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chemistry
Sergio L. C. Ferreiraa*, Raildo M. de Jesusa,b, Dannuza D. Cavalcantea, Danilo Leoa, Lindomar A. Portugala, Walter N. L. dos Santosc,
Neyla M. L. de Araujoa, Ana M. P. dos Santosa, Natacha C. F. Santosd
a)
Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Qumica, Grupo de Pesquisa em Qumica e Quimiometria, 40170-290, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Departamento de Cincias Exatas e Tecnolgicas, 45650-000, Ilhus, Bahia, Brazil.
c) Universidade do Estado da Bahia, 41195-001, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
d) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientfico e Tecnolgico - SEPN 509 - 70750-501, Braslia, Distrito Federal, Brazil.
b)
Abstract
*Corresponding author:
E-mail: slcf@ufba.br
Fax: 55-71-32355166.
1. Introduction
In this paper, Brazilian scientific production in analytical chemistry was researched. The
work searched 45 international journals that publish research in analytical chemistry.
The Web of Science database was used for data collection. The period studied was
from 1945 to November, 2009. This search revealed 4461 papers, 3582 being articles
(80.3%), 667 proceedings papers (14.9%), 102 notes (2.3%), 67 reviews (1.5%), and
43 letters, corrections, editorial materials etc. (0.9%). These publications resulted in
46,740 citations, with an average of 10.51citation per item and an H index of 65. This
number is the greatest among the countries in South America and also compared to
other countries including some of the European Community. This investigation shows
that the journals more frequently chosen by Brazilians for publishing their work are: Analytica Chimica Acta (11.7%) and Talanta (10.0%). The evaluation of the distribution of
the published papers for each Brazilian State showed that So Paulo leads the research
in Analytical Chemistry in Brazil. However, the States of Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Santa
Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul, and Minas Gerais also have an expressive scientific output
in analytical chemistry. Finally, it may be concluded that analytical chemistry research is
growing throughout most Brazilian regions. Some papers are randomly cited in order to
highlight some of the research in Analytical Chemistry performed by Brazilian groups.
Several papers have evaluated the evolution of the Brazilian analytical chemistry. One of the first was published
by Neves in 19841, discussing mainly the situation of the
area at the Universidade de So Paulo. Some publications were cited in order to characterize the research
lines of this institution. In 1985, Senise presented a general description of the area in Brazil and he identified
several research groups at 10 Brazilian universities of the
followings Brazilian States: Bahia, Cear, Distrito Federal,
Minas Gerais, Paran, Rio de Janeiro, and So Paulo2.
Another paper, published one decade later evaluated
quantitatively analytical chemistry developed in Brazil in
the period from 1974 to 1994. The search involved 18
analytical chemistry journals, and also included 2 general journals published by the Brazilian Chemical Society,
i.e., Qumica Nova and Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society. This paper demonstrated that the publication
of analytical chemistry in this period was mainly done
in international journals3. De Andrade et al.4 presented
in 2004 an overview about the research on analytical
chemistry in Brazil. The authors observed great evolution
of this area and they suggested some possible routes for
Br J Anal Chem
the future of the area in Brazil4. These data were updated in 2008 focusing on the period from 2004 to 2007.
Relevant contributions performed by Brazilian analytical research groups were presented and criticized. This
paper included 303 references5. Finally, in 2009 a paper
was published showing that analytical chemistry in Brazil
is healthy and growing and is exerting a positive effect
on the economical development of the country6.
Actually, analytical chemistry is one of the major areas
of Chemistry in Brazil, with research groups working on
the following representative research topics:
Automation
It is one of the most consolidated research areas of
analytical chemistry in Brazil. Methods involving flow injection analysis (FIA), sequential injection analysis (SIA)
and other flow systems have been proposed for the determination of inorganic and organic species employing
several instrumental techniques for detection7-21.
Chemometrics
The research activities involving chemometrics in Brazil
75
Sergio L. C. Ferreira, Raildo M. de Jesus, Dannuza D. Cavalcante, Danilo Leo, Lindomar A. Portugal,
Walter N. L. dos Santos, Neyla M. L. de Araujo, Ana M. P. dos Santos, Natacha C. F. Santos
started in So Paulo State, however, in recent years it
can be observed that researchers of several other Brazilian states are working on related topics. Papers were
published about multivariate designs and optimization,
classification and calibration, as well as the development
of new chemometric methods22-50.
Separation techniques
Chromatography in all its various form is intensely
developed and used in Brazil. There are several consolidated research groups in a number of Brazilian States.
This area has a huge impact in analytical laboratories in
chemical industries for quality control and there are companies in different areas, such as petrochemical, foods
and pharmaceuticals, which extensively use separation
techniques51-73.
Additionally, if we consider concentration and separation procedures there are several Brazilian research
groups developing procedures for determination of
inorganic and organic species in a plethora of sample
types. These procedures have been established using
separation techniques such as solid phase extraction
(SPE), liquid-liquid extraction (LLE), cloud point extraction (CPE), and co-precipitation, and include knotted
reactor systems, frequently associated with spectroanalytical techniques74-80. The papers listed show part
of the contribution of Brazilian groups in this research
line.
Spectroanalytical methods
There are many active groups in spectroanalysis in
Brazil. Research involving conventional techniques,
such as flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS),
electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ET
AAS), hydride generation atomic absorption spectrometry (HG AAS), cold vapor atomic absorption
spectrometry (CV AAS), inductively coupled plasma
optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS),
and other more recent techniques, for instance, high
resolution-continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry (HR-CS-AAS) and laser induced breakdown
spectroscopy (LIBS), are exhaustively used and some
recent applications and developments can be seen in
the cited papers81-120.
Sample preparation
Brazilian groups have leadership in this area, particularly for total inorganic analysis based on microwave-assisted procedures. Systems involving microwave-induced
combustion have also been developed. Additionally, procedures using ultrasound are also being investigated and
several important contributions are described. The cited
papers highlight some recent developments on this-topic81-127.
76
Recently, a book was edited emphasizing recent contributions in sample preparation strategies131.
Electroanalytical methods
Electroanalytical chemistry is one of the most traditional sub-areas in Brazil and several research groups are
developing new applications. Developments with various
electroanalytical techniques, such as amperometry, chronoamperometry, chronocoulometry, conductometry,
polarography, potentiometry, voltammetry, and related
techniques have been reported122-150.
Instrumentation
Several Brazilian groups in analytical chemistry have research activities involving the development of apparatus
and low-cost equipment employing different detection
techniques151-161.
2. Methodology
Br J Anal Chem
Overview of the
Automation journals
Journal of Automated Methods & Management in
Chemistry, Journal of Automatic Chemistry and Laboratory Robotics.
Others journals
Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems,
Journal of Chemometrics, Journal of Radioanalytical
Chemistry, Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry and Ultrasonics Sonochemistry.
Year
Figure 1. Evolution of the number of papers published in the last
20 years.
Br J Anal Chem
Year
Figure 2. Evolution of the number of citations of the papers published of the selected journals.
In 1988 23 papers were published in the selected journals. Of these, 82% (19 papers) originated from So
Paulo State. In 1998, 194 papers were published and
74% of these (144 papers) had authors from So Paulo
State. In 2008, 384 papers were published, and 56%
(214 papers) originated from So Paulo State. All these
numbers confirm that publication is growing throughout the country. This evolution is a consequence of research funding by federal and state agencies. Particularly,
some government actions have contributed decisively in
the last 30 years to this strong development. The influence that the creation, in 1984, of the strategic program
named PADCT (Action Program for Scientific and Technological Development), which established Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering as priority areas for research
funding, must be pointed out. In 1998, several other actions were taken to increase research funding in Brazil.
The National Council for Scientific and Technological
Development (CNPq) has been applying large volumes
of resources in research and development in all areas
of Brazil. Finally, the creation of the Portal da CAPES
(www.periodicos.capes.gov.br) allowed easy access to
information throughout the country, which became one
of the greatest examples of free access to scientific publications provided by government funds [165].
The publication of analytical chemistry in each Brazilian State was also evaluated. The search was performed
using the same journals as publication source and for
77
Sergio L. C. Ferreira, Raildo M. de Jesus, Dannuza D. Cavalcante, Danilo Leo, Lindomar A. Portugal,
Walter N. L. dos Santos, Neyla M. L. de Araujo, Ana M. P. dos Santos, Natacha C. F. Santos
address the state name and state abbreviation (e.g. for
Sao Paulo, Brazil and Sao Paulo or Brazil and SP). Data
were collected for number of papers, number of citations, average citations per item published and H index
(see Table I).
Table I. Scientific production of Analytical Chemistry in
some Brazilian States
State
Number
Number
Citation
of
of
per
H index
Total of
Category I
researchers
researchers
Papers
Citations
papers
So Paulo
2,764
31,605
11.4
59
66
30
Rio de
Janeiro
493
5,059
10.3
31
10
Rio Grande
do Sul
404
3,028
7.5
24
15
Bahia
266
3,724
14.0
33
10
Santa
Catarina
264
3,068
11.6
28
Minas
Gerais
261
1,612
6.2
20
11
195
58
111
1,340
722
919
6.9
12.4
8.3
17
17
16
5
2
2
0
0
0
Distrito
Federal
76
708
9.3
16
Paraba
74
685
9.3
15
Mato
Grosso
44
444
10.1
11
40
27
15
188
131
114
4.7
4.9
7.6
8
7
7
2
0
1
0
0
0
Rio Grande
do Norte
13
47
3.6
Amazonas
57
8.1
Paran
Maranho
Pernambuco
Cear
Alagoas
Par
with
CNPq*
with
CNPq*
78
searchers. In March, 2009, the total number of fellowships awarded was 11,456, with 604 for chemistry
and 142 for analytical chemistry. Table I also shows
the distribution of fellowship by Brazilian state. It can
be observed that So Paulo has the largest fellowship
number among the Brazilian states.
Another investigation evaluated the distribution of
the papers published in Brazil in the 45 selected journals. Figure 3 shows the classification of these journals
in terms of impact factor. It can be seen that most of the
journals have impact factors between 2 and 3 (28%).
Journals with impact factors from 3 to 4 and from 1 to
2 published 23 and 22% of the papers, respectively.
5%
5%
0.00 - 0.99
1.00 - 1.99
2.00 - 2.99
3.00 - 3.99
4.00 - 4.99
5.00 - 6.00
19%
18%
24%
29%
Figure 3 - Classification
pact factor
12%
18%
38%
26%
0.00 - 0.99
1.00 - 1.99
2.00 - 2.99
3.00 - 3.99
4.00 - 4.99
5.00 - 6.00
Br J Anal Chem
Overview of the
but these journals are also used exhaustively by Brazilian researchers from other areas and, consequently, they
were not included among the selected journals.
A refinement of the search involving the publication
in analytical chemistry in Brazil based on institutions was
also performed. Once again, a prevalence of the So
Paulo State in publication of papers can be seen. The
Universidade de So Paulo (USP), including its several institutes, i.e., CENA, Institute of Chemistry in So Paulo,
Institute of Chemistry in So Carlos and Department of
Chemistry in Ribeiro Preto, has obviously the greatest
number of publications. The Universidade Estadual de
Campinas (UNICAMP) has also a great contribution for
Brazilian analytical chemistry. This demonstrates the participation that these institutions have in the training of
human resources in analytical chemistry in Brazil.
Number
Paper
518
11.61
Talanta
445
9.98
290
6.50
284
6.37
Analytical Letters
230
5.16
Journal of Chromatography a
217
4.86
196
4.39
Comparison
190
4.26
Analyst
165
3.70
Electroanalysis
144
3.23
Atmospheric Environment
137
3.07
Chromatographia
127
2.85
119
2.67
Spectroscopy Letters
114
2.56
Microchemical Journal
111
2.49
Analytical Chemistry
99
2.22
Analytical Sciences
92
2.06
Country
90
2.02
89
2.00
71
1.59
Journal
of
Br J Anal Chem
of
Brazilian
publications in
Analytical Chemistry
A comparison between Brazilian publications in Analytical Chemistry and the publications of some other
countries was performed using the 45 selected journals.
Results are shown in Table III. It can be seen that Brazil
has a good performance in publication, but surely there
is room for growth and improvement its overall quality.
Table III. Scientific production of Analytical
Chemistry in Brazil and other countries
Number
Paper
Number of
Citations
Citation per
Brasil
4 461
46 740
10.51
65
Argentina
1 427
16 620
11.65
48
of
papers
H Index
Uruguay
75
581
7.75
13
Chile
526
5 273
10.02
30
Venezuela
462
5 695
12.33
34
Canada
8 481
182 754
21.55
138
Portugal
1 838
18 955
10.31
47
Australia
4 267
70 658
16.56
87
Turkey
2 722
25 133
9. 23
49
South Africa
1 128
12 609
11.18
44
South Korea
2 966
27 682
9.33
54
Australia
4 267
70 658
16.56
87
17
151
8.88
2 170
15 598
7.19
35
Costa Rica
Egypt
Final Remarks
This paper studied the Brazilian publications in analytical chemistry considering the 45 main journals of this
area. The results demonstrated the evolution of this subarea of chemical sciences in practically all of the country. The increase in the number of papers published and
also in the cumulative citations clearly observed in the
79
Sergio L. C. Ferreira, Raildo M. de Jesus, Dannuza D. Cavalcante, Danilo Leo, Lindomar A. Portugal,
Walter N. L. dos Santos, Neyla M. L. de Araujo, Ana M. P. dos Santos, Natacha C. F. Santos
results show this fact. It was also observed that most
of the publications were in journals with impact factors
greater than 2 (considering the impact index for 2009).
Sao Paulo state has the largest production, but it can be
seen that other Brazilian states are catching up and presenting major contributions for continuous development
of analytical chemistry in Brazil.
Acknowledgments
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Br J Anal Chem
Overview of the
Br J Anal Chem
83