NATIONAL THERMAL POWER CORPORATION

OPERATION DIVISION FORMAL DOCUMENTATION SYSTEM

OPERATION GUIDANCE NOTE - OGN/OPS/CHEM/010

Issue No. : 1 Date : August, 1994

THE STORAGE OF THE WATER/STEAM

CIRCUITS OF GENERATING PLANT

Approved for
Implementation by ........................................................
Director (Operation)
Date :....................................
Enquiries to : Executive Director, Operation Services

THE STORAGE OF THE WATER/STEAM CIRCUITS OF

GENERATING PLANT
CONTENTS
Page Nos.
1.0

Introduction

2.0

Superseded Documents

3.0

Scope

4.0

Safety2

5.0

Storage Situations

6.0

Application of Storage procedures

7.0

Storage Techniques for Drained Plant

7.1

Complete Dry-out

7.2

Incomplete Dry-out

8.0

Wet Storage Techniques for underained Plant

10

8.1

Protection of Ferrous Materials

10

8.2

Protection when Austentic Alloys are Present

12

8.3

Protection of Copper Alloys

12

8.4

Nitrogen Capping

13

9.0

Hydraulic Tests

13

10.

Review

13

Table 1

Summary of Storage procedures

14

Fig.1 The relationship between moisture content, the

temperature and relative humidity in air

16

Fig.2 pH/concentration relationship for hydrazine

and ammonia at 25 C

17

Page 1
OGN/OPS/CHEM/010
Issue-1 Aug., 94

THE STORAGE OF THE WATER/STEAM

CIRCUITS OF GENERATING PLANT
1.0

INTRODUCTION
Damage can occur in the water/steam circuits of plants if they are not
stored correctly off-load. Corrosive attack off-load can also render the plant
susceptible to subsequent on-load corrosion or fatigue damage. To
preserve the long term integrity of boiler components requires careful
chemical control off-load as well as on-load. This Guidance Note covers
the storage of plant including the important factors regarding the choice of
the optimum procedures, which will depend on the type of plant, its history
and outage time.

2.0

SUPERSEDED DOCUMENTS - Nil

3.0

SCOPE
This Guidance Note covers the storage of various types of fossil fuel and
gas fired plant. The storage requirements, procedures available and their
practical applications are outlined. The Guidance Note enables storage
procedures for drained and undrained plant to be drawn up for individual
stations.
Dry storage is the best method for longer outage periods and methods for
ensuring complete dry-out of the boiler are described.
For incompletely drained boilers, corrosions may be inhibited either by
dosing the boiler so that any residual water contains a prescribed
concentration of nitrite-borax or by nitrogen filling (to exclude air).
For plant that is not easily drained a range of procedures such as nitrogen
capping, nitrite-borax or hydrazine-ammonia is available. The latter
process enables rapid return to service.

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4.0

SAFETY
The storage procedures discussed in this Guidance Note require the use
of a range of chemicals and nitrogen and should be considered in
conjunction with the NTPC Safety Code of practice. In applying these
procedures to plant, it is essential that the correct safety measures are
taken in :
i)

The handling and disposal of chemicals;

ii)

Entry to plant which has been stored containing a nitrogen

atmosphere and the dispersal of nitrogen when displaced from the
plant;

iii)

Entry to plant which has previously been put under vacuum to

assist drying out.

iv)

The safe use of hydrazine solution.

5.0

STORAGE SITUATIONS

5.1

Damage of the internal surfaces of the water/steam circuits at ambient

temperature can occur as the result of corrosion of the metal by the
combined effects of water, oxygen and deposited salts, often enhanced by
the development of low pH values resulting from the absorption of carbon
dioxide and/or sulphur dioxide. Storage techniques have been developed
to control one or more of these factors. These are:
i)

Complete dry-out to exclude moisture.

ii)

Incomplete dry-out, where the remaining water is inhibited with

nitrite-borax solution, or nitrogen is used to exclude air.

iii)

Wet storage of plant, where nitrogen is used to exclude air, termed

nitrogen capping, or the water is inhibited with nitrite-borax, or
hydrazine and/or ammonia solutions.

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5.2

With few exceptions, plant required to be stored may be divided into four
categories as follow:
i)

New plant in the course of erection which is subjected to hydraulic

testing prior to completion or subject to delays between initial
commissioning and entering regular operating service;

ii)

Plant which is undergoing overhaul or repair.

iii)

Plant which is laid-off for lengthy periods.

iv)

Plant that is temporarily out of service but may be required to return

to service at relatively short notice.

5.3

Items of plant falling into categories (i) and (ii) will almost invariably have to
be drained at some period to carryout further erection or repair work. Plant
items in category (iii) may be stored under a variety of conditions, but
storage empty and dry is preferred. Plant coming under category (iv) will
be stored full or have sufficient water available to meet the requirement of
a rapid return to service.

5.4

In selecting a form of storage, it will be necessary to consider what plant

modifications are required and how readily such modifications can be
made. A summary of available storage procedures is given in Table 1,
including an outline of the required modifications. If the planned storage is
for a limited duration, temporary installations may be satisfactory. However,
if it is anticipated that there will be prolonged or repeated use of the facility,
carefully designed and permanently installed facilities should be
considered.
Such modifications and the operation of storage procedures will incur
additional costs. Before undertaking such work it will be necessary to
assess the cost benefits derived from using the proposed storage regime
compared with the probable damage to the plant if no such steps were
taken.

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The storage procedure followed will also depend on the anticipated length
of the storage period and the notice of return to service that will be given. It
is therefore, essential that there is full co-operation between power stations
and System Operations to determine, as accurately as possible, the
required period of plant storage.
6.0

APPLICATION OF STORAGE PROCEDURES

As indicated in Section, 5.0 `Storage Situations, the use of any particular
storage procedure will be dependent on the facilities available, i.e. water
supplies, nitrogen supplies, boiler circulation pumps, availability of dry air,
etc. Further, certain limitations will exist (depending on the materials of
construction) e.g. solutions containing high concentrations of ammonia
must not come into contact with copper alloys and solutions containing
solid chemicals, including boiler water chemicals must not be allowed to
enter super heaters or reheaters.
Detailed described of the proposed storage procedures, the necessary
plant modifications and extent of monitoring in applying the procedures are
sent out in Section 7.0 for drained plant and Section 8.0 for undrained
plant.

7.0

STORAGE TECHNIQUES FOR DRAINED PLANT

7.1

Complete Dry-out

7.1.1

Storage of plant under conditions of complete dry-out is the most

satisfactory procedure for longer periods of storage, however, great care
must be taken to obtain complete dry-out, as the retention in the plant of
localized small pools of water can lead to serious off-load corrosion.

7.1.2

If dry storage is to be used, every effort shall be made to use the residual
heat in the plant to assist in the drying-out process. As boiler plant is
brought off-load, it is normal practice to blow the boiler and associated
circuits empty

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Issue-1 Aug., 94

from 3-5 bar. However, if it is operationally acceptable, considerable

advantages are to be gained by emptying from a higher pressure (e.g. 28
bar). If the drying is to be assisted by natural air circulation, whilst the
boiler is cooling, header caps and drum doors shall be removed as quickly
as possible to establish satisfactory ventilation.
7.13

Even under these conditions, complete dry-out of superheaters, reheaters

and economizer tubing might not be achieved, and it is now accepted that
circulation of air through the plant to remove residual moisture is essential.
Special consideration shall be given to the possible retention of water in
reheaters. It is known that reheaters contain salts (particularly sodium
sulphate) which can become concentrated in localized areas by retained
water (e.g. condensed steam, spray water). This has resulted in plant
failures by off-load pitting of ferritic steels and/or intergranular stress
corrosion cracking of austenitic steels. The preferred option for storage of
reheaters is dry air purging assisted by the application of condenser
vacuum (see 7.1.4), but vacuum must not be used if there are reheaters
leaks. Capability to withstand vacuum should be checked.

7.1.4

Dry storage can also be applied to condensers and turbines by utilizing

condenser vacuum, it is considered essential that following closure of the
turbine stop valve, the condenser vacuum is maintained for a further 1520 mins. this will effectively put the whole turbine and reheaters under
reduced pressure which, coupled with residual heat, will help to remove
water vapour. On breaking vacuum, the condenser is drained and the
drying-out completed by the circulation of hot or dry air. This procedure
must not be used where it is known that a reheaters tube leaks exists. The
forced air cooling systems installed in the larger units have also proved to
be of considerable value in the drying-out of turbine and/or reheaters.

7.1.5

If salts are retained within crevices in the plant, the presence of sufficiently
high humidity will lead to moisture adsorbtion by the salts and the probable
initiation of corrosion. To avoid this situation arising in salts derived from

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circulating water (i.e. NaCl, CaCO3, MgCl2), it is necessary to maintain the

moisture levels in the stored plant at less than 30 percent relative humidity
at the temperature of the coldest part of the plant. The relationship
between temperature, moisture content and relative humidity is given in
Fig. 1.
7.1.6

When a dry storage regime is initially established, regular, possible daily

checks on the moisture levels prevailing must be carried out. It is important
at this stage to determine, as far as possible by visual inspection, whether
or not pools of water have been retained.

7.2

Incomplete Dry-out
Unless adequate measures are taken to ensure complete dry-out of plant,
it must be assumed that drained plant contains pockets of trapped water at
nondraining sites. It is considered that most cases of severe off-load pitting
corrosion occur in plant in this condition which must be avoided whenever
possible.

7.2.1

Inhibition of Retained Water by nitrite-borax

7.2.1.1

This procedure is the most convenient technique for the storage of partially
dry operational section of plant, particularly economizes and where access
is required to the water/steam circuits, e.g. during repairs and manaccess
(See also Section 8.0, "Wet Storage Techniques for Undrained Plant").

7.2.1.2

Two strengths of sodium nitrite and sodium tetraborate decahydrate

(borax) solution are available, their usage depending on whether the steel
surface has a protective oxide layer or not i.e.
(i)

Where steel surfaces are covered with a service formed protective

oxide layer the appropriate solution contains 200 mg/kg sodium
nitrite and 200 mg/kg borax dissolved in demineralized water.

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(ii)

When steel surfaces have no protective oxide layer, e.g.

immediately after chemical cleaning, the appropriate solution
contains 2000 mg/kg sodium nitrite and 1000 mg/kg borax
dissolved in demineralized water.

7.2.1.3

Sodium nitrite is an anodic corrosion inhibitor which acts most effectively

under alkaline conditions, i.e. borax buffer solutions at pH 9.0. Care shall
be taken to ensure adequate mixing and even distribution of the added
chemicals, since protection my not be maintained if the sodium nitrite
concentration falls below 100 mg/kg, when using the 200 mg/kg solution,
or 1000 mg/kg when using the 2000 mg/kg solution. The chloride
concentration of the solution shall be maintained at less than 2 mg/kg for
all ferritic steel circuits, or less than 0.3 mg/kg if austenitic steel
components are present.

7.2.1.4

The plant item to be stored is drained and refilled with inhibitor solution.
The treated water may be left in the plant for the full period of storage, or
may be drained from the plant to allow maintenance and repairs to be
carried out. The required duration of contact before draining is related to
the strength of nitrite-borax solution used; with the 200 mg/kg sodium
nitrite and 200 mg/kg borax solution the period of contact is immaterial,
whilst with the 2000 mg/kg sodium nitrite and 1000 mg/kg borax used on
unoxidized steel surfaces, a minimum contact time of 24 hrs. is advisable if
fresh rusting is to be avoided.

7.2.1.5

In applying the nitrite-borax method of storage, the following points shall be

taken into account.
i)

The use of the technique shall be confined to those items of plant

which normally generate wet (e.g boiler furnaces and economizers)
and can be flushed to less than 1 mg/kg nitrite before returning to
service.

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Issue-1 Aug., 94

ii)

In some circumstances it is desirable to check the strength of

nitriteborax solutions, e.g. when stored before use. Normally the pH
of a solution containing 200 mg/kg sodium nitrite and 200 mg/kg
borax is 9.0-9.2; provided that pH is in excess of 8.5, it is
considered that sufficient borax is still present. Analysis for nitrite
concentration can be carried out by any standard chemical method
or by ion chromatography.

iii)

Care shall be taken to dispose of effluents in safe and acceptable

manner, e.g. via ash lagoons or by dilution to conform to the local
water authority regulations.

7.2.2

Nitrogen Filling

7.2.2.1

This is an appropriate storage method for plant which remains unopened

during the outage period. In this storage regime, the aim is to completely
fill the water/steam space of a plant item with nitrogen and to maintain the
plant under a small over-pressure of nitrogen to prevent any subsequent
ingress of air. Protection of the internal surfaces is then obtained without
the necessity to dry-out the circuit. It shall be noted that if the nitrogen is
displaced by air, e.g. in the event of tube cutting, protection against
corrosion will not be maintained.

7.2.2.2

Two procedures have been used to introduce nitrogen into plant items as
follow:
i) The plant item is brought to atmospheric pressure and drained down.
Nitrogen is then purged through the circuit in a flowing system and
the oxygen content of the exit gas monitored. The purging is
continued until the oxygen content of the exit gas is less then 1.0%
by volume. The gas vent is then closed and the nitrogen supply to

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the plant item maintained at a pressure of 10-50 cm water gauge.

It has been found that this level of residual oxygen can be achieved
by sweeping out the circuit with some five circuit volumes of
nitrogen. Difficulties may be encountered with `dead legs', etc., but,
in the high pressure section of the plant, this can be countered by
using a modified procedure in which the pressure in the plant is
raised to 3 bar with nitrogen and then vented to atmosphere.
Repeating the procedure two or three times is usually sufficient to
achieve the desired oxygen concentration.
or
ii)

The plant item concerned is completely filled with demineralized

and, preferably, deaerated water. All the air vents are closed with
the exception of one, to which a supply of nitrogen is connected.
The plant item is then drained down, the nitrogen being drawn in to
replace the water leaving the system. When draining is complete, all
drains are closed and a pressure or nitrogen of 10-50 cm water
gauge is applied.

7.2.2.3

It is necessary that regular monitoring of the oxygen content of the

nitrogen in the plant is carried out. The nitrogen cannot normally be
circulated; hence to obtain a satisfactory assessment of the oxygen
content, where possible, samples are drawn from a number of sampling
points, analysis being carried out every 7 days. Should the oxygen content
rise above 1.0% by volume, the system must be purged with nitrogen to
reduce the oxygen levels to below this value.

7.2.2.4

On occasions, it is found that substantial quantities of nitrogen are being

lost from the plant item under store. As soon as possible after putting the
plant into storage, nitrogen consumption must be monitored and any leaks
identified and sealed.

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7.2.2.5

When returning nitrogen-stored plant to service, care must be taken to

ensure that the large volumes of nitrogen displaced are safely vented such
that high local concentrations are not produced in normal working areas.
Similarly, if plant items are required for man-access or repair work, the
items concerned shall be thoroughly swept with air and conditions proved
to be satisfactory before work is carried out.

8.0

WET STORAGE TECHNIQUES FOR UNDRAINED PLANT

The storage techniques described in 6.1 and 6.2 can only be applied to
plant that can be drained. Where this is not practicable, it may be more
satisfactory to use a wet storage regime. This procedure involves
completely filling the particular item of plant with water that has been
chemically conditioned with hydrazine and/or ammonia to prevent
corrosion. Nitrite-borax solution could also be used (see 7.2.1) as an
alternative. If the plant cannot, be completely filled, nitrogen capping (see
8.4) may be necessary to exclude air which could impair the effectiveness
of the conditioning chemicals. As an additional precaution, the water level
shall preferably be maintained in those sections of the plant which have
the greater wall thickness, e.g. headers as opposed to tubes.

8.1

Protection of Ferrous Materials

8.1.1

Adding 300 mg/kg NH3 to demineralized water to give a pH of 10.7 (Fig.2)

affords protection to mild steel immersed in fully aerated water. With both
hydrazine and ammonia additions a lower pH can be tolerated, i.e. not less
than pH 10.0 (50 mg/kg NH3) if 50 mg/kg N2 H4 is added to the storage
water. In this instance, the hydrazine would act as an oxygen scavenger
and possibly as a corrosion inhibitor. Both regimes have been found to be
satisfactory. It should be stressed that aerated solutions of pH 10.7 must
not be used for the storage of plant items containing copper alloys (See
8.3).

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8.1.2

When using either of the above water compositions, it is essential that the
plant item be completely filled with the storage solution and that the pH in
particular, is maintained at or above the minimum figure quoted.
Furthermore, guaranteed protection can only be obtained if the chloride
content of the storage water is less than 2 mg/kg. Therefore, when putting
plant into a wet storage regime, every effort shall be made to meet this
limit, either when the plant is first put into storage or soon afterwards. If
water production/storage limitations are likely to preclude draining and
refilling with low chloride water, then increased blowdown shall be used as
far as possible to reduce chloride levels prior to bringing the plant off-load.
It is also essential that any water used to `top-up' the plant to replace
leakage losses shall be demineralized and chemically treated to meet the
above standards.

8.1.3

To ensure that the storage solution is satisfactorily mixed when first

establishing a wet storage regime, the solution shall be circulated, through
temporary external pipework if necessary, until the composition is
acceptable. Subsequently, the storage solution shall be circulated for a few
hours at regular intervals. (e.g twice per week), sampled and analysed and
the correct composition maintained by further chemical additions as
required.

8.1.4

The insertion of corrosion coupons or probes at a number of points on the

stored circuit can be of considerable value in determining whether or not
the storage conditions are satisfactory. Specialist advice shall be sought
on the use of such monitoring techniques from R&D and Operation
Services.

8.1.5

When a plant item is completely filled with water, it is sometimes difficult to

observe the fall in level caused by slow leakage. A procedure successfully
adopted is to close all air cocks except the highest, to which is attached a
small header tank. When the item of plant is initially filled, the filling is
continued until a significant head of water is present in the header tank.
Any losses are then readily observed and can be topped-up as necessary.

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8.16

When returning the plant to service, it is advisable to drain down the

storage solution to remove the high ammonia/hydrazine concentrations,
refill with demineralized water and dose with the normal operating
chemical treatment. If. owing to water shortage, the plant has to be
brought back into service using the storage solution already present, all
drains and condensates shall be put to waste until the ammonia levels in
the water/steam circuit has fallen to less than 1 mg/kg NH3.

8.2

Protection when Austenitic Alloys are Present

The general considerations given in 8.1 also apply if austenitic steels are
present. Storage solutions shall contain both ammonia and hydrazine and
the chloride content shall be limited to 0.3 mg/kg to minimize the risk of
stress-corrosion. Care shall be taken to exclude solid alkalis.

8.3

Protection of Copper Alloys

8.3.1

The preferred method of storage of plant containing copper alloys is dry

storage.

8.3.2

If wet storage is unavoidable, it shall be noted the higher-pH ammonia

based procedures must not be used. It is therefore suggested that such
plant be stored using either.
i)

Demineralised water containing 50 mg/kg N 2 H4 with air exclusion

as far as possible.
or

ii)

A nitrite-borax solution as described in 7.2.1.

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8.4

Nitrogen Capping

8.4.1

A form of wet storage combined with nitrogen storage termed nitrogen

capping, is particularly useful in the storage of boilers and associated
pipework and feed heaters for periods of up to 3-4 weeks. As plant is
brought off-load and begins to cool, no action is taken until the pressure in
the plant reaches atmospheric. Selected air cocks, attached to a nitrogen
supply, are then opened and nitrogen is admitted to the plant instead of air.
This procedure maintains a low oxygen condition within the plant
preventing corrosion and, as the water present in the plant, i.e. boiler water
or feed water, that is present during normal operation, rapid return to
service can readily be achieved.

8.4.2

As when using full nitrogen storage, care must be taken to ensure that
nitrogen displaced from plant being brought back into service is vented
safely (See 7.2.2.5)

9.0

HYDRAULIC TESTS
When carrying out hydraulic tests, the plants must be flushed and
completely filled with deionized water (minimum temperature 7C,
electrical conductivity less than 0.5 s/cm and chloride less than 0.1
mg/kg) to which has been added suitable alkalizing or inhibiting agents. If
the plant is to be returned to service immediately, the addition of ammonia
to give pH of 9.3-9.4 is satisfactory. However, if return to service is to be
delayed a test should be carried out using one of the solutions described in
Section 8.0. The choice of solution shall be made with due regard to the
limitations on use given for each particular composition and materials
present in the plant (See Section 6.0 and Section 8.0).

10.0

REVIEW
The Executive Director, Operation Services, will be responsible for
reviewing this document on a 2-yearly basis.

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TABLE - SUMMARY OF STORAGE PROCEDURES

Procedure

Period of
Application

Required Plant
Modifications

Special Conditions of
Application

Monitoring Requirements

Returning to
Service

Dry
Storage
(See 7.1)

Indefinite

Installation of equipment
to generate hot or
dry air. Additional
pipework for the
circulation of hot or
dry air. Additional
sampling points.

Take steps necessary

to ensure rapid and
complete drying out
of plant.

Regular moisture or dewpoint

determinations, frequently at
first but relaxed to once
per 7 days when condition
are established. Maintain
R.H. at 30 percent at lowest
temperature.

Reinstate plant
item. As required
fill with
demineralized
dearated water
with correct
chemical dosing.
Return to service.

Nitriteborax (See
7.2.1)

Indefinite

Injection equipment for

addition of inhibitors.
Large external mixing
vessel preferred.

Ensure composition
of inhibitor solution
selected is appropriate
for type and condition
of plant.

Inhibitor solution shall contain

As for wet
200 mg/kg sodium nitrite and
storage below.
200 mg/kg borax (sodium tetraborate
decahydrate). or 2000 mg/kg sodium
nitrite and 1000 mg/kg borax as
appropriate. Condition unsatisfactory
if the concentration falls below
100 mg/kg sodium Nitrite when using
the 200 mg/kg solution or below
1000 mg/kg when using the
2000 mg/kg solution.

Nitrogen

Indefinite

Installation for nitrogen

If possible minimize air

Regular monitoring of O2 in

Reinstate plant

storage and distribution

Additional pipework for

ingress during initial

injection of nitrogen.

plant, frequently at first but

relaxing to once per 7 days

item as required
fill with correct

filling
(See 7.2.2)

nitrogen injection.
Additional sampling

Identify and seal leaks.

Flush with nitrogen as

points.

required to maintain low

O2 concentration.

when conditions established.

Maintain O2 at 1% by volume.

chemical dosing.
Ensure that
nitrogen displaced
from the plant is
safely dispersed.
Return to Service

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Procedure

Period of
Application

Required Plant
Modifications

Special Conditions of
Application

Monitoring Requirements

Returning to
Service

Wet
storage
(see 8.0)

Indefinite

Pumps and pipework

to allow circulation of
the storage solution.
Fitting of header tank

Plant to be filled
to air cocks with
storage solution of
correct composition.

Regular monitoring of storage

solution composition, once or
twice every 7 days. Maintain
pH, NH3, N2H4 and Cl within

Drain. Ensure
safe disposal of
storage solution.
Reinstate plant

on air cocks. Additional

sampling points.

Circulate storage
solution at regular
intervals and

prescribed specification.
pH>10
N2 H2 - 50 ppm

item. Flush with

demineralized
water. As

Ammonia-Commensurate with pH
Chloride - <2 ppm.

required, refill
with demineralised dearerated
water with correct
chemical dosing.
Return to service.

As for nitrogen storage.

Isolate nitrogen
injection equipment as
necessary. Return
to service
ensuring that
nitrogen displaced
from plant is safety
dispersed.

maintain required
composition.

Nitrogen
Capping
(see 8.4)

Hydrotest

4 weeks

Installation for
nitrogen storage
and distribution.
Additional pipework
for nitrogen injection.

Inject nitrogen in such

a way that air ingress
is minimized. Nitrogen
flushing may be
necessary to maintain
oxygen levels.

DM water having
specific conductivity- <0.5 S/cm
Chloride - <0.1 ppm.

pH - 9.3 to 9.4
Ammonia - commersurate with pH.

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Fig. 1 The relationship between moisture content, temperature and relative humidity for air

Page 17
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Fig. 2 pH/concentration relationship for hydrazine and ammonia at 25C

DOCUMENT FOR DISTRIBUTION TO

I.

Power Stations
1.

General Manager

SSTPS

2.

General Manager

KSTPS

3.

General Manager

RSTPS

4.

General Manager

FSTPP

5.

General Manager

RhSTPP

6.

General Manager

VSTPP

7.

General Manager

NCTPP

8.

General Manager

BTPS

9.

General Manager

KhSTPP

10. General Manager

TSTPP

11. Addl. General Manager

FGUTPP

12. Addl. General Manager

BCPP

13. Addl. General Manager

An.GPP

14. Addl. General Manager

Au.GPP

15. Addl. General Manager

KGPP

16. DGM (I/C)

Ja.Gan.GPP

17. DGM (I/C)

DGPP

II.

III.

Regional Head Quarters

18. Executive Director (NR)

Allahabad

19. Executive Director (SR)

Hyderabad

20. Executive Director (WR)

Nagpur

21. Executive Director (ER)

Patna

22. Executive Director (NCR)

New Delhi

Corporate Head Quarters

23. Chairman & Managing Director

New Delhi

24. Director (Technical)

- do -

25. Director (Operations)

- do -

26. Director (Projects)

- do -

27. Director (Personnel)

- do -

28. Director (Finance)

- do -

29. Executive Director (OS)

- do -

30. Executive Director (Engg)

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31. General Manager (R&D)

Noida