NAME:

UFID

CLOSED BOOK and NOTES. NO COMMUNICATION DEVICES.

CALCULATORS ARE ALLOWED. You may use a graphing calculator.
NEATNESS PAYS. SUBMIT YOUR WORK IN THE SHEETS PROVIDED.
Write your name on every page you do work.
1) 1) The Rayleigh still is a batch distillation where a liquid mixture is heated and vapor is
totally condensed into liquid condensate and removed in a receiver as shown.

A still initially containing 100 moles of 5% ethanol and 95% butanol is heated at constant
temperature until 10% of the initial charge is vaporized. In other words 90% of the initial
charge is left over. Assume a y-x relationship of
y= mx, where y is the mole fraction of ethanol in the vapor and x is the mole fraction of
ethanol in the liquid at any time, t and where m=3.

Let N(t) be the liquid moles in the flask at any time t and let No be the moles at time (t=0)
i.e. at initial time. Let x be the composition of the ethanol where x(t) and x(t=0) is called
xo . Obtain a differential equation describing relating the variation of x with N

Be neat and clear.

a) What is the composition in the still after 10% of the original moles are vaporized?

NAME:

UFID

b) What is the average composition of the condensate assuming negligible vapor hold-

up in the still? In other words assume that the fluid that vaporizes, instantly
condenses COMPLETELY in the condenser and is caught by the receiver.

WORK SPACE

NAME:

WORK SPACE

UFID

NAME:

UFID

Recommended time 30 minutes (35 points)

2) A gas mixture containing 85 mole % Nitrogen and the balance N-hexane flows down
a pipe at a rate of 5000 liters/hour. The pressure is 2 atmospheres absolute and the
temperature is 100 degrees Celsius.
a) What is the molar rate of the gas in k-mols/hour? Use the Ideal gas equation of
state if needed.(5 points)
b) Is the gas saturated and if not to what temperature must it be cooled to first start
condensing?(15 points)
c) At what temperature must the gas be cooled to condense out 85% of the hexane
originally in the gas phase?(15 points)


The following equation called the Antoine equation gives the vapor pressure (p*) of a
species as a function of Temperature. (T)

!" =

where A, B, and C for n-hexane are 6.9, 1176, and 225 respectively

Note that in this formula the log function is to the base 10 and T is in degrees Celsius and
NOT Kelvin. The units for p* are mm of mercury.

Also note that the Nitrogen does not condense into the liquid phase.

Raoults law for one condensing species is

! = !

Here P is the total gas pressure, ! , is the vapor pressure of species A.

R is 0.082 L-atm/ (mol-K) where mol means gram-mole
760 mm Hg is ONE atmosphere.

NAME:

WORK SPACE:

UFID

NAME:

WORK SPACE:

UFID

NAME:

UFID

Recommended time 15 minutes (30 points)

3) Steam enters a turbine at 550 degrees Kelvin and 30 bar. It is desired that the exit
pressure be one bar pressure. You find that the exit temperature is 400 degrees
Kelvin. Find the work done BY the turbine in kJ/second. Do not assume that steam
is an ideal gas under these conditions. The flow rate of the steam maybe assumed to
be 1 kg/second. The system is adiabatic and at steady state.

1 bar is 0.1 MPa

!"

Mass Balance: !" = k

Energy Balance:

!"(!!

!!
! !)
!

!"

= k ( +

!!
!

+ )k + +

NAME:

UFID

NAME:

UFID

12.4. STEAM TABLES

12.4

1011

Steam Tables

SATURATED STEAM - TEMPERATURE TABLE

T
C

P
bar

0.01
4
5
6
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
38
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
75
80

0.0061
0.0081
0.0087
0.0093
0.0107
0.0123
0.0131
0.0140
0.0150
0.0160
0.0170
0.0182
0.0194
0.0206
0.0220
0.0234
0.0249
0.0264
0.0281
0.0298
0.0317
0.0336
0.0357
0.0378
0.0401
0.0425
0.0450
0.0476
0.0503
0.0532
0.0563
0.0595
0.0663
0.0738
0.0959
0.1235
0.1576
0.1994
0.2503
0.3119
0.3858
0.4739

Spec. vol.
m3 =kg
Sat.
Sat.
liq.
vap.
vf
vg
X1000
1.0002
206.1
1.0001
157.2
1.0001
147.1
1.0001
137.7
1.0001
120.9
1.0001
106.4
1.0007
99.86
1.0007
93.79
1.0007
88.13
1.0007
82.85
1.0007
77.93
1.0013
73.34
1.0013
69.05
1.0013
65.04
1.0013
61.30
1.002
57.79
1.002
54.52
1.002
51.45
1.0026
48.58
1.0026
45.89
1.0032
43.36
1.0032
41.00
1.0032
38.78
1.0038
36.69
1.0038
34.73
1.0045
32.90
1.0045
31.17
1.0051
29.54
1.0051
28.01
1.0057
26.57
1.0057
25.22
1.0063
23.94
1.007
21.60
1.0076
19.52
1.010
15.26
1.012
12.03
1.015
9.569
1.017
7.671
1.020
6.197
1.023
5.042
1.026
4.131
1.029
3.407

Int. Ener.
kJ/kg
Sat.
Sat.
liq.
vap.
uf
ug
0.01
16.79
21.00
25.21
33.61
42.01
46.19
50.40
54.59
58.80
62.99
67.17
71.36
75.57
79.76
83.94
88.13
92.32
96.50
100.7
104.9
109.0
113.2
117.4
121.6
125.8
130.0
134.1
138.3
142.5
146.7
150.8
159.2
167.5
188.4
209.3
230.2
251.1
272.0
293.0
313.9
334.8

2376
2381
2383
2384
2387
2389
2391
2392
2393
2394
2396
2397
2399
2400
2401
2403
2404
2406
2407
2409
2410
2411
2412
2414
2415
2416
2418
2419
2421
2422
2423
2425
2427
2430
2437
2443
2450
2457
2463
2470
2476
2482

Enthalpy
kJ/kg
Sat.
Sat.
liq.
vap.
hf
hg
0.01
16.79
21
25.21
33.61
42.01
46.19
50.4
54.59
58.8
62.99
67.17
71.36
75.57
79.76
83.94
88.13
92.32
96.5
100.7
104.9
109.0
113.2
117.4
121.6
125.8
130.0
134.1
138.3
142.5
146.7
150.8
159.2
167.5
188.4
209.3
230.2
251.1
272.0
293.0
313.9
334.9

2501
2509
2511
2512
2516
2520
2522
2523
2525
2527
2529
2531
2533
2534
2536
2538
2540
2542
2544
2545
2547
2549
2551
2553
2554
2556
2558
2560
2562
2563
2565
2567
2571
2574
2583
2592
2601
2610
2618
2627
2635
2644

Entropy
kJ=(kgo K)
Sat.
Sat.
liq.
vap.
sf
sg
0
0.061
0.0762
0.0912
0.1212
0.151
0.1658
0.1806
0.1953
0.2099
0.2245
0.239
0.2535
0.2679
0.2823
0.2966
0.3108
0.3251
0.3392
0.3533
0.3673
0.3814
0.3953
0.4093
0.4231
0.4369
0.4507
0.4644
0.478
0.4917
0.5053
0.5188
0.5457
0.5725
0.6386
0.7037
0.7679
0.8311
0.8934
0.9549
1.016
1.075

9.156
9.051
9.026
9.000
8.950
8.901
8.876
8.852
8.828
8.805
8.781
8.758
8.735
8.712
8.690
8.667
8.645
8.623
8.601
8.579
8.558
8.537
8.515
8.495
8.474
8.453
8.433
8.413
8.393
8.373
8.353
8.333
8.295
8.257
8.165
8.076
7.991
7.910
7.831
7.755
7.682
7.612

1014

CHAPTER 12. SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS

SUPERHEATED STEAM
T
80
100
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
450
500

v in m3 =kg, u in kJ/kg, h in kJ/kg, s in

P= 0.06 bar
v
u
h
s
v
27.13
2487
2650
8.580
4.625
28.68
2516
2688
8.685
4.895
30.22
2545
2726
8.784
5.163
33.30
2603
2802
8.969
5.696
36.38
2661
2880
9.140
6.228
39.46
2721
2958
9.298
6.757
42.54
2782
3037
9.446
7.286
45.62
2843
3117
9.586
7.814
48.69
2905
3198
9.718
8.341
51.77
2969
3280
9.843
8.872
55.62
3050
3383
9.992
9.532
59.47
3132
3489
10.13
10.19

T
100
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
450
500
550
600

v in m3 =kg, u in kJ/kg, h in kJ/kg, s in

P= 0.7 bar
v
u
h
s
v
2.434
2510
2680
7.534
1.695
2.571
2540
2720
7.637
1.793
2.841
2599
2798
7.828
1.984
3.108
2659
2877
8.001
2.172
3.374
2719
2956
8.161
2.359
3.639
2780
3035
8.310
2.545
3.904
2842
3115
8.450
2.730
4.170
2905
3196
8.583
2.917
4.434
2968
3279
8.708
3.102
4.764
3049
3383
8.858
3.334
5.094
3132
3488
8.999
3.565
5.423
3213
3593
9.129
3.796
5.753
3298
3701
9.257
4.027

T
120
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
450
500
550
600

v in m3 =kg, u in kJ/kg, h in kJ/kg, s in

P= 1.5 bar
u
h
s
v
2533
2711
7.269
XXX
2595
2793
7.466
0.6506
2656
2873
7.643
0.7162
2717
2953
7.805
0.7802
2779
3033
7.955
0.8438
2841
3113
8.096
0.9067
2903
3195
8.229
0.9692
2967
3277
8.355
1.031
3048
3382
8.505
1.109
3131
3488
8.646
1.186
3216
3595
8.781
1.264
3302
3704
8.910
1.341

kJ=(kgo K)
P= 0.35 bar
u
h
2484
2646
2513
2684
2542
2723
2601
2801
2660
2878
2720
2957
2781
3036
2843
3116
2905
3197
2969
3279
3049
3383
3132
3489

s
7.756
7.863
7.964
8.152
8.324
8.483
8.631
8.771
8.903
9.029
9.178
9.319

SUPERHEATED STEAM
kJ=(kgo K)
P= 1 bar
u
h
2506
2676
2537
2717
2598
2796
2658
2875
2719
2954
2780
3034
2842
3115
2904
3196
2968
3278
3049
3382
3132
3488
3216
3596
3302
3705

s
7.361
7.467
7.660
7.834
7.995
8.144
8.285
8.417
8.543
8.693
8.834
8.969
9.097

SUPERHEATED STEAM
v
1.188
1.317
1.444
1.570
1.694
1.819
1.943
2.067
2.221
2.376
2.530
2.684

kJ=(kgo K)
P= 3 bar
u
h
XXX XXX
2587
2782
2651
2866
2713
2947
2775
3029
2838
3110
2901
3192
2966
3275
3047
3380
3130
3486
3215
3594
3301
3703

s
XXX
7.128
7.311
7.477
7.630
7.772
7.906
8.033
8.183
8.325
8.460
8.589

12.4. STEAM TABLES

1015

SUPERHEATED STEAM

T
160
200
240
280
320
360
400
450
500
550
600
650
700

v in m3 =kg, u in kJ/kg, h in kJ/kg, s in kJ=(kgo K)

P= 5 bar
P= 7 bar
v
u
h
s
v
u
h
0.3836
2576
2767
6.865
XXX
XXX XXX
0.4249
2643
2855
7.059
0.2999
2635
2845
0.4644
2708
2940
7.230
0.3292
2702
2932
0.5034
2771
3023
7.386
0.3574
2767
3017
0.5416
2835
3105
7.531
0.3852
2831
3101
0.5795
2899
3188
7.666
0.4125
2896
3185
0.617
2963
3272
7.793
0.4397
2961
3269
0.6642
3045
3377
7.945
0.4735
3043
3375
0.7109
3128
3484
8.087
0.507
3127
3482
0.7575
3213
3592
8.223
0.5405
3212
3590
0.8041
3300
3702
8.352
0.5738
3298
3700
0.8505
3388
3813
8.476
0.6071
3387
3812
0.8969
3477
3926
8.595
0.6403
3477
3925

T
200
240
280
320
360
400
450
500
550
600
650
700

v in m3 =kg, u in kJ/kg, h in kJ/kg, s in kJ=(kgo K)

P= 10 bar
P= 15 bar
v
u
h
s
v
u
h
0.2059
2622
2828
6.694
0.1325
2598
2797
0.2275
2693
2920
6.882
0.1482
2677
2899
0.248
2760
3008
7.046
0.1627
2749
2993
0.2678
2826
3094
7.196
0.1765
2817
3082
0.2873
2892
3179
7.335
0.1899
2884
3169
0.3066
2957
3264
7.465
0.203
2951
3256
0.3304
3040
3371
7.618
0.2192
3035
3364
0.3541
3124
3478
7.762
0.2352
3120
3473
0.3776
3210
3587
7.899
0.251
3206
3583
0.4011
3297
3698
8.029
0.2668
3294
3694
0.4245
3385
3810
8.153
0.2825
3383
3806
0.4478
3475
3923
8.273
0.2981
3473
3920

T
240
280
320
360
400
450
500
550
600
650
700

v in m3 =kg, u in kJ/kg, h in kJ/kg, s in kJ=(kgo K)

P= 20 bar
P= 30 bar
v
u
h
s
v
u
h
0.1084
2660
2876
6.495
0.0682
2620
2824
0.12
2736
2976
6.683
0.0771
2710
2941
0.1308
2808
3069
6.845
0.085
2788
3043
0.1411
2877
3159
6.992
0.0923
2862
3139
0.1512
2945
3248
7.127
0.0994
2933
3231
0.1635
3030
3357
7.284
0.1079
3020
3344
0.1757
3116
3468
7.432
0.1162
3108
3456
0.1877
3203
3578
7.570
0.1244
3196
3569
0.1996
3291
3690
7.702
0.1324
3285
3682
0.2114
3380
3803
7.828
0.1404
3375
3796
0.2232
3471
3917
7.949
0.1484
3466
3912

s
XXX
6.886
7.064
7.223
7.370
7.506
7.635
7.787
7.930
8.066
8.195
8.320
8.439

SUPERHEATED STEAM
s
6.455
6.663
6.838
6.994
7.136
7.269
7.424
7.570
7.707
7.838
7.964
8.084

SUPERHEATED STEAM

s
6.226
6.446
6.624
6.780
6.921
7.083
7.234
7.375
7.508
7.636
7.757