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Signaling
Chapter 41
External s+mulus
(e. g., vibra+on,
movement, light,
odor)
Internal s+mulus
(e. g., change in blood
pH
or blood pressure)
RECEPTION
Detec+on by Detec+on by
external
internal
sense organs sense organs
Neural
signaling
involves four
processes:
TRANSMISSION
Eerent (motor) neurons
transmit impulses
ACTION BY EFFECTORS
(muscles and glands)
For example,
animal
runs away
For example,
respira+on rate increases;
blood pressure rises
Neurons receive
s=muli and
transmit neural
signals
sensory= Afferent
Interneuron= Efferent
motor neuron:
# of Neurons
The Neuron
receive information
the largest
single axon
transmite a
signal
The cell body of the neuron contains the nucleus and normal cellular organelles
Mul=ple dendrites extend from the cell body in addi=on to one long axon.
The axon will transmit the nerve impulse, or ac+on poten+al, that starts in (or is
detected by) the dendrites.
neurons=PNS
Schwann cells surround some vertebrate neurons. The cytoplasm of the Schwann
cell contains myelin, which is lipid rich.
Myelin sheath
Artery
Vein
Axon
Dendrites
Stimulus
Nucleus
Cell
body
Axon
Signal
direction
Synapse
Neurotransmitter
Synaptic terminals
Synaptic
terminals
Oligodendrocytes
form myelin sheaths
helps produce myelin sheaths
Ependymal cells
what chemical they produce
Microglia
phagocytosis
FRIDAY
Capillary
Astrocytes
provide physical support
Cilia
Oligodendrocyte
Ependymal
cells
Nerve ber
Myelin sheath
Microglia
Concentra=on Gradients:
Transmiang Info Along the Neuron
Monday 10-24.
Res=ng Poten=al:
Ac=on poten=al is generated in a wave of depolariza=on that moves down the axon
As the ac=on poten=al moves down the axon, repolariza=on occurs behind it
S=muli
Neurons are excitable cells: respond to s=muli and convert
s=muli into nerve impulses
An electrical, mechanical, or chemical s=mulus may alter
the res=ng poten=al, by increasing the membranes
permeability to Na+ ions
When a s=mulus causes the membrane poten=al to
become LESS nega=ve (closer to 0), that region of the
membrane become depolarized (excited)
Local anesthe=cs (as well as cocaine) bind to voltage-ac=vated Na+ channels and block them
channels cant open impulse cannot be transmiied pain is not experienced
Ac=on Poten=al
Resting state -70
Action potential
Action potential
+50
Falling
phase
0
Rising
phase
Threshold (-55)
-50
-100
Resting
potential
-70
Depolarization
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Time (msec)
-77
Axon
Plasma
membrane
Action
potential
1
Cytosol
Na+
K+
Action
potential
2
Na+
K+
K+
Action
potential
Na+
K+
Ac=on poten=al is generated in a wave of depolariza=on that moves down the axon
As the ac=on poten=al moves down the axon, repolariza=on occurs behind it
Presynaptip neuron ends at the sypnase and Postsynaptic starts at the sypnase
Neural
signaling
across a
synapse
Axon of
presynaptic
neuron
Voltage-gated
Ca2+ channel
Ca2+
Neurotransmitter
Postsynaptic
membrane
Postsynaptic
neuron
depolorization will
Receptor for
start
neurotransmitter
Ca2+
Neural
signaling
across a
synapse
Presynaptic
membrane
Na+
Postsynaptic
membrane
Depolariza=on!
neurotransmiter
Neural Integra=on
0
-55
-70
Neural Circuits