Atomic Structure and Nomenclature

Notebook #2- Revised

Laura Ramirez
December 7, 2016
RTE 141
Professor Yost

Atom

Bohr's
Model

An atom is the smallest particle of an element that still possesses the chemical prperties of
the electro.
Atoms can be subdivided into three basic subatomic particles: protons, neutrons, and
electrons.
In 1913 Niels Bohr a Danish physicist epanded on Rutherford's work and proposed a model
for the atom that is considered the most representative of the structure of matter.
Bohr's atom is likened to a minature solar system where electrons orbit around central
nucleus just as the planets revolve around the sun.
According to the principles of quantum mechanics, orbital electrons are assigned
probabilities for occurying any location within the atom. The greatest probabilities are
associated with Bohr's original model.
The mass of the particles of an atom .

Atomic
Protons have approximately 1,836 times the mass of electrons, and neutrons have
mass
number/ approximetly 1,838 times more.
Scientist have defined atomic mass unit as equal to one-twelfth of a carbon 12 atom
unit
Atomic
number
(z)

The number of nuclear protons in an atom is known as the atomic number or Z number.
The simplest element, hydrogen, possesses only one prton and therefore has an atomic
number of 1.

Isotope

Molecule

If atom gains or loses neutrons, the result is an atom called an isotope.

Isotopes are atoms that have the same number of protons in the nucleus but differ in
the number of neutrons the nucleus but differ in the number of neutrons.
Deuterium is an isotope of hydrogen.
It contains the same number of protons as hydrogen but slso contains one neutron
When two or more atoms are chemically united, they form a molecule, which is the
smallest particle of a compund that still possesses the characteristics of the coumpond.
Atoms are tightly bonded to one another when a molecule is formed.
These bonds cannot be broken by ordinary physical means, such as crushing.
Atoms and molecules are, however, bound to one another by varying degrees of
attraction.

A complex substance; two or more elements that are chemically united in a definite
proportion.
All compounds are molecules, but not all molecules are compounds.
There are 92 naturally occuring elements identified on the periodic table of the element.
Compound Elements include such substances as hydrogen, oxygen, carbon, copper, silver, gold,
lead, and barium.
When two or more elements are chemically uited in definite proportion, compounds are
formed.
Water and salt are both examples of compunds

Element

A simple substance; it cannot be broken down into any simpler substances by ordinary means.
There are 92 naturally occuring elements identified on the periodic table of elements.
Each element has an abbreviated letter or letters to identify it. These abbreviations for the elements are
outlined on the periodic table.

The binding energy of an electron is defined as that amount of energy needed to remove the electron
from the atom.
If a free electron at rest is assumed to have an energy of zero, then the total energy of an orbital
electron would be zero minus the binding energy or the negative of the binding energy.
The closer an electron is to the nucleus, the more tightly it is bound to its orbit or shell.
Electron
binding energy binding energy of an atom is measured in electron volt (eV); the electron volt is the energy one electron
will have when it is accelerated by an electrical potential
Electrons may begin to appear in the next shell before a shell contains its maximum number of electrons
The electrons around the nucleus is in continuous motion.
The number of electrons in the outermost shell never exceeds eight electrons, this is commonly referred
Electron
to as the octet rule.
Arrangement
The orbit shell closest to the nucleus is called the k shell, the next is called L-shell, M, N, O, P, and Q shell.
A covalent bond, also called a molecular bond, is a chemical bondthat involves the sharing of electron
pairs between atoms.
These electron pairs are known as shared pairs or bonding pairs, and the stable balance of attractive and
repulsive forces between atoms, when they share electrons, is known as covalent bonding.
Covalent Bond Covalent bonds are usually weaker than ionic bonds.
Molecules that join with covalent bonds aren't very much attracted to each other (unlike with ionic
bonding), so they move freely around each other.

Ionic Bond

Ionic bonding is the complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms. It is a type of
chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions.
In ionic bonds, the metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the nonmetal
accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion.
Ionic bonding is observed because metals have few electrons in their outer-most orbitals. By losing those
electrons, these metals can achieve noble gas configuration and satisfy the octet rule.

Radioactivity

Half-Life

Radioactive
Decay

The number of nuclear disintegrations per unit time.

Property exhibited by certain types of matter of emitting energy and subatomic particles
spontaneously
The nucleus experiences the intense conflict between the two strongest forces in nature, it should not
be surprising that there are many nuclear isotopes which are unstable and emit some kind of
radiation.
The most common types of radiation are called alpha, beta, and gamma radiation, but there are
several other varieties of radioactive decay.
How quickly unstable atoms undergo decay.
How long stable atoms survive, radioactive decay.
After two half-lives, there will be one fourth the original sample, after three half-lives one eight the
original sample, and so forth.
The half-life is independent of the physical state (solid, liquid, gas), temperature, pressure, the
chemical compound in which the nucleus finds itself, and essentially any other outside influence.
Known as nuclear decay or radioactivity
The process by which the nucleus of an unstable atom loses energy by emitting radiation, including
alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays and conversion electrons.
A material that spontaneously emits such radiation is considered radioactive.
The radioactive decay and transmutation process will continue until a new element is formed that has
a stable nucleus and is not radioactive. Transmutation can occur naturally or by artificial means.