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The aspiring hacker needs to know a bit of Linux to be successful, and


probably most importantly, Linux networking. To fill that knowledge gap, I'm
offering this guide on Linux networking basics.

Related
How to Study for the White
Hat Hacker Associate
Certification (CWA)
How to Use Null Byte to
Study to Become a
Professional Hacker

I assume that you understand a small amount of networking concepts,


things like IP addresses, MAC addresses, DNS, DHCP, etc. If not, please take
some time to pick up a few networking basics. Our past admin here on Null
Byte, Allen Freeman, has some really good guides you should check out:
How IP addresses and MAC addresses work together
A brief history on how the Net came to be
How network packets are routed
How everything connects today

The Essential Skills to


Becoming a Master Hacker

Hack Like a Pro: Linux


Basics for the Aspiring
Hacker, Part 11 (Apache Web
Servers)
A Brief Summary for
Newbies on Null-Byte

Step 1: Analyzing Networks


The most basic linux command for analyzing networks is ifconfig. It's very
similar to the Windows command ipconfig. Let's take a look at it.

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Hack Like a Pro: Linux
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New Software)

As you can see in this screenshot, ifconfig conveys a significant amount of


information to the user. In the very first line, we see to the far left eth0. This
is the first wired network connection, ethernet 0 (Linux usually starts
counting at 0).
Following this, we see the type of network being used (Ethernet) and the
hardware address (this is the globally unique address stamped on every
piece of network hardware, in this case the NIC).

The second line then contains information of the IP address, in this case,
192.168.1.114, the broadcast address (the address to send out information
to all IPs on the subnet), and finally the network mask (this is the info on
what part of the IP address is network and which part is hosts). There is a
lot more technical info there, but it's beyond the scope of a Linux basics
tutorial.
If we look down below to what appears to be a second paragraph, we see
the start of another paragraph with lo to the far left.

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This is the loopback address or localhost. This is the address of the


machine you're working on if you simply wanted to test something like a
website. It generally is represented with the IP address 127.0.0.1.

Step 2: Changing IP Addresses


Changing IP addresses can be fairly simple in Linux. Remember that in most
cases, you're going to have a dynamically assigned address from a DHCP
Search
server. In some cases, you may need to reassign the address, especially if
you're hacking. This can be useful in spoofing your IP address, making
network forensics more challenging, but certainly not impossible.
95
KUDOS

We can do this by using the ifconfig command with the interface we want to
assign the IP to and the IP address we want. Such as:
ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.115
Now, when we type ifconfig, we can see that our IP address has changed to
the new IP address.

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Using XAMPP to Practice Hacking
Common Web Applications
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DELLS SELLING PAGE commented

on

How to Flash Kali NetHunter on


OnePlus and Nexus Devices (Most)
As a Secondary ROM
Does the internal wifi work on the nexus 7
2013 model net hunter thanks
DONNA BLANKENBECLER

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How to Subtract Mixed Numbers

commented on

BRETT DONADEO commented

on

You've Been Wasting the Best Part! 5


Delicious Uses for Your "Empty"
Nutella & Peanut Butter Jars
Also remember that some peanut butters
have xylitol, which is poisonous to dogs.
DONTRUSTME commented

on

Security-Oriented C Tutorial 0xFB A Simple Crypter


For building Windows executables on a
Linux machine, you can use MinGW to crosscompile your code. To execute your crosscompiled Windows code on a Linux
machine, Wine may be a solution to that
pro...
DONTRUSTME commented

We can also change the netmask and broadcast address, if necessary, such
as:
ifconfig eth0
192.168.1.255

192.168.1.115

netmask

255.255.255.0

broadcast

Step 3: DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Server)


Linux has a DHCP server that runs a daeman called dhcpd. It's this DHCP
server that assigns IP addresses to all the systems on the subnet. It also
keeps logs files of which machines had which IP addresses at which time.
It's this log that is often used to trace hackers in a forensic analysis after an
attack.
When I want to be assigned a new address from the DHCP server, I can
simply call the server with the command dhclient (different Linux distros
use different DHCP clients, but BackTrack is built on Ubuntu which uses
dhclient), like this:
dhclient

As you can see, the dhclient command sends out DHCPDISCOVER request
from the default NIC. It then gets an offer (DHCPOFFER) of 192.168.1.114
from the DHCP server, then confirms the IP assignment to the DHCP server.
Now, if we type ifconfig, we can see that the DHCP server has assigned a
new IP address.

on

Security-Oriented C Tutorial 0xFB A Simple Crypter


Yes it does obfuscate the code but it still
does not meet the requirement to be
categorized as a packer. Packers and
crypters may be used for whatever the user
wishes whether the intent is maliciou...

Step 4: DNS (Domain Name Service)


DNS, or Domain Name Services, is the service that enables us to type in a
domain name like www.wonderhowto.com, which it then translates to the
appropriate IP address. Without it, we would all have to remember
thousands of IP addresses of our favorite websites (no small task even for a
savant).
One of the most useful commands for the aspiring hacker is dig, which is
the equivalent of nslookup in Windows, but offers us much more
information on the domain. For instance, we dig wonderhowto.com and by
adding the ns option, it will display the name server for wonderhowto.com.
dig wonderhowto.com ns

By using the dig command with the mx option, we can get info on
WonderHowTo's email servers.
dig wonderhowto.com mx

The most common Linux DNS server is the Berkeley Internet Name Domain,

or BIND. In some cases, Linux users will often refer to DNS as BIND, so don't
be confused. DNS or BIND simply maps individual domain names to IP
addresses.
On our BackTrack system, we can point out DNS services to a local DNS
server or a public DNS server. This pointing takes place in the a plain text
tile named /etc/resolv.conf file. Let's open it with kwrite:
kwrite /etc/resolv.conf

As you can see, we are pointing to two public DNS servers to provide us
with DNS services. If we want to change our DNS servers or add another
server, we can simply add another line to this text file and save it. The next
time DNS services are required, the Linux operating system will look to the
new DNS server designated in this file.
Simple, right?
In my next Linux tutorial, we will look at security and permissions, so keep
coming back. If you haven't already, make sure to check out the first five
parts of this series, and if you have any questions, ask away in the
comments below or hit up the Null Byte forum for more help.

Penguin photos by Lai Ryanne

See Also
How to Study for the White Hat Hacker Associate Certification
(CWA)
How to Use Null Byte to Study to Become a Professional Hacker
The Essential Skills to Becoming a Master Hacker
Show More...

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OFF

Thanks OTW Good Article, This Series is the Best :-)

2 years ago

Reply

NAUGHT
Y CRISS

Guys, I have a problem on Kali. dhclient isn't working. when I write dhclient
eth0 in terminal it just says:
Reloading /etc/samba/smb.conf: smbd only.
RTNETLINK answers: File Exists
I surfed the web for a solution, somebody told me to enter this into
terminal:
root@kali:# vim /etc/init.d/samba
But that didn't work neither.

1
THE
BURNING
ONE

2 years ago

And by the way I installed tor but there aren't any executable or binary files
to run. I tried find -name tor, but can't find any binaries. And it's not in the
main applications menu.

1
THE
BURNING
ONE

2 years ago

1
HORLS
KAYS

Reply

Reply

here is the best way to install most software easily on kali: go to system
tools-add/remove software, an interface pop up, enter the software you
want to install e.g tor, list of software will be shown, choose the best that

describe the software you want to install.


N.B: login as user to use third party program on kali.
1 year ago

Reply

Burning:

What are you trying to do? Are you trying to get an IP from the DHCP server?

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

OTW
2 years ago

Reply

i really learned a lot from this series! well written, easy to understand and
instructive

1
MERT
BAHADIR

2 years ago

Reply

Mert:

Welcome to Null Byte!

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

I'm glad you enjoyed this series and hope you will come back for more.
There is SO much more coming!
OTW
2 years ago

1
MERT
BAHADIR

@otw;
actually, i just simply registered this site to thank you personally. can't
wait to see (and learn of course) from you!
2 years ago

1
JARED
MESSER

DRAGON
HUNT3R

Reply

how to change my subnet? i mean what cmd should i use? because you told
me before that my and victim's PC have same subnets so i have to change
it. so how to do them? what cmd shall i use
2 years ago

Reply

Excellent tutorial, especially those links to Allen Freeman's posts. Very


informative!
2 years ago

Reply

Reply

Dragon:
I would recommend that you read the articles on networking that are cited
in the first paragraph. This will help you brush up on networking
fundamentals. Every hacker needs a good grasp of networking to be
successful.

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

OTW
2 years ago

1
NEMESIS1
512

Reply

I am trying to follow along as I read your content, however, I might be


wrong here, but at the end of Step 2 should the command begin with
'ifconfig' instead of 'ipconfig'?
Thank you OTW.
2 years ago

Reply

Nemesis:
Good catch! Yes, in Linux it should be ifconfig and ipconfig in Windows. Its
correct in the screenshot. I made the correction in the text.

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

Thanks
OTW
2 years ago

1
STEVEN
SENZ

Reply

I am using Backtrack 5 I am in as root, using bash When I enter service


networking start I receive networking stop/waiting.
I use Kwrite to look at the file /etc/network/interfaces and it says the
primary network interface is eth0 auto eth0
I know the network services are OK - because this is a dual boot system and I have no problems with the Windows 7 side.
I should mention that this issue just started. In the past service networking
start worked just fine. Now I stuck. Any advice would be appreciated
2 years ago

Reply

Have tried taking the interface down and then backup?

2 years ago

Reply

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

When i use "ifconfig" while im connected to the internet i get, not 2, but 3
connections. eth0, lo and wlan0.

1
GUILHER
ME
ALVAREN
GA

And everything you said that i should see on ''eth0'' I see on wlan0.
I disconnected and typed "ifconfig" again and then i had only eth0 and lo,
but my ip address/netmask/broadcast etc wasn't showing on eth0.
And while i was connected to the internet and i changed my ip address
using "ifconfig wlan0 xxx.xxx.xx.xx'' my internet went down.
Could you explain me why everything happened that way? Thank you very
much for all your tutorials and quick answers.
God job!
1 year ago

Reply

Guilherme:
A fundamental understanding of networking is critical to becoming a
good hacker.

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

eth0 is your wired connection, wlan0 is your wireless connection and lo is


your loopback connection (to your own system). When you disconnected,
you lost your connection to the wireless and the DHCP server had not yet
issued you a new IP address. Finally, when you change your IP address,
you will NOT have internet access as your NAT device doesn't have that
IP address in its table for routing to the Internet.
OTW
1 year ago

Reply

Oh, okay.
I'll keep reading your tutorials and any other doubts i'll ask you.

1
GUILHER
ME
ALVAREN
GA

Thank you again!


1 year ago

Reply

I'm sorry, but I'm trying to change my IP address, while still also being able
to access the internet, but it seems impossible, would you be able to help
me with this?

1
NEMESIS1
512

Thank you,
Nemesis1512
1 year ago

Reply

Nemesis:

I'm presuming you are behind a NAT device and you have a private IP. If
that is the case, you can't change your IP and still access the Internet.
Well...at least no simple way.

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

OTW
1 year ago

1
NEMESIS1
512

Do you think you will be doing a tutorial in the (near) future of how to
change one's private IP then?
Thank you,
Nemesis1512
1 year ago

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

1 year ago

Thank you,
Nemesis1512
Reply

Why would one want to do that???


1 year ago

OCCUPYT

Reply

Yes, sorry, I meant as in will you be showing how to change your IP


address and still be able to access the internet that way?

1 year ago

Reply

Changing your private IP is simple,ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.1 ,for example.


But you won't be able then to access the Internet.

NEMESIS1
512

Reply

Reply

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

OTW

What is the difference between internal IP and broadcast IP?


Also when I did dhclient nothing changed at all when I did ifconfig
afterwards.

GUMSKU
LL4

1 year ago - edited 1 year ago

Reply

Gumskull:

An internal IP is behind a NAT device and the IP's are not routeable. Usually
used internally on a LAN. A broadcast IP is simply an IP that sends a
message to ALL IP's on the internal network.

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

Why would you expect the IP to change after typing dhclient?


OTW
1 year ago

Reply

Sorry. In the tutorial you showed that we could change our IP's manually so
I changed it but also tried to change it back the same way but it still kept me
disconnected from the internet so I rebooted my PC to see if it would work
and it did. I then went on to the next part of the tutorial where it said that if
I were to type dhclient it would change my IP. At this point I didn't realise
that meant that it would change it back to the original IP address. Long
story short I figured it out. Thanks for the info on internal IP's and broadcast
IP's though.

1
GUMSKU
LL4

1 year ago

1
LUIGI
MACKENZ
IE C.
BRITO

Reply

IT didn't change back to your 'original' Ip address. Its how dhcp server
works. it gives you the first available IP address in an DHCP pool. when
you changed your Ip address manually you freed the IP you once had.
When you typed dhclient, you got that same IP cause It's the first
available.
Try this. Turn on PC1. Then Turn on PC2. Turn off PC1, then type dhclient
on PC2. You'll see that you will get the IP address PC1 once had. Thanks
1 year ago

Reply

You said why would one want to connect to the Internet after changing the
IP address. Then why does one change his IP address?

1
CHANDA
N

1 year ago

Reply

Chanda:

I think you misunderstood. I was saying that you wouldn't want to change to
a static IP and connect to the Internet.

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

OTW
1 year ago

1
CHANDA
N

1
STEVEN
SENZ

Reply

Oh. Thank you.


And BTW, it's Chandan.
1 year ago

Reply

Sorry for the delay in responding to you suggesting about rebooting the
interfaces, I tried the following command sudo / etc/init.d/networking
restart and got the following back:
Reconfiguring network interfaces
ignoring unknown interface eth0=eth0.
My understanding is that eth0 is the default port. how can his interface be
unknown to the system?
I also did a nmap of my system (127.0.0.1) and got back all 1000 scanned
ports on localhost are closed
I figured out the problem after reading several other posts.
I used rwrite to check the /etc/networking/interfaces program and found
that the line iface eth0 inet dhcp was commented out. Once I removed the #
from the start of the line - everything worked fine.
So I have the port open and everything is working again - however If anyone
could tell me what caused the port command line to be commented out, it
would be appreciated.

BTW- I am leaving the post here - just in case anyone else has similar
problems.
Regards
1 year ago - edited 1 year ago

Reply

Steven:

Glad you are up and running!

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

First, eth0 is not a port, it is an interface. You need to make that ket
distinction in the future.
Second, 127.0.0.1 is your loopback/home IP address. It is only for internal
work. It can not be seen from the outside.
OTW
1 year ago

Reply

Hello,

A little comprehension question:

ANTONY
HAWKIN
GS

I tried the dig command while not using my regular IP (I also changed the
network part with "ifconfig" and didn't change it back with "dhclient"). It
wasn't able to assign any IP's for the URL's. Is this because the destination IP
wasn't the one of my router anymore, so it wasn't able to get out of my
subnet?
And the mx "postfix" somehow doesn't work for me for every domain
name. I didn't get any mail adresses although they actually should (such as
youtube). Did I missunderstand the term mail server?
Antagonist
1 year ago

Reply

Sir
When i do dhclient this happens
Reloading /etc/samba/smb.conf: smbd only

1
PRANAV
VATS

When i do it again
Reloading /etc/samba/smb.conf: smbd only
RTNETLINK answers: File exists
What should be the problem
Thank you
Pranav
1 year ago - edited 1 year ago

Reply

up. same here.


1 year ago

Reply

LUIGI
MACKENZ
IE C.
BRITO

Pranav and Luigi:


That error message is a quirk in the Kali implementation of the dhclient. If
you already have an IP address, it will throw that error message. If you
remove your IP with dhclient -r and then run dhclient, you will not get that
error.

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

Hope this helps.


OTW
1 year ago - edited 1 year ago

1
HAITIAN
DUCK

Reply

First, maybe I'm using a static ip. Following is in order.


I typed ifconfig
It appears my eth0's inet addr is 192.168.0.101
I open google homepage. Successfully.
Then I typed ifconfig eth0 192.168.0.97
Then ifconfig again to see eth0's inet addr is 192.168.0.97
I open google homepage. Failed. It said Server not found.
Then I typed dhclient.
The terminal replied with:
Reloading /etc/samba/smb.conf: smbd only.
Some times the sentence above goes together with: RTNETLINK answers:
File exists
It Doesn't matter.
I opened google homepage again. Successfully. Why?
I don't pay attention to the Reloading...File exists

What I need to understand is why does my laptop connect to internet again


after I used dhclient?
1 year ago

Reply

Oh yeh continue:
After I open google homepage successfully (the one after dhclient).
I typed ifconfig again. Its the latter IP.
192.168.0.97
So is it true that at this moment, the LAN modem accept my new static
ip?

1
HAITIAN
DUCK

1 year ago

Reply

Because dhclient grabs an IP address from the DHCP server. That means
that the router now knows who you are and can route your traffic out to
the internet.

1
OCCUPYT
HEWEB

1 year ago

Reply

Hello,
I tried dhclient command on the terminal.
To which, the reply prompt was
RTNETLINK answers: Operation not permitted

1
SHALVIN
KUMAR

Can you elaborate on this?


Thanks and Regards
1 year ago

Reply

when I run kwirite /etc/resolv.conf command, it gives me an error message;


bash: kwrite : command not found
can somebody tell me what is wrong here?

1
OSCAR
MIKE

11 months ago - edited 11 months ago

Reply

kwrite is only found in KDE versions of Linux. If you are using Kali, try using
leafpad.

1
OCCUPYT
HEWEB

leafpad /etc/resolv.conf
11 months ago

Reply

thanks a lot! i was searching everywhere for a sloution. thanks for the help
OTW!! and great tutorial!!

1
OSCAR
MIKE

11 months ago

Reply

9 months ago - edited 9 months ago

Reply

THELION
KING

hi where is part 7 and 8 of hack like pro linux basics for aspiring hacker

9 months ago

Reply

B25N3
SAWARI

Go to the search window and type "linux hacker 7".


9 months ago

Reply

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

1
FLYING
SPIRIT

Hi OTW !
I got a question asked before. Despite advices in comments and all research
on web I can't make works dhclient command.
Example :
ifconfig (IP : 192.168.1.101)
dhclient (Error : Reloading /etc/samba/smb.conf: smbd only)
So I tried
dhclient -r (Error : Reloading /etc/samba/smb.conf: smbd only)
ifconfig (IP : UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST)
dhclient (Nothing)
ifconfig (IP : UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST)
Why have I this error ? I don't understand what this means. The only way to
change my IP is manually with ifconfig.
Thanks for your help !
7 months ago - edited 7 months ago

Reply

Are you running it in a VM?

7 months ago

Reply

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

No, I was running it in real machine with Kali installed on it.

7 months ago

Reply

FLYING
SPIRIT

Wireless?

7 months ago

Reply

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

Questions:
Are you running as root?
Any further info in the logs?

1
DILL _

7 months ago - edited 7 months ago

Reply

Yes wireless and running as root.

I'm a kiddie, where can I found these specific logs ?

FLYING
SPIRIT

Thanks for your interest to my problem guys !


Flying Spirit
7 months ago - edited 7 months ago

Reply

Good eyes OTW. Try specifying the network interface (mine is wlan1,
yours might be different).
root@Kali:~# dhclient wlan1
If that doesn't work try disconnecting from your WiFi and then
reconnecting to it.
The easiest way to view the logs would be
Applications > System Tools > Log File Viewer
They are also located in var > log > syslog
It is probably showing multiple lines that say
Kali dhclient: No broadcast interfaces found - exiting.

1
DILL _

7 months ago

Reply

I tried to target wlan0, disconnecting/reconnecting from WiFi, that


didn't work.

1
FLYING
SPIRIT

In logs it said that a DHCPREQUEST is done and a DHCPACK is


received.
The next line is : bound to 192.168.1.10 -- renewal in 37895 seconds.
I know that my MAC address have an IP assigned for a time. So even if
I try to release my IP I have to wait 37895 seconds and hope have a
new one.
7 months ago - edited 7 months ago

The logs seem to indicate a proper DHCP lease. You don't then
have an IP address after it says bound to 192.168.1.10? If you then
do ifconfig you don't have an IP address for wlan0?

1
DILL _

7 months ago

1
FLYING
SPIRIT

DILL _

Reply

I got the same IP than before dhclient command execution.


Does the server don't want to give me another one ? I read that
we can't force it do to that.
7 months ago

Reply

Reply

I miss understood your issue. I thought you were saying that you weren't
getting an IP address at all from DHCP and had to manually assign one.
The client will most likely get the same IP address from the DHCP server. In
fact if you run a packet capture during the release/renew process you will
see that the client asks for the old IP address even after releasing it back to
the server. This is because the client still stores it's previous leases and try's
to simplify things by asking for what it already knows. If the server hasn't
handed out the IP address it will gladly hand it back to the client.
This goes for the DHCP server also. It has cached it's leases and when the
client identified by it's MAC address asks for a lease it will hand it the
previous one. This can be viewed by clearing the previous DHCP leases on
the client and then run a packet capture during the release/renew process.

The client will specify any IP address and the server will give it it's old IP
address.

Long story short


7 months ago

Reply

Ok I understand ! This is very interesting !

I miss understood dhclient command effect, at first reading, because I


tought that we can change our IP easily and automaticaly for cover our
tracks.

FLYING
SPIRIT

Thank you so much @Dill and @OTW :-)


7 months ago

Reply

The IP address in this case would only affect the LAN segment your kali
machine is connected to, not your public of WAN IP address what most
hackers are trying to hide. If you are hacking on say a public LAN then really
the danger here would be your MAC address, and spoofing it would be the
best idea (host name also).

1
DILL _

7 months ago

Reply

I don't know how to spoof my MAC address and hide my public IP yet,
but I'm on my way. You really know what you talking about ! :-)

1
FLYING
SPIRIT

7 months ago

Reply

Hello!

After entering dhclient i get the following output:

ZERO_ME

$ Job for smbd.service failed. See 'systemctl status smbd.service' and


'journalctl -xn' for details.
$ invoke-rc.d: initscript smbd, action "reload" failed.
$ RTNETLINK answers: File exists
So i tried dhclient -r", the output then was:
$ Killed old client process
$ Job for smbd.service failed. See 'systemctl status smbd.service' and
'journalctl -xn' for details.
$ invoke-rc.d: initscript smbd, action "reload" failed.
and then again dhclient.. but nothing happened, except the cursor moving
directly to a new line.. i lost my internet connection.
After typing dhclient wlan0 i got my connection back, but dhclient still gave
the same output, as shown in the beginning.
So, it seems i cant get a new IP vom the DHCP server..?
Im not sure what's happening there..could someone explain me how to
solve it?
Thank you
4 months ago

Reply

same case with me. Getting exact errors as above. Please help

3 months ago

Reply

ROBO
COP

Same with me..

3 months ago

Reply

ELLIOT
ALDERSO
N

Are you using Kali 2.0? I'm using Kali 1.1 and it works fine.
3 months ago

Reply

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

I use ParrotSecurity OS

3 months ago

Reply

ELLIOT
ALDERSO
N

We are using Kali Linux here on Null Byte. Must be a bug in ParrotSec.
3 months ago

OCCUPYT
HEWEB

Reply

I tried on Kali 2.0 it doesn't work too.


3 months ago

Reply

ELLIOT
ALDERSO
N

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