Guide M-2 Methodology of Indicators

GUIDE M2
METHODOLOGY OF INDICATORS
October 2004
Guide M2: Methodology of Indicators
1.1.1.1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

2
3
4
5
6
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................... 1

THE CONCEPT OF AN INDICATOR .................................................................... 2
ENERGY SECTOR INDICATORS......................................................................... 2
CLASSIFICATION OF PRINCIPLE SIEN INDICATORS.................................................. 3
INDICATOR DESCRIPTION AND FORMULATOIN...................................................... 4
6.1
General indicator............................................................................... 4
6.1.1
Rate of growth............................................................................... 4
6.2
Socioeconomic indicators .................................................................... 5
6.2.1
Per capita GDP .............................................................................. 5
6.2.2
Per capita foreign debt .................................................................... 6
6.2.3
Service to the foreign debt as a percentage of GDP .................................. 7
6.2.4
Per capita foreign trade ................................................................... 7
6.2.5
Ratio of urban population to total population.......................................... 8
6.2.6
Ratio of economically active population to total population ........................ 9
6.2.7
GDP composition by sector ................................................................ 9
6.3
Economicenergy indicators ................................................................. 10
6.3.1
Aggregate energy intensity ............................................................... 10
6.3.2
Energy intensity by economic sector.................................................... 11
6.3.3
Average energy price for the end consumer ........................................... 12
6.3.4
Average price per energy product....................................................... 13
6.3.5
Energy demand elasticity GDP ......................................................... 14
6.3.6
Energy demand elasticity price ........................................................ 15
6.3.7
Ratio of energy imports to total imports ............................................... 16
6.3.8
Ratio of energy exports to total exports ............................................... 16
6.3.9
Energy consumption dependency on energy imports................................. 17
6.4
Per capita energy indicators................................................................. 18
6.4.1
Total energy consumption per capita................................................... 18
6.4.2
Electricity consumption per capita...................................................... 18
6.5
Energy sector structure indicators.......................................................... 19
6.5.1
Primary energy production structure ................................................... 19
6.5.2
Energy consumption structure by energy product .................................... 20
6.5.3
Energy consumption structure by sector ............................................... 20
6.5.4
Electricity generation structure by energy product .................................. 21
6.5.5
Electricity consumption structure by sector ........................................... 22
6.6
Environmental impact indicators ........................................................... 23
6.6.1
Share of renewable resources in the total energy supply ........................... 23
6.6.2
Per capita greenhouse gas emissions ................................................... 24
6.6.3
Total emissions intensity with respect to GDP ........................................ 24
6.6.4
Greenhouse gas emissions per unit of electricity generated........................ 25
6.7
Energy efficiency indicators ................................................................. 26
6.7.1
Energy transformation efficiency........................................................ 26
6.7.2
Electricity generation efficiency ........................................................ 27
6.7.3
Energy plant utilization factor ........................................................... 28
6.7.4
Energy transportation and distribution loss factor ................................... 30
6.8
Rational energy use (REU) indicator........................................................ 31
6.8.1
Specific energy consumption per unit of service...................................... 31
6.9
Reserves and potentials indicators ......................................................... 32
6.9.1
Percent of unutilized usable hydroelectric potential ................................ 32
6.9.2
Extent of proven fossil resource reserves .............................................. 33
7 GLOSSARY OF UNITS USED IN THIS GUIDE ......................................................... 34
Guide M2: Methodology of indicators
GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
OLADE member countries conceived the development of the SIEN project with
the purpose of providing their Energy Ministers, energy sector linked public and
private organizations, international organizations, universities and investigators,
with an information system capable of carrying out energy sector diagnostic,
planning, diffusion, control and follow up tasks.
The system was designed to incorporate the essential information from each
countrys various energy chain activities. Based on this information the system
would provide a detailed understanding of the sectors behavior using an
Historical Module, and indicate alternatives for its development using a
Forecasting Module.
It was hoped that, as this system incorporates a significant volume of
information, it would become an important database for the analysis of the
energy sector. Such analyses, however, could prove to be quite costly without a
proper data analysis tool.
Thus, from the projects conception, it was thought that one of the most relevant
results and tools SIEN could offer would be an Indicators Module that would
automatically create indicators from the historical data compiled in its Historical
Module, or from the data generated by its energy Forecasting Module. This
Indicators Module would facilitate the assessment of the development of the
energy sector and its behavior.
Such an indicatorcreating tool should therefore be an automatic process within
the system, and as such be based on information from the system. Thus, there
should be a SIEN database of variables for the indicators required, and the
resulting indicators should be reliable, periodic, detailed and cover the essential
parameters.
Indicators have multiple applications. They permit the progress of an activity or
result they represent to be evaluated, to a greater or lesser degree, against set
goals and objectives. Indicators allow the causes of success or failure to be
identified based on an analysis of the historical series of the indicator, along
with an evaluation of the results. They also facilitate comparisons with
international scenarios, providing a reference frame in which goals and
objectives may be established.
Therefore, although SIEN may be configured according to each countrys
requirements, and in principle each country has the autonomy to define its own
indicators for evaluating its energy sector, it is essential that this definition take
into account certain international standards for the sake of comparability, and
consider the types of indicators that should be included, at minimum, in SIEN.
This report presents some general considerations for the approach the
Indicators Module should take and proposes a set of basic indicators and a
format for their description, based on the indicators developed by OLADEs
Economic and Energy Information System (SIEE), the Indicators of Sustainable
Development project carried out by OLADE / ECLAC GTZ, and on the work in
standardizing sustainable development indicators in which OLADE has
participated and which is being carried out by the International Atomic Energy
Agency (IAEA), the United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs
(UNDESA), the International Energy Agency (IEA), the European Unions
Statistics Office (EUROSTAT), and other national organizations.
THE CONCEPT OF AN INDICATOR
Indicators are measurement parameters that generally include more than one
basic event variable and which, using simple mathematical formulas, and by
expanding the meaning of the variables that make them up, allow an events
causes, behavior and effects to be more easily understood.
ENERGY SECTOR INDICATORS
The work done by OLADE and other organizations on this topic follow
guidelines set by the United Nations for the type of indicators that should be
developed, taking not just the energy dimension into account but the social,
economic and environmental dimensions as well.
This social dimension reflects the need for people to have access to basic
energy services in the form of commercial energy and affordable rates. Many
parameters of social wellbeing are related to the use of energy.
The economic dimension reflects the need for sufficient and reliable energy
available for all productive activities. The availability and reliability of energy
services is essential to economic development. All sectors of the economy
depend on sufficient, secure and efficient energy services. Employment,
industrial productivity, urban and rural development, and any significant
economic activity are each affected to a great degree by the availability of
energy. Electricity is an important, often irreplaceable, resource for modern
productive activities, for communication, for the dissemination of information,
and for other service industries. Energy services support economic
development at the national level and allow for the generation of wealth.
Interruptions in the energy supply can cause financial and economic losses. In
order to support the goals of sustainable development, energy must be
available at all times, in sufficient amounts, and at appropriate prices.
The environmental dimension considers the need to protect the environment
without affecting the levels of the other dimensions. Energy production and
consumption of are significant factors affecting the health of the environment.
The environmental consequences of energy use can be felt at all levels,
wherever energy is produced or consumed. Water contamination, soil
degradation and the health effects of air pollution are some of the negative
consequences.
Taking into account the social, economic, environmental and energy information
that must be incorporated into the SIEN, and their importance for evaluating the
energy sectors development, the following indicators, which as a minimum
should be considered by each country, are proposed.
CLASSIFICATION OF PRINCIPLE SIEN INDICATORS
General indicator
Rate of growth (applicable to any variable or indicator)
Socioeconomic indicators
Per capita GDP

Per capita foreign debt (US$ / per.)
Service to the foreign debt as a % of GDP
Per capita foreign trade (US$ / per.)
Ratio of urban population to total population (%)
Ratio of economically active population to total population (%)
GDP composition by sector (%)
Economicenergy indicators
Aggregate energy intensity

Energy intensity by economic sector
Average energy price for the end consumer (US$ / Tep)
Average price of energy product for the end consumer (US$ / Tep)
Energy demand elasticityGDP
Energy demand elasticityprice
Ratio of energy imports to total imports (%)
Ratio of energy exports to total exports (%)
Energy consumption dependency on energy imports (%)
Per capita energy indicators
Total energy consumption per capita (Tep / hab.)

Electricity consumption per capita (GWh / hab.)
Energy sector structure indicators
Primary energy production structure (%)

Energy consumption structure by energy product (%)
Energy consumption structure by sector (%)
Electricity generation structure by energy product (%)
Electricity consumption structure by sector (%)
Environmental impact indicators
Share of renewable resources in the total energy supply (%)

Per capita greenhouse gas emissions (Ton / hab.)
Total emissions intensity with respect to GDP (Ton / US$)
Emissions per unit of electricity generated (Ton / GWh)
Energy efficiency indicators
Energy transformation efficiency (%)

Electricity generation efficiency (%)
Energy plant utilization factor (%)
Energy transportation and distribution loss factor (%)
Rational energy use (REU) indicator
Specific energy consumption per unit of service (Tep / uds.)
Potentials and reserves indicators
Percent of unutilized usable hydroelectric potential (%)

Extent of proven fossil resource reserves (years)
INDICATOR DESCRIPTION AND FORMULATOIN
6.1
General indicator
6.1.1 Rate of growth

Description
Defined as the percent variation of some variable with respect to an initial value.
Formulation
The rate of growth may be punctuated when comparing data from consecutive
time periods, or average when it is calculated as a function of the initial and
final values in a series of values.
Punctuated growth rate calculation
Tc =
Vi Vi 1
* 100
Vi 1
Where:
Tc = Growth rate (%)
i = period of time
Vi = value of period i
Vi1 = value of period i1
Average growth rate calculation
V
__
Tc = n
V
1
1
n 1
1 *100
Where:
__
Tc = Average growth rate of the series from 1 to n (%)
Vn = Value of period n
V1 = Value of the first period in the series
Application
The rate of growth may be applied to any periodic variable or indicator.
Frequency
This indicator may be calculated for any time interval or series.
6.2
Socioeconomic indicators
6.2.1 Per capita GDP

Description
Defined as the ratio of the annual GDP to the total population of the country.
The GDP can be calculated using constant values or current values. For
constant values a base year is taken for price deflection. This year is usually
1990.
The population of a country for a given year is estimated as a function of growth
rates, starting with the year the last national census was taken.
Formulation
PPCi =
PIBi
POBi
Where:
PPCi = Per capita GDP in year i (US$ / per.)
PIBi = GDP in year i (US$)
POBi = Population in year i (Hab.)
Application
This is a basic indicator of the economic development of a country or region,
reflecting the production of goods and services per capita. It may also be
viewed as the contribution of individual inhabitants to the growth of the
economy.
Although not a direct indicator of sustainable development, it does involve
important aspects of that concept, such as a populations patterns of
consumption and the utilization level of renewable resources.
Frequency
This indicator is calculated annually.
6.2.2 Per capita foreign debt

Description
This indicator is the ratio of a countrys foreign debt divided by the population in
a given year.
Foreign debt may be calculated using constant values with respect to a base
year (usually 1990) or using current values.
Formulation
DEPC i =
DEi
POBi
Where:
DEPCi = Per capita foreign debt in year i (US$ / per)
DEi = Foreign debt (US$) in year i (US$)
POBi = Population in year i
Application
This is an indicator of the economic restrictions on a countrys development. It
measures the degree to which the eternal debt affects each citizen.
This indicator may serve to explain restricted energy consumption or an energy
supply deficit compared to demand.
Frequency
This is a yearly indicator.
6.2.3 Service to the foreign debt as a percentage of GDP

Description
This is the ratio of a countrys yearly service to its foreign debt divided by its
gross domestic product. For this ratio to be coherent, both variables should
either represent constant values with respect to the same base year or current
values.
Formulation
SDEPPi =
SDEi
* 100
PIBi
Where:
SDEPPi = Service of the foreign debt as a percentage of GDP in year i (%)
SDEi = Foreign debt in year i (US$)
PIBi = GDP in year i (US$)
Application
This indicator measures the actual readiness of a countrys economic resources
to be invested in development. A high value may explain a supply deficit
compared to demand.
Frequency
This is an annually calculated indicator.
6.2.4 Per capita foreign trade

Description
This indicator is defined as the value of the balance of payments of a country for
a given year divided by population.
Balance of payments is the difference of total exports minus total imports.
The positive or negative sign of the payment balance determines the sign of the
indicator.
Formulation
CEPC i =
EXPi IMPi
POBi
Where:
CEPCi = Per capita foreign trade in year i (US$ / per)
EXPi = Total value of exports in year i (US$)
IMPi = Total value of imports in year i (US$)
POBi = Population in year i (hab)
Application
This indicator determines whether the country is a net exporter or net importer
as well as its level of selfsufficiency in covering the total demand for goods and
services of its population.
Frequency
This is an annually calculated indicator.
6.2.5 Ratio of urban population to total population

Description
This is the number of inhabitants living in cities or defined urban areas divided
by the total population of a country.
Formulation
PPU i =
PU i
* 100
POBI
Where:
PPUi = Percentage of urban population in year i (%)
PUi = Urban population (hab.)
POBi = Total population of the country in year i (hab.)
Application
This indicator may be used in socioeconomic studies to identify the internal
migration of peasant farmers to urban centers, to analyze the causes of this
movement such as the lack of agricultural incentives, lack of rural development
programs, etc., and to foresee the consequences such as increased
congestion, pollution and unemployment in urban centers.
Frequency
Annual.
6.2.6 Ratio of economically active population to total population

Description
This is the fraction, expressed as a percentage, of the total population engaged
in economically productive activities.
Formulation
PPEAi =
PEAi
* 100
POBi
Where:
PPEAi = Economically active population divided by total population (%)
PEAi = Economically active population (hab.)
POBi = Total population (hab.)
Application
This indicator is applied to the socioeconomic analysis of a country and can
reveal problems of unemployment, population aging, demographic explosion,
etc.
It can also be a measure of the economic capacity to supply goods and services
in response to demand.
Frequency
Annual.
6.2.7 GDP composition by sector

Description
This is the percentage share of each of the most representative sectors of a
countys economy in the total GDP.
Those sectors that are normally considered are: a) the industrial sector, b) the
commercial and services sector, and c) the agricultural sector.
In order to calculate the respective percentage shares, all variables should
either be calculated using constant values with respect to the same base year,
or using current values
Formulation
PPIBS ij =
PIBij
PIBi
*100
Where:
PPIBSij = Percentage of sectoral GDP with respect to total GDP (%)
PIBij = Sector j GDP in year i (US$)
PIBi = Total GDP in year i (US$)
Application
This indicator reveals the importance and weight of each economic sector to a
countrys total production.
Frequency
Annual.
6.3
Economicenergy indicators
6.3.1 Aggregate energy intensity

Description
This is the ratio of energy consumed to gross domestic product.
GDP may be calculated using constant values with respect to a given base year
or using current values.
It is important to note that for the sake of comparison between countries, it is
preferable to calculate the GDP using constant values with respect to a
common base year.
Energy consumption is calculated by adding the final consumption of primary
energy to the transformation plant inputs.
Formulation
IEi =
CE i
PIBi
Where:
IEi = Aggregate energy intensity in year i (Bep / 103 US$)
CEi = Total energy consumption expressed in caloric units (103 Bep)
PIBi = Total GDP (106 US$)
10
Application
This indicator allows forecasts to be made of the energy and environmental
Impact of a countrys economic growth.
Although energy is essential to the social and economic development of a
country, high levels of fossil fuel consumption also represent a high level of
environmental pollution, making it necessary to establish energy efficiency
programs and to try to separate economic growth from increasing energy
consumption.
Frequency
Annual.
6.3.2 Energy intensity by economic sector
This is the ratio of the energy consumption of an economic sector to the gross
domestic product of that sector.
The GDP of a sector may be calculated using constant values with respect to a
given base year or using current values.
Energy consumption is calculated by adding the final consumption of primary
energy in each of economic sector, plus the final consumption of secondary
energies, including electricity.
Formulation
IEij =
CEij
PIBij
Where:
IEij = Energy intensity in year i for sector j (Bep / 103 US$)
CEij = Sector j energy consumption expressed in caloric units (103 Bep)
PIBij = GDP of sector j (106 US$)
Application
This indicator makes it possible to identify which economic sectors are most
energy intensive and therefore have the greatest environmental impact.
By the same criteria stated in the previous indicator, it is necessary to establish
programs and plans aimed at lowering the energy intensity values of each
economic sector.
11
Frequency
Annual.
6.3.3 Average energy price for the end consumer
Description
This indicator is calculated by dividing the total revenue from the sale of energy
in each sector and for each commercial energy product, by the total energy sold
expressed in calories.
Total revenue here is not the revenue received by distribution companies, since
that data may be distorted by payment delays. Instead, revenue is calculated as
the average price of the energy product in each consumer sector multiplied by
the volume of the energy product sold to that sector.
Formulation
m
______
PE
PE
j =1 k =1
m
ijk
* Vijk
V
j =1 k =1
ijk
* fcijk
Where:
__
PEi = Average energy price in period i (US$ / Tep)
PEiik = Price of energy product k for sector j in period i (US$ / u.)
fcijk = Caloric factor of period i in sector j for energy product k (Tep / u.)
Vijk = Volume of energy product k sold in sector j in period i (u.)
m = number of final consumer sectors
n = number of energy products
Application
The average price of energy is generally used as a parameter to measure the
level of development of the energy sector, including aspects of efficiency and
competitiveness. However, given the marked differences among the
characteristics of each subsector, an individual analysis of each energy
product is more reliable.
Although this indicator may also reveal certain socioeconomic aspects such as
the cost of living in a country, this may be distorted by political factors such as
subsidies or taxes.
Frequency
The minimum frequency of this indicator is usually monthly, but it depends on
the availability of information needed for each period.
12
6.3.4 Average price per energy product

Description
This is a breakdown of the previous indicator. It is calculated by dividing the
total sales revenue of energy in each sector and for each energy product, by the
total energy of this energy product sold, expressed in caloric units.
Just as was the case with the previous indicator, total revenue here is
calculated as the product of the average price of the energy product in each
sector multiplied by the volume of this same energy product sold to that sector.
Formulation
m
______
PE
ik
PE
j =1
ijk
* Vijk
V
j =1
ijk
* fcijk
Where:
__
PEik = Average price of energy product k in period i (US$ / Tep)
PEiik = Price of energy product k for sector j in period i (US$ / u.)
fcijk = Caloric factor of period i in sector j for energy product k (Tep / u.)
Vijk = Volume of energy product k sold in sector j in period i (u.)
m = number of final consumer sectors
Application
As was noted in the previous indicator, the average price of energy may reflect
the level of development of the energy sector, including aspects of
competitiveness and efficiency. An individual analysis by energy product, as we
have here, is a diagnostic element for the functioning of each subsector.
For example, in the case of the electricity subsector, high energy prices may
mean high levels of thermal energy use along with the corresponding
environmental impact such usage implies, owing either to limited hydroelectric
resources or to a lack of investment in projects of this kind.
For the gas and oil subsector, this indicator may reveal national conditions
relating to whether the country is an importer or exporter of petroleum and
petroleum products. However, prices in this subsector are often influenced
more by political conditions than by economic ones.
13
Frequency
The minimum frequency of this indicator is usually monthly, but it depends on
the availability of information needed for each period.
6.3.5 Energy demand elasticity GDP
Description
This is defined as the ratio of the energy demand variation rate divided by the
variation rate of the GDP.
Formulation
For an analysis of the interval of two consecutive periods, the simplified
equation for energy demand elasticity GDP is as follows:
Di
1
Di 1
EDi =
PIBi
1
PIBi 1
Where:
EDi = Energy demand elasticity GDP (nondimensional)
Di = Energy demand in period i (Tep.)
Di1 = Energy demand in period i1 (Tep)
PIBi = GDP in period i (US$)
PIBi1 = GDP in period i1 (US$)
Application
This indicator allows us to identify the degree of stability of the energy sector
with respect to variations in the economic conditions of the country.
A high index of elasticity indicates that small changes in a countrys national
income will cause large changes in the demand for energy, while a small index
of elasticity indicates that the demand for energy is a fixed parameter with
respect to income.
By the same criteria expressed in the energy intensity indicator, a low index of
energy demand elasticity with respect to GDP is preferable.
Frequency
Since it is linked to the GDP variable, which is usually calculated annually, the
frequency of this indicator is also annual.
14
6.3.6 Energy demand elasticity price

Description
This is defined as the ratio of the variation rate of energy demand divided by the
variation rate of the price of energy.
Formulation
For an analysis of the interval of two consecutive periods, a simplified equation
for energy demand elasticity price is as follows:
Di
1
Di 1
EDPi =
Pi
1
Pi 1
Where:
EDi = Energy demand elasticity price (nondimensional)
Di = Energy demand in period i (Tep.)
Di1 = Energy demand in period i1 (Tep)
PIBi = Average energy price in period i (US$ / Tep)
PIBi1 = Average energy price in period i1 (US$ / Tep)
Application
This indicator measures the sensibility of energy demand to variations in energy
product price.
Although a combined analysis may very well be valid, however, owing to the
particular characteristics of each energy consumer sector and of each energy
product, a separate analysis of each sector would be more appropriate.
The formula for the separate analyses for this indicator may be expressed as
follows:
Dijk
1
D( i 1) jk
EDPijk =
Pi
1
P( i 1) jk
Where:
EDPijk = Energy demand elasticity price during period i in consumer sector j
for energy product k (nondimensional)
Dijk = Energy demand in period i in consumer sector j for energy product k
(Tep.)
15
D(i1)jk = Energy demand in period i1 in consumer sector j for energy product k

(Tep)
Pijk = Average price of energy product k in consumer sector j for period i (US$ /
Tep)
P(i1)jk = Average price of energy product k in consumer sector j for period i1
(US$ / Tep)
In some energy subsectors and consumer sectors, although demand is not
truly invariant with respect to price variations, especially when dealing with
increments, its elasticity is somewhat delayed, owing mainly to the inability of
consumers to adopt immediate measures to lower demand such as through
energy saving programs, energy substitution, equipment replacement, etc.
Frequency
Although this indicator may very well be calculated over relatively short intervals
of time, such as one month, elasticity effects tend to manifest themselves rather
slowly. Therefore longer analysis periods such as of one year are
recommended
6.3.7 Ratio of energy imports to total imports

Description
This is the total value of energy import expenditures divided by the total value of
total expenditures for importing goods and services.
Formulation
RI i =
VIEi
* 100
VITi
Where:
RIi = ratio of energy imports over total imports for period i (%)
VIEi = Value of energy imports for period i (US$)
VITi = Value of total imports for period i (US$)
Application
This indicator is a measure of the importance the energy sector to a countrys
balance of payments.
Frequency
This indicator may be calculated monthly or annually.
6.3.8 Ratio of energy exports to total exports
16
Description
This is the total value of energy export revenues divided by the total value of
revenues from exporting goods and services.
Formulation
REi =
VEEi
* 100
VETi
Where:
REi = ratio of energy exports over total imports for period i (%)
VEEi = Value of energy exports for period i (US$)
VETi = Value of total exports for period i (US$)
Application
This indicator is a measure of the importance the energy sector in a countrys
balance of payments and can also show a countrys level of energy integration
with the rest of the world.
Frequency
6.3.9 Energy consumption dependency on energy imports

Description
The ratio of the volume of net energy imports to the total internal energy
consumption, expressed as a percentage.
Formulation
DIEi =
IMPi EXPi
* 100
CE i
Where:
DIEi = Energy consumption dependence on energy imports for period i (%)
IMPi = Volume of total energy exports for period i (Tep)
EXPi = Volume of total energy exports for period i (Tep)
CEi = Total domestic energy consumption for period i (Tep)
17
Application
This indicator measures the degree of net energy import participation in the
supply of domestic energy.
Frequency
6.4
Per capita energy indicators
6.4.1 Total energy consumption per capita

Description
This is the total energy consumed in a country divided by population.
Formulation
CEPC i =
CE i
POBi
Where:
CEPCi = Energy consumption per capita for period i (Tep / hab.)
CEi = Total energy consumption in period i (Tep)
POBi = National population in period i (hab.)
Application
Traditionally this indicator is used as a measure of economic progress by
relating the consumption of energy to the level of industrialization of a country
and to the quality of life of its inhabitants. However, from the point of view of
sustainable development, this can be seen as a red flag for population pressure
on the environment.
Frequency
Since the population variable is involved, it is recommended that this indicator
be calculated annually.
6.4.2 Electricity consumption per capita
Description
This is the total electrical energy consumed in the country divided by population.
18
Formulation
CELPC i =
CELi
POBi
Where:
CELPCi = Electricity consumption per capita for period i (Kwh / hab.)
CELi = Total electricity consumption in period i (GWh)
POBi = National population in period i (106 hab.)
Application
Similarly to the previous indicator, this indicator is traditionally used to measure
a countrys degree of economic progress and the standard of living of its
inhabitants. However it should not be forgotten that this is also a measure of the
pressure the population exerts on the environment.
Frequency
Since the population variable is involved, it is recommended that this indicator
be calculated annually.
6.5
Energy sector structure indicators
6.5.1 Primary energy production structure

Description
This consists in determining the percentage share of each primary energy
product in the total production of primary energy.
Formulation
PPEPik =
PEPik
* 100
PTEPi
Where:
PPEPik = Percent share of energy product k in the production of primary energy
for period i (%)
PEPik = Production of primary energy k in period i (Tep)
PTEPi = Total production of primary energy in period i (Tep)
19
Application
This indicator combined with the energy consumption structure indicator, make
it possible to measure the level of energy sector sufficiency in satisfying internal
demand, and to measure the import need for, and export potential of, primary
energy.
Frequency
This indicator may be calculated monthly as well as annually.
6.5.2 Energy consumption structure by energy product

Description
This percentage represents the final consumption of each energy product, be it
primary or secondary, with respect to the total final consumption of energy.
Formulation
PPEC ik =
CEFik
* 100
CE i
Where:
PPECik = Percent share of the energy product k in the final consumption of
energy of period i (%)
CEFik = Final consumption of energy k in period i (Tep)
CEi = Total final consumption of energy in period i (Tep)
Application
This indicator combined with the energy consumption structure indicator, make
it possible to measure the level of energy sector sufficiency in satisfying internal
demand, and to measure the import need for, and export potential of, primary
energy. It may also be used as a reference point for projecting the consumption
of each energy product into the future.
Frequency
6.5.3 Energy consumption structure by sector

Description
20
This percentage represents the energy consumption in each final consumer

sector with respect to the total final consumption of energy.
Formulation
PPSCij =
CES ij
CE i
*100
Where:
PPSCij = Percent share of consumer sector j in the final consumption of energy
for period i (%)
CESij = Energy consumption of sector j in period i (Tep)
CEi = Total final consumption of energy in period i (Tep)
Application
This indicator permits us to identify the importance of each final consumer
sector to the overall structure of the energy consumption sector. It can also
represent the degree of responsibility each consumer sector has in the total
impact on the environment.
Frequency
6.5.4 Electricity generation structure by energy product

Description
This is the percentage represented by the electricity generated by each energy
product used in power plants with respect to the total electricity generated.
Public electric power plants as well as selfproducing plants are considered.
Generation by source energy is calculated in the case of bifuel thermics using
the specific consumption data for each plant and for each fuel.
Formulation
PGEEik =
GEEik
* 100
GETi
Where:
PGEEik = Percent participation of energy product k in the generation of
electricity for period i (%)
21
GEEik = Generation of electricity form energy product k in period i (GWh)

GETi = Total electricity generation in period i (GWh)
Application
This indicator makes it possible to forecast the demand for energy sources to
meet the electricity needs of a country and provides a parameter to measure
the level of exploitation of the renewable resources in a country.
Using this indicator in combination with emissions factors it is also possible to
obtain a measure of the environmental impact of the electricity sector.
Frequency
6.5.5 Electricity consumption structure by sector

Description
This percentage represents the consumption of electricity per final use sector,
divided by the total consumption of electricity.
Formulation
PCES ij =
CES ij
CETi
* 100
Where:
PCESij = Percentage share of sector j in the total consumption of electricity for
period i (%)
CESij = Electrical consumption of sector j in period i (GWh)
CETi = Total consumption of electricity in period i (GWh)
Application
This indicator measures the weight of each final consumption sector in the
electricity sector and makes possible sector consumption projections. In
combination with other environmental indicators, the degree of responsibility of
each of the final consumption sectors for environmental pollution may be
defined.
Frequency
22
6.6
Environmental impact indicators
6.6.1 Share of renewable resources in the total energy supply

Description
This percentage represents the supply of renewable primary energy with
respect to the total energy.
The total supply of renewable primary energy can be thought of as the total
renewable energy that enters the transformation plants plus the final
consumption of this energy.
The total supply of energy is calculated by summing the total production of
primary energy plus the net imports of primary and secondary energies, plus or
minus the unutilized primary and secondary energy.
Net imports refer to the volume of imports minus the volume of exports.
Formulation
PPERi =
OERi
* 100
OTEi
Where:
PPERj = Percent share of the renewable energy supply in the total energy
supply for period i (%)
OERi = Supply of primary renewable energy in period i (Tep)
OTEi = Total supply of energy in period i (Tep)
Application
This indicator measures the degree of penetration of renewable resources in a
countrys energy grid.
In combination with emissions factors, the mitigation of the energy sectors
environmental impact may be evaluated.
Frequency
23
6.6.2 Per capita greenhouse gas emissions

Description
This is the total volume of greenhouse gases produced by the energy sector,
divided by population.
The methodology for calculating the volume of emissions of greenhouse gasses
is detailed in SIEN Guide M3.
Formulation
GEIPCi =
GEI i
POBi
Where:
GEIPCi = Per capita emissions of greenhouse gasses in period i (Ton / hab.)
GEIi = Greenhouse gas emissions in period i (Ton)
POBi = Population in period i (hab.)
Application
This indicator makes it possible to forecast an increased environmental impact
as a function of the demographic expansion of a country.
Frequency
Due to the involvement of the population variable this indicator is usually
calculated annually.
6.6.3 Total emissions intensity with respect to GDP

Description
This is the volume of total greenhouse gases produced by the energy sector
divided by the GDP.
The GDP may be calculated using current values or constant values with
respect to a given base year.
24
Formulation
IEGEI i =
GEI i
PIBi
Where:
IEGEIi = Intensity of greenhouse gas emissions in period i (Ton / US$)
PIBi = Gross domestic product in period i (US$)
Application
This indicator permits the measurement of the environmental impact of a
countrys economic development.
This indicator should be minimized through sustainable development projects
that tend to separate the growth of the economy from increasing pollution.
Frequency
Due to the involvement of the GDP variable this indicator is usually calculated
annually.
6.6.4 Greenhouse gas emissions per unit of electricity generated

Description
This is the volume of total greenhouse gases produced by the energy sector
divided by total electricity generated.
Formulation
GEIGEi =
GEI i
GETi
Where:
GEIGEi = Greenhouse gas emissions per unit of electricity generated in period i
(Ton / GWh.)
GETi = Total electricity generation in period i (GWh)
25
Application
This indicator permits the unitary measurement of environmental impact for
each gigawatt hour of electricity generated.
This indicator may be mitigated by improving the utilization of sources of
renewable or clean energy for generating electricity.
Frequency
6.7
Energy efficiency indicators
6.7.1 Energy transformation efficiency

Description
This is the ratio of energy leaving the transformation plants as energy products,
to energy entering these same plants as input, measured in caloric units.
The energy entering and exiting transformation plants is calculated by
multiplying the volume of inputs and products in physical units by their
respective caloric factors.
Formulation
ETE ij =
ETPij
ETI ij
* 100
Where:
ETEij = Energy transformation efficiency of plant j for period i (%)
ETPij = Total energy content of products leaving transformation plant j in period i
(Tep)
ETIij = Total energy content of inputs entering transformation plant j in period i
(Tep)
Application
This indicator makes it possible to estimate the total primary energy supply that
must be established in order to meet, either by domestic production or by
imports, the demand of the final consumption sectors.
Energy transformation efficiency depends primarily on the technologies used in
the plant processes and on the flow and heat loss controls in place in those
plants.
26
Frequency
6.7.2 Electricity generation efficiency
Description
This is a specific application of the transformation efficiency indicator to the
electricity sector.
For certain types of electric power plants that use nonconventional renewable
energies, such as solar and wind power, the transformation efficiency
calculation may be rather complicated since it is difficult to estimate with
precision the energy content of these sources independently of the
characteristics of the plant. In such cases standard efficiency values are usually
employed, or the energy content of the energy source is simply taken as being
equal to the electrical energy being produced (efficiency = 100%).
Formulation
EGEi =
GTE i
* 100
ETI i
Where:
EGEi = Energy generation efficiency for period i (%)
GTEi = Total electricity generation expressed in caloric units in period i (Tep)
ETIi = Total energy content of the fuels and primary energy sources used in
electric power plants in period i (Tep)
Application
This indicator makes it possible to estimate the total supply of primary energy
that must be established to meet the supply of electricity.
This indicator may also serve to justify the development of more efficient
electricity generation projects.
Frequency
27
6.7.3 Energy plant utilization factor

Description
This indicator is also known as the plant factor, or capacity factor, and its
formulation depends on the activity of the energy chain and energy products to
which the plant is linked.
For plants that exploit primary energies, especially fossil fuels, the capacity
factor is understood to be the net volume of energy product extracted in a
determined period of time, divided by the maximum volume of this energy
product that the plant could extract in that same time, given its size and
infrastructure.
For transformation plants, the capacity factor is calculated by dividing the
volume of energy product processed as input in a determined period of time, by
the maximum processing volume of this energy product in the same time.
In the particular case of electric power plants, the capacity factor is calculated
by dividing the net generation of electricity in a period of time by the maximum
generating capacity in the same amount of time. The maximum generating
capacity is the product of the installed power multiplied by the number of hours
contained in that period of time. For the purposes of calculation a year is usually
taken as 8,760 hours long and a month, 730 hours long.
For electrical transportation and transmission facilities, the capacity factor is the
ratio of the volume of energy product transported in a given period of time,
divided by the maximum volume of energy product that can be transported in
that time.
For storage facilities, the factor is calculated as the ratio of the absolute value of
inventory variation over a period of time, divided by the maximum storage
capacity of the installation.
For relatively long time periods, the capacity factor of energy plants may be
affected by forced or maintenance scheduled downtimes.
Formulation
Exploitation plants
FPijk =
PTEijk
PMAX ijk
*100
Where:
FPijk = Capacity factor of plant j in period i for energy product k (%)
PTEijk = Net production of energy product k at plant j in period i (u.)
PMAXijk = Maximum production capacity of energy product k at plant j in period i
(u.)
28
Transformation plants
FPijk =
VTPijk
VMAX ijk
*100
Where:
FPijk = Capacity factor of plant j in period i for energy product k (%)
VTPijk = Volume of energy product k processed at plant j in period i (u.)
VMAXijk = Maximum volume of energy product k that can be processed at plant
j during period i (u.)
Electric power plants
FPij =
GEij
PI ij * Nhi
* 10 5
Where:
FPij = Capacity factor of plant j in period i (%)
GEij = Net electricity generation at plant j in period i (GWh)
PIij = Installed potential of plant j in period i (MW)
Nhi = Number of hours contained in period i
Transportation facilities
FPijk =
VTTijk
VMAXTijk
* 100
Where:
FPijk = Capacity factor of facility j in period i for energy product k (%)
VTTijk = Total volume of energy product k transported at facility j in period i (u.)
VMAXTijk = Maximum volume of energy product k that can be transported via
facility j during period i (u.)
Storage facilities
FPijk =
VI
ijk
VMAXAijk
*100
29
Where:
FPijk = Capacity factor of facility j in period i for energy product k (%)
|VIijk| = Absolute value of inventory variation of energy product k at facility j in
period i (u.)
VMAXAijk = Maximum storage capacity for energy product k at facility j
corresponding to period i (u.)
Application
This indicator makes it possible to visualize the percentage of the energy
infrastructure that remains idle.
Though a small capacity factor may signify a favorable longterm energy
security situation, the negative consequences for investment and the stagnation
of economic resources should not be lost sight of.
Frequency
For a better appreciation and analysis of the results, it is recommended that this
indicator be calculated annually,
6.7.4 Energy transportation and distribution loss factor
Description
This is the ratio of the total energy lost in transportation and distribution
facilities, divided by the total supply of both primary and secondary energies.
The losses can be thought of as the difference between the amount of energy
that is delivered to the transportation and distribution facilities, and the energy
that actually reaches the final consumer centers.
In the specific case of the electricity sector, the losses to the transmission and
distribution systems are classified as technical losses and nontechnical losses.
Technical losses are caused by the physical properties of the electrical
equipment, while nontechnical losses are related to measurement errors,
billing errors, energy theft, etc.
Formulation
FPEi =
PTDi
* 100
OTE i
Where:
FPEi = Transportation and distribution energy loss factor in period i (%)
30
PTDi = Total transportation and distribution energy losses in period i (Tep)

OTEi = Total energy supply in period i (Tep)
Application
This indicator measures the level of energy sector development, given that one
of the main goals pursued in expansion and modernization plans is the
maximum reduction of this factor.
Frequency
6.8
Rational energy use (REU) indicator
6.8.1 Specific energy consumption per unit of service

Description
This is the ratio of enduse equipment or facility energy consumption, divided
by the number of service units delivered to the user.
The formulation of this indicator depends on the nature of the equipment and
the type of service it provides. For example, in the case of a transport unit the
unit of service may be measured according to the weight being transported
times the distance traveled.
In the case of industrial equipment, the unit of service would be the quantity or
volume of production.
In the case of a commercial facility, the unit of service would be the amount
invoiced or sold.
In the case of a domestic appliance such as washing machine, the unit of
service would be the weight of the clothes washed.
Formulation
CEEi =
CEij
UDS ij
*100
CEEij = Specific energy consumption of the equipment j in period i (Tep / uds)

CEij = Energy consumption of the equipment j in period i (Tep)
UDSij = Units of service delivered by equipment j during period i (uds)
31
Application
This indicator measures the efficiency of final use equipment.
One of the basic goals of rational energy use programs is to promote and
implement the utilization of efficient energy equipment in all final use sectors.
Frequency
6.9
Reserves and potentials indicators
6.9.1 Percent of unutilized usable hydroelectric potential

Description
This is the economically usable hydroelectric potential plus the installed
hydroelectric capacity divided by the economically usable hydroelectric
potential, expressed as a percentage.
Formulation
PHNAi =
PHEAi CHI i
* 100
PHEAi
Where:
PHNAi = Percent of unutilized usable hydroelectric potential in period i (%)
PHEAi = Economically usable hydroelectric potential in period i (MW)
CHIi = Installed hydroelectric capacity in period i (MW)
Application
This indicator measures the possibility for expansion of the installed
hydroelectric capacity.
When combined with thermoelectric plant emissions factors, it is also possible
to evaluate, from an environmental point of view, the degree to which the
environmental impact may be mitigated through the utilization of the remaining
hydroelectric reserves.
Frequency
This indicator may be calculated monthly as well as annually, however
potentials and reserves studies usually update them annually.
32
6.9.2 Extent of proven fossil resource reserves

Description
This is the proven fossil resource reserves in a given year, divided by the
production of this resource in that same year.
Formulation
ARFik =
RPRFik
PRFik
Were:
ARFik = Extent of proven reserves of fossil resource k referred to in period i
(years)
RPRFik = Proven reserves of fossil resource k measured in period i (u.)
PRFik = Production of fossil resource k in period i (u.)
Application
This indicator allows for longterm projections of fossil resource production as
well as the implementation of programs that substitute fossil energies with
renewable energies.
Frequency
This indicator is usually calculated annually.
33
GLOSSARY OF UNITS USED IN THIS GUIDE
Unit
Description
Dimension
%
Bbl
Bep
Gg
GWh
Hab.
km
MW
MWh
p.u.
Tep
Ton
u.
Percent
American barrels
Equivalent barrels of petroleum
Gigagrams (for measuring emissions)
Gigawatthours
Inhabitants
Kilometer
Megawatts
Megawatthours
Per unit
Equivalent tons of petroleum
Metric ton
This refers to a generic unit of volume or mass
that may vary depending on the respective
energy product.
Consumer sector service units, for example: Km
traveled by a transport unit, volume of sales for
a commercial unit, volume of production for an
industrial unit, etc.
US dollars
Nondimensional
Volume
Caloric unit
Mass
Electric energy
Population
Length
Electric potential
Electric energy
Nondimensional
Caloric unit
Mass
Volume or mass
Uds.
US$
34
Depends on the
consumer sector
Monetary unit

Guide M-2 Methodology of Indicators

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Guide M-2 Methodology of Indicators

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GUIDE M2

Guide M2: Methodology of Indicators

1.1.1.1 TABLE OF CONTENTS

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ........................................................................... 1

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

THE CONCEPT OF AN INDICATOR

ENERGY SECTOR INDICATORS

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

CLASSIFICATION OF PRINCIPLE SIEN INDICATORS

Rate of growth (applicable to any variable or indicator)

Per capita GDP

Aggregate energy intensity

Per capita energy indicators

Total energy consumption per capita (Tep / hab.)

Energy sector structure indicators

Primary energy production structure (%)

Environmental impact indicators

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

Share of renewable resources in the total energy supply (%)

Energy efficiency indicators

Energy transformation efficiency (%)

Rational energy use (REU) indicator

Specific energy consumption per unit of service (Tep / uds.)

Potentials and reserves indicators

Percent of unutilized usable hydroelectric potential (%)

INDICATOR DESCRIPTION AND FORMULATOIN

6.1.1 Rate of growth

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

Average growth rate calculation

6.2.1 Per capita GDP

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

6.2.2 Per capita foreign debt

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

6.2.3 Service to the foreign debt as a percentage of GDP

6.2.4 Per capita foreign trade

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

6.2.5 Ratio of urban population to total population

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

6.2.6 Ratio of economically active population to total population

6.2.7 GDP composition by sector

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

6.3.1 Aggregate energy intensity

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

6.3.4 Average price per energy product

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

6.3.6 Energy demand elasticity price

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

D(i1)jk = Energy demand in period i1 in consumer sector j for energy product k

6.3.7 Ratio of energy imports to total imports

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

6.3.9 Energy consumption dependency on energy imports

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

Per capita energy indicators

6.4.1 Total energy consumption per capita

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

Energy sector structure indicators

6.5.1 Primary energy production structure

Guide M2: Methodology of indicators

6.5.2 Energy consumption structure by energy product

6.5.3 Energy consumption structure by sector