L1 2 Transformation of Plane Stress

Both uniaxial and biaxial stresses are special cases of a more general stress condition known as
PLANE STRESS.
Shear sign convention

xy

denotes the direction of the shear

denotes the plane on which

acts

xy on right face of the elem., acts up i.e.

Positive shear -

in the + y direction
o

for x-face of the element: = 0

=+

xy
o

on the y-face of the element: = 90

=+

yx

From the equality of shear stresses on

planes:

xy = yx

Consider an inclined section at angle

between its normal and x- axis:

Fx = 0: x A - x ( A cos ) cos - xy ( A cos ) sin - y ( A sin ) sin - xy( A sin ) cos = 0

x = x cos2 + y sin2 + xy sin 2
Fy = 0: xy A + x ( A cos ) sin - xy( A cos ) cos - y ( A sin ) cos + xy ( A sin ) sin = 0
xy = - ( x - y) sin cos + xy (cos2 - sin2 )
cos2 = cos

or: using trigonometric relations:

cos

Note:

= 12 (1 + cos 2 )

sin

1
2

- sin

1
2

y) + 12 ( x - y) cos 2 + xy sin 2
= - 12 ( x - y) sin 2 + xy cos 2
= 12 ( x + y) - 12 ( x - y) cos 2 - xy sin 2

(1 - cos 2 )

xy
and

( x +

x+

for any

Principal Stresses
As varies from 0 to 360 , the stresses x & xy vary also. The max. & min. values of
principal stresses, and the principal planes on which they occur can be found by taking
o

d x'
= 0
d
Thus:

x =

1
2

( x +

d x'
= - (
d

y)

1
2

y)

cos 2 +

2 xy

xy

x y

pi , we can substitute these values into eq. for

max = 1 , min = 2

x'

Substituting these eqs. into the eq. for

Note:

x y

+ for

2
1 =

- for

2 = min

Again

sin 2

p1 , & p2= p1 90o

After finding

1, 2

the

sin 2 + 2 xy cos 2 = 0

tan 2 = tan 2

or

( x -

x are

and solving for

y)

x y

to obtain the two principal stresses:

, we get

) 2 2 xy

max

1 + 2 = x + y

There is NO SHEAR on the principal planes!

Proof:

x' y

( x

tan 2

( x

x' y

Set
1
2

1
2

y ) sin 2 - xy cos 2

= 0

y ) sin 2 = xy cos 2

2 xy

x y

tan 2 p

Maximum Shearing Stress

x y

x' y =

x' y

max/ min ,

xy

sin 2 +

d x' y

when

cos 2

(a)

=0 ;

Recall

Tan 2

p =

xy
x y
2

d x' y
d

=(

x y )

cos 2

2 xy sin 2 0

x y
2

Tan 2 = tan 2 s

Directions of Max/Min Shear Stress

xy

s & s s 90 0

Two solutions:

(tan 2 p )(tan 2 s) = - 1

Note:

2s

Directions of Principal Stresses are 45 from

2 p

the directions of Max./Min. shear stress

s p 45 o
After determining sin 2 s and cos 2 s and substituting into Eq. (a), we obtain

max/ min (

x y
2

)2 x

Max./Min

occur on two planes 90o apart

1, 2 xy 0
on plane of max/ min ' x 0

Recall:

on plane of

Substitute

x' (both s
x y

into equation for

'

and

yield the same result!)

Normal stress corresponding to

'

acts simultaneously on both planes of Max. & Min. shearing stress,

'

= average normal stress

When

xy 0

then

max/ min

max

x y
2

Mohrs Circle of Stresses

x =

Recall:

xy
x - 12 ( x

1
2

( x +
1
2

=+

( x -

y)

xy
[ x '

1
2

x , y

&

y)

y)

= - 12 ( x -

y)

y)

cos 2 +

xy

cos 2 +
sin 2 +

y)

xy

xy

sin 2

(1)

xy cos 2

(2)
sin 2

xy cos 2

y ]2 + xy = [ 12 ( x y )]2 + xy

+
2

given
2

(x a) + (y b) = R

For our case:

a=

R=

min

Eq. of circle

max

( x -

sin 2 +

( x -

1
2

1
2

1
2

( x y ) ave
(

x y
2

) 2 xy

b=0

ave R

xy max = R

' ave
4

MOHRS CIRCLE FOR PLANE STRESS

Construction of Mohrs Circle
1. Locate the center
1
2

OC = ave ( x y )
2.

Draw circle of radius R

x y 2
2
) xy
R (
2

3.

Locate pt. X on the circle, representing the stress conditions on the x-plane
(right face) of the element ( 0 ), X ( x , xy ) and pt. Y ( y , xy ) represents
stresses on y-plane (1800 from X).

4.

To determine stresses at any inclined plane at an angle with x-axis, lay off an
angle 2 counterclockwise from pt. X denoted by pt. X ( x' , xy' )
pt. Y ( y ' , xy ' ) represents state of stress on a plane 90o from the X - plane

5. One of the important uses of Mohrs circle is the determination of the principal
stresses.
1, 2

x y
2

x y
2

) 2 xy
2

x y
2

To find 2 p - location of the first principal plane:

tan 2 p1

xy
xy

p1
x y
x y

x (

p 2 p1 90 ;

s1 p1 45

Ex. #1
Given:

Find: a)

1, 2 , p1, 2 & show the

results on properly
oriented element
b)

max & ' & show on

properly oriented element

a)

tan 2 p

2 xy

x y

2 p

2 (1000)
1
500 1500

p1

1
2

; p2

5

2 8

1
2

p1 ( x y ) ( x y ) cos2 p1 xy sin2 p1

1
1

(-500+1500) + (-500-1500) cos -1000 sin

2
2
4
4

p1 = -914 psi
p2

1
1
5
5
(-500+1500) + (-500-1500) cos -1000 sin
2
2
4
4

p 2 = 1914 psi

b)

min

max (

x y
2

' ave

max

) 2 xy
2

500 1500 2
) 1000 2 = 1414 psi
2

1
(-500+1500) = 500 psi
2

s p1 45 o
1, 2

s
1

s
2

3

4 8

Ex. #2
Given:
x = -10 MPa
y = -40 MPa
xy = +20 MPa
Find: max , min , max , p , s , '
at =30o : x ' y ' xy '
OC =

x y

R= (

2
x y

10 40
25 MPa = ave
2

) 2 xy (
2

10 40 2
) 20 2 25 MPa
2

max ave + R = -25 + 25 = 0 MPa

min ave - R = -25 - 25 = -50 MPa

tan 2 p

20
15

p = 26.6

p = 116.6

= 26.6o + 45o = 71.6o

s = s + 90
2

= 161.6o

For = 30o
o

= 60 - 2 p1 = 60 53.2 = 6.8

CD = R cos
o
x ' = (Rcos -OC) = 25 cos 6.8 25 = - 0.18 MPa
o
y ' = -OC R cos = - 25 25 cos 6.8 = - 49.8 MPa
o
xy ' = -R sin = - 25 sin 6.8 = - 3.0 MPa
7

Ex. #3
Given: Plane stress
Find: a) 1 & 2 & p1, 2
b) max , s , '
c) at = 45o
x' , y' ,
______ _______
1
2

xy '

1
2

OC = ave ( x y ) (6+16) = 11 ksi

R= (
a)

x y

1, 2 ave

16 6 2
2
) 2 xy (
) 4 2 6.4 ksi
2
2
R = 11 6.4

1 max = 17.4 ksi

2 min = 4.6 ksi

tan 2 P
1

4
4
=0.8
16 11 5

2 p 38 o 40' , p 19 o 20'
1

p 19 o 20'90 0 109 o 20'

2

b)

max R 6.4 ksi

, ' ave 11 ksi

s p 45 o 64 o 20'
2

c)

, s p 45 o 25 o 40'
1

for 45 o

,
cos 51o20 = 0.625
o
x ' ave + R cos = 11 + 6.4 cos 51 20 = 15.0 ksi
o
y ' ave - R cos = 11 - 6.4 cos 51 20 = 7.0 ksi
o
xy ' - R sin = - 6.4 sin 51 20 = - 5.0 ksi
2 2 p 90 o 38 o 40' 51o 20'
1

Hint for HW # 1.45

Rotate the first element by -45 - use Mohrs Circle compute stresses (1).
Rotate the second element by -30 - use Mohrs Circle compute stresses (2).
Add the results, and determine the resulting principal stresses and principal directions.
Recall: x + y =x + y