ma = (Rb)(25) (6k)(5) (7.2k/ft)(25)(12.5) = 0
Rb = 2280k / 25 = 91.2 k
Fy = Ra + 91.2k 6k (7.2k/ft)(25) = 0
Ra = 94.8 k
P = 6 kips
w = 7.2 kips/ft
5 ft
10 ft
10 ft
P = 6 kips
Ma
w = 7.2 kips/ft
Xa
5 ft
10 ft
Ra
10 ft
P = 6 kips
Ma
w = 7.2 kips/ft
Xa
5 ft
10 ft
10 ft
Ra
Fx = Xa = 0
Fy = Ra - 6k (7.2k/ft)(10) = 0
Ra = 78.0 k
Ma = Ma (6k)(5) (7.2k/ft)(10) (15) = 0
Ma = 1110.0 ft-k
Superposition
Superposition
Superposition
Superposition
Relooking at the Previous Simply Support Example

P = 6 kips
w = 7.2 kips/ft
Xa
5 ft
25 ft
Ra
Rb
Ra = (.5) (7.2k/ft)(25) + (6 k)(25 5)/(25) = 94.8 k

Rb = (.5) (7.2k/ft)(25) + (6 k)(5)/(25) = 91.2 k
Frames
Frames
Internal Hinge
Fixed Connection
Frames
w = 5 kips/ft
w = 5 kips/ft
Frames
w = 5 kips/ft
w = 5 kips/ft
Xa
Xa
20 ft
Ra
20 ft
Ra
Rb
Rb
15 ft
15 ft
5 ft
5 ft
Fx = Xa = 0
Fx = Xa = 0
Ma = (Rb)(15) (5k/ft)(20) (10) = 0

Rb = 66.7 k
Ma = (Rb)(15) (5k/ft)(5) (17.5) = 0

Rb = 29.2 k
Fy = Ra + Rb (5k/ft)(20) = 0
Ra = -(66.7 k) + (100 k)
Ra = 33.3 k
Fy = Ra + Rb (5k/ft)(5) = 0
Ra = -(29.2 k) + (25 k)
Ra = -4.2 k
Trusses
Truss Assumptions
Members are pin connected
Loads placed at nodes only
Axial loading
Two Methods for

Analyzing Trusses
Method of Joints
Method of Sections
Identify Zero Force Members
Trusses
10 kip
H
10 kip
I
10 kip
K
8 ft
A
G
B
6 @ 6 ft = 36 ft
Find: Force in CJ
Problem Solving Steps
Solve External Reactions
Use Method of Joints/Sections
Trusses
10 kip
H
10 kip
I
10 kip
K
8 ft
XA
G
B
6 @ 6 ft = 36 ft
RA
RG
Fx = Xa = 0
MA = (RG)(36) (10 k)(6) (10 k)(18) (10 k)(30) = 0
RG = 15 k
Fy = RA + RG (three)(10 k) = 0
RA = (30k) (15 k)
RA = 15 k
10 ft
8 ft
6 ft
Method of Joints
Node A
AH
AB
RA = 15 k
Fy = RA + AH(8/10) = 0
(0.8)AH = -15 k
AH = -18.75 k = 18.75 k (C)
Fx = AB AH(6/10) = 0
AB = (0.6)(18.75k)
AB = 11.25 k (T)
Method of Joints
Node H
10 k
HI
H
HA
HB
Fy = -10k HB + AH(8/10) = 0
HB = 15k 10k
HB = 5 k (T)
Fx = HI + AH(6/10) = 0
HI = (0.6)(18.75k)
HI = 11.25 k (C)
Method of Joints
Node B
BH
BI
B
BA
BC
Fy = BH + BI(8/10) = 0
(0.8)BI = -5k
BI = 6.25 k (C)
Fx = BC - BI(6/10) BA = 0
BC = 11.25k + (0.6)(6.25k)
BC = 15 k (T)
Method of Joints
Node I
IH
IJ
IB
IC
Fy = IB(8/10) IC = 0
IC = (6.25k)(0.8)
IC = 5 k (T)
Fx = IH + IB(6/10) + IJ = 0
IJ = -11.25k - (0.6)(5k)
IJ = 15k (C)
Method of Joints
Node C
CI
CJ
C
CB
CD
Fy = CJ(8/10) + CI = 0
(0.8)CJ = -5k
CJ = 6.25 k (C)
Fx = -CB CJ(6/10) + CD = 0
CD = -15k (0.6)(6.25k)
CD = 18.75 k (T)
CJ = 6.25 k (C)
Method of Sections
10 kip
H
10 kip
I
10 kip
K
8 ft
XA
G
B
6 @ 6 ft = 36 ft
RA
RG
Rules for Making Cuts using Method of Sections

1.
2.
3.
Cut must separate structure into only two parts

Cut cannot pass through more than three members
Cut cannot result in members with concurrent forces
Method of Sections
10 kip
H
8 ft
XA
A
B
2 @ 6 ft = 12 ft
RA
Fy = RA 10k + (CJ)(8/10) = 0
(0.8)CJ = 10k 15k
CJ = 6.25 k (C)
Zero-Force Members
When all the forces at a node are transformed to the

global x-y coordinate system:
If one axis consists of only one force, that force must be zero
If one axis consists of only two forces, those forces must be equal and
opposite
10 kip
H
10 kip
I
10 kip
K
8 ft
XA
G
B
6 @ 6 ft = 36 ft
RA
RG
Zero-Force Members
Where are the zero-force members in the structure below?
10 kip
10 kip 10 kip
8 ft
E
A
B
4 @ 6 ft = 24 ft
Zero-Force Members
10 kip
10 kip 10 kip
10 kip
J
10 kip 10 kip
8 ft
E
A
B
4 @ 6 ft = 24 ft
8 ft
E
A
B
4 @ 6 ft = 24 ft
Mechanics of
Materials
Topics Covered in this Section

Sectional Properties
Stress and Strain
Stresses
Shear
Flexural (Bending)
Axial (Tension or Compression)
Torsional (Not specified on AM Test)
Combined Stresses
Cut Diagrams
Shear Diagrams
Moment Diagrams
Deflection
Miscellaneous
Sectional Properties Discussed
Area (A)
Location of Centroid (Elastic Neutral Axis)
Moment of Inertia (I)
Elastic Section Modulus (S)
Radius of Gyration (r)
First Moment of the Area (Q)
Polar Moment of Inertia (J)
Shear Center
Kern
15
2
25
NA
15
13.93
2
25
NA
15
13.93
2
25
NA
15
13.93
2
25
NA
15
13.93
2
25
Shear Center: an imaginary point on a cross-section through which a

shear force can be applied without inducing torsion; the shear center is
not always located through the centroid
P
No Torsion
Torsion
P
NA
No Torsion
NA
Torsion
Kern: an imaginary zone on a cross-section through which an axial force

can be applied and the cross-section can be assumed to be entirely in
compression or tension
1.61
5.51
Section Properties
Important to Remember for Slab

Design/Analysis
Stress and Strain

Materials Testing used to

Determine Stress and Strain
Values for Materials at Yield,
Ultimate, and Rupture
Strengths
Stress and Strain are
Proportional and are related
by Youngs Modulus (Normal
Stress)
Thermal Deformation and
Creep Impact Stress and
Strain Values
Stress and Strain

Stress and Strain

Same Slope
Stress and Strain

Materials Term
Definition
Strong
High Ultimate Strength
Weak
Low Ultimate Strength
Tough
Yields well before Rupture
Brittle
Catastrophic Failure
Hard
High Modulus of Elasticity
Soft
Low Modulus of Elasticity
Stresses
Stresses Discussed
Shear
Flexural (Bending)
Axial (Tension and Compression)
Torsion
Combined Stresses
Shear Stresses
Shear Stresses
V = 2 kips
y1
NA
10
10
Flexural (Bending) Stresses

+ = Above NA
- = Below NA
Flexural Stresses
y1
NA
10
M = 4 ft-k
10
Axial Stresses
Compression
Tension
Axial Stresses
6.67
NA
3.33
10
P = 2 kips
10
Axial Stresses
6.67
NA
3.33
10
P = 2 kips
10
Torsional Stresses
Occurs when a Shear Force is Loaded Eccentrically Causing a

Torsional Force Parallel to the Cross-Section
Visualized as a Moment about the X-Axis (Parallel to Cross-Section)
Eccentric Loading = Loading a Distance e from the Shear Center
Combined Stresses
Positive Sign
Convention
Combined Stresses
Positive Sign
Convention
Mohrs Circle
Combined Stresses
5 ksi
7 ksi
1. Determine Maximum
Normal and Shear
Stresses
2. Determine Angle of the
Plane of Principle
Normal Stresses
25 ksi
7 ksi
3. Draw Mohrs Circle
Combined Stresses
5 ksi
7 ksi
25 ksi
7 ksi
Combined Stresses
5 ksi
7 ksi
25 ksi
7 ksi
Combined Stresses
5 ksi
7 ksi
25 ksi
7 ksi
Combined Stresses
3. Draw Mohrs Circle
2 = =
1
25 + 5
2
=
(10, 16.55)
26.55+ 6.55
2
= 10.00
2 = 2 12.51 = 25.02
(-5, 7)
(-6.55, 0)
16.55 = 6.55 ksi
(10, 0)
(26.55, 0)
25
5 ksi
7 ksi
(25, -7)
25 ksi
(10, -16.55)
7 ksi
Cut Diagrams
M
P
Cut Diagrams
w = 2 klf
M
P
V
X
20 kips
Shear Diagrams
w = 2 klf
20
20 kips
20 kips
20 kips
V(x)
10
-20 kips
Moment Diagrams
w = 2 klf
20 kips
10
10
20 kips
20 kips
V(x)
Mmax = 100 k
M(x)
-20 kips
Deflection
Several Different Methods for Determining Deflections
Table Lookup and Superposition (Easiest)

Double Integration Method
Conjugate Beam Method
Strain-Energy Method (Internal/External Work)
Virtual Work Method
Not Covering Strain-Energy and Virtual Work Methods

Complicated Given Short Class Duration
Detailed in CERM
Double Integration
Beam Boundary Conditions

End Condition
Simple Support
Fixed
Free
Hinge
M
0
0
0
0
0
Double Integration
y (L/2 = 10) = 0
y (0) = 0
Conjugate Beam
Fixed
Connection
20 kips
400 ft-k
20 kips
20
20 kips
V(x)
M(x)
Mmax = -400 ft-k
Conjugate Beam
Reversed
Support
Conditions
max
max
20
Table Lookup
3EI
3EI
Load Tables Assumes you Know Which Direction the Deflection Acts
Miscellaneous
w = 2 klf
M = 75 k-ft
Miscellaneous
w = 2 klf
99 ft-k
M = 75 ft-k
2 kips
5
6 kips
2 kips
V(x)
-6 kips
9 ft-k
M(x)
85 ft-k
99 ft-k
Materials
Materials
PE Exam Includes Several Conceptual Questions that do not

Require any Calculations
Materials on the AM Section
Steel
Concrete
Material
Tensile
Strength
Compressive
Strength
Density
Modulus of
Elasticity
Wood (Avg)
1.2 ksi
1.55 ksi
21.7 pcf
1,300 ksi
Masonry
0.4 ksi
2.0 ksi
130 pcf
1,500 ksi
A36 Steel
36 ksi
(58 ksi)
36 ksi
(58 ksi)
490 pcf
29,000 ksi
Concrete
0.4 ksi
4 ksi
150 pcf
3,600 ksi
Concrete
Good in Compression, Bad in Tension

Needs Rebar to Support Tensile Forces
Low Strength-to-Weight Ratio Comparatively

Normal Weight Concrete Weighs 150 pcf (Unless Otherwise Stated)
Susceptible to Shrinkage and Creep

Brittle Material
Widespread Usage and Availability
Relatively Cheap
Uses ACI Design Standards

ACI 318 is Most Widely Used; LRFD Design Methodology
Concrete
Concrete
Concrete
Steel
Common Types of Steel

Cast Iron
Carbon (Typical for Construction)
Alloy
Ductile Material with Good Strength-to-Weight Ratio

Highly Susceptible to Thermal Deformation
AISC Steel Manual is the Design Guide
ASD and LRFD are used
Not Uncommon to Have Built-up Sections
Design
Member Design
Requirements for the AM Section

Steel Design
Beam Design
Concrete Design
Beam Design
Slab Design
Footing Design
Answers on PE Exam are Typically Given for both

ASD and LRFD
This Section will Focus on LRFD as it is applicable to both
Materials
Steel Beam Design

Steps For Flexural Steel Design (Beams)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
Determine Fy, L, Lb
Estimate Beam Weight
Calculate Load Combinations
Calculate Vu and Mu
Determine Cb as Applicable
Use Tables to Identify Trial Section; Determine Mn
Check Mn Mu
Check Vn Vu
Check Deflection using Service Loads
Concrete Beam Design

Steps For Flexural Concrete Design (Beams)

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Estimate Beam Weight

Calculate Load Combinations
Calculate Vu and Mu; Draw Shear and Moment Diagrams
Determine Tensile Zones
Determine As
Create Trial Section with Steel Reinforcement
Check Development Length of Bars
7. Check Mn Mu
8. Check Vn Vu; Add Stirrups as Necessary
9. Check Deflection using Service Loads
Typically Thickness Controlled
Concrete Design
>.005
(Tension Controlled)
Beam Design
PD = (1.2)(5 kips) = 6 kips
PD = (1.2)(5 kips) = 6 kips
w = (1.2)(2 kips/ft) + (1.6)(3 kips/ft) = 7.2 kips/ft
5 ft
5 ft
25 ft
Insert Workout Problem #1
Slabs
One-Way Slab
Two-Way Slab
Slabs
Footings
Column Footing
Takeaways
Takeaways
Pay Attention to Units!

English and Metric Units on the PE
Look for Shortcuts where Available

Rules of Thumb
Work Backwards
Test Designers Create Wrong Answer Choices Based Upon

Common Calculation Errors
You do not Lose Points for Guessing
Do not Leave Questions Unanswered
Structural PM Exam
Structural PM Format
7 Topics
Loadings (12.5%)
Analysis (12.5%)
Mechanics of Materials (12.5%)
Materials (12.5%)
Member Design (25%)
Design Criteria (12.5%)
Other Topics (12.5%)
LRFD and ASD Design Methods Utilized

Get Familiar with your References
Focus on the Fundamentals First, then the Exotic
Dont Spend all your Time Studying Prestressed Concrete and Forget to
Brush up on Analysis
Structural Books
AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications, 5th edition, 2010,American Association

of State Highway & Transportation Officials, Washington, DC.
International Building Code, 2009 edition (without supplements), International Code
Council, Falls Church, VA. (IBC 2009)
Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures, 2005, American Society
of Civil Engineers, Reston, VA. (ASCE 07-05)
Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete, 2008, American Concrete
Institute, Farmington Hills, MI. (ACI 318-08)
Steel Construction Manual, 13th edition, American Institute of Steel Construction,
Inc., Chicago, IL. (AISC 13th Ed.)
National Design Specification for Wood Construction ASD/LRFD, 2005 edition &
National Design Specification Supplement, Design Values for Wood Construction,
2005 edition, American Forest & Paper Association, Washington, DC.
PCI Design Handbook: Precast and Prestressed Concrete, 6th edition, 2004,
Precast/Prestressed Concrete Institute, Chicago, IL.
Building Code Requirements and Specifications for Masonry Structures (and related
commentaries), 2008; The Masonry Society, Boulder, CO; American Concrete
Institute, Detroit, MI; and Structural Engineering Institute of the American Society of
Civil Engineers, Reston, VA.
Structural Books
Helpful Books
CERM (Lindberg)
Practice Problems for the Civil Engineering PE Exam (Lindberg)
SERM (Williams)
Structural Engineering Solved Problems (Buckner)
All-in-One Civil Engineering PE: Breadth and Depth (Goswami)
Steel Structures: Design and Behavior (Salmon, Johnson, & Malhas)
Reinforced Concrete: A Fundamental Approach (Nawy)
Prestressed Concrete: A Fundamental Approach (Nawy)
Masonry Structures: Behavior and Design (Drysdale & Hamid)
Advanced Mechanics of Materials (Boresi & Schmidt)
Structural Analysis (Hibbler)
Summary
Introduction
Topics
Loadings
Materials
Member Design
Takeaways
Structural PM Exam
Questions

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The Civil Engineer School at AFIT

The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.

Vital - Relevant - Connected

Structural Accounts for 20% of the Morning Exam

The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.

Vital - Relevant - Connected

Vital - Relevant - Connected

Dead Loads: Consists of the weight of all materials of construction

Vital - Relevant - Connected

Vital - Relevant - Connected

Construction (Live) Loads

Construction Loads: Typically live loads that occur as a direct result of

Vital - Relevant - Connected

Vital - Relevant - Connected

Two Design Methods with Different Load Combinations

Allowable Stress Design (ASD)

For Either Design Method, use the Controlling Load

LRFD Load Combinations

Vital - Relevant - Connected

ASD Load Combinations

The AFIT of Today is the Air Force of Tomorrow.

Vital - Relevant - Connected

Determinate Analysis in the AM

Statics Requires Equilibrium Conditions are Met

Topics Covered in this Section

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PD = (1.2)(5 kips) = 6 kips

w = (1.2)(2 kips/ft) + (1.6)(3 kips/ft) = 7.2 kips/ft

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Relooking at the Previous Simply Support Example

Ra = (.5) (7.2k/ft)(25) + (6 k)(25 5)/(25) = 94.8 k

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Ma = (Rb)(15) (5k/ft)(20) (10) = 0

Ma = (Rb)(15) (5k/ft)(5) (17.5) = 0

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Two Methods for

Identify Zero Force Members

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Rules for Making Cuts using Method of Sections

Cut must separate structure into only two parts