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Metabolism
Heat
The 2nd law of Thermodynamics
The 10% rule: In every transfer, there is energy lost wasted in the form of heat
, which is non-useable energy (the trophic levels only get 10% of the original
energy )
Increase in entropy
Increase in Temperature
Quiz #1 Chapter 7
Metabolism:
Enthalpy
Every specific type of chemical bond has a certain amount of bond energy (the
energy required to break that bond)
enthalpy
The total potential energy of a system
Essentially equivalent to the total bond energy
Free Energy
free energy (G)
The amount of energy available to do work
Entropy and enthalpy are related by free energy:
As entropy increases, the amount of free energy decreases
Changes in Free Energy
Exergonic vs. Endergonic
Exergonic Reactions
DiffusionisanExergonicProcess
Particlesdiffusefromanareaofhighconcentrationtoanareaoflowconcentration
concentrationgradient
orderlystatewitharegionofhigherconcentrationandanotherregionoflower
concentration
formofpotentialenergy
LESS ENTROPY
MORE ENTROPY
Endergonic Reactions
An endergonic reaction is a reaction in which there is a gain of free energy
G has a positive value
the free energy of the products is greater than the free energy of the reactants
decreases entropy
Requires an input of energy
from the environment
cant take place in isolation
Coupled Reactions
Because an endergonic reaction cannot take place without an input of energy,
endergonic reactions are coupled to exergonic reactions
Exergonic reactions provides the energy required to drive endergonic reactions
Energy Coupling
ATP powers cellular work by coupling exergonic reactions to endergonic
reactions
*In a living cell the exergonic reactions often involve the breakdown of ATP
know slice 29
Quiz #3
Stated from slice (36) end it Page 10 chapter 8
Page #36
LEO(loss of electrons Oxidation ) goes GER(Gain of electrons Redox)
Mostelectroncarrierstransferhydrogenatoms
Redoxreactionsusuallyinvolvethetransferofahydrogenatom
Ex.FAD(flavinadeninedinucleotide)istheoxidizedform
FADH2isthereducedform
Enzymes:
biologicalcatalyststhatincreasethespeedofachemicalreactionwithoutbeing
consumedbythereaction
Ex:Catalase
protectscellsbydestroyinghydrogenperoxide(H2O2)
highestknowncatalyticrate
Mostenzymesareproteins
Even a strongly exergonic reaction may be prevented from proceeding
by the activation energy required to begin the reaction
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
o
o
o
Active Sites
o
o
Enzymes
Becausetheshapeoftheactivesiteiscloselyrelatedtotheshapeof
thesubstrate,mostenzymesarehighlyspecific
Specificsubstratesareforspecificenzymes
optimal pH...
Feedback inhibition:
formation of a product inhibits an earlier reaction in the sequence
Enzyme Inhibitors
Some drugs used to treat bacterial infections inhibit bacterial
enzyme activity (directly, or indirectly)
Example:
Penicillin irreversibly inhibits the bacterial enzyme transpeptidase
However, bacteria evolve at a rapid rate, and drug resistance is a
growing problem
penicillinase: Break down penicillin