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to be mentioned later. We will pull these specific polls and their results from RealClearPolitics,
which is a website that compiles lists of polls from various times across the election season.
These polls will then be compared to the actual election results from the 2016 election, and
compared with 2008 election and its respective polls and turnout. There will also be an analysis
of polling data from the primaries of political parties, primarily the Democratic primary this
cycle, as both opponents to Hillary Clinton displayed candidacies that could be classified as
populous.
Analysis
Monmouth Poll
Bernie Sanders
Primary Election
Column1
part of the Midwest United States and member of the collective group of the states known as the
Rust Belt was in a stunning upset, won by President-Elect Donald Trump. Michigan, which
had gone to Democrats in the presidential election since Bill Clintons winning in 1992, was a
state that pundits across America had safely given to Hillary Clinton in 2016. A Fox 2 Detroit
poll on November 6th, two days prior to the election, had Clinton polling ahead by 5% with a
3.1% margin of error giving her a 2% safe lead. As it holds on November 18th, 2016, President
Elect Donald Trump holds a .3% lead across the state from CNNs live counting website.
Statistical improbabilities can occur, but was this instance in Michigan in the general election a
statistical improbability or a polling failure?
Michigan Primary polling done by Monmouth in the Democratic Primary had Hillary
Clinton polling ahead of Bernie sanders by 12%, with a 5% margin of error, resulting in a 7%
seemingly safe lead. This poll, conducted on March 7th 2016, came one day before the March 8th
primary with resulted in Bernie Sanders winning with a 1.4% difference between himself and the
former Secretary of State. Both Donald Trump, as well as Bernie Sanders ran political campaigns
based upon the principal that the corporations and establishment politics were screwing over the
citizens or the little guys. Populism as defined by Princeton is thepoliticaldoctrinethat
supportstherightsandpowersofthecommonpeopleintheirstrugglewiththeprivilegedelite.
Therehavebeenfewcampaignsinthelasttwodecadesthatemphasizethisbelief,buttwo
politicalcampaignscomealongcampaigningagainsttheelite,andsuddenlytwostatistical
improbabilitieshappensuggestsmorethanabychanceincident.
2000.0
2004.0
Democrat
2008.0
GOP
2012.0
Overall
2016.0
Voterturnoutendedupbeing
detrimentaltothedemocratsthiselection.MichaelReganofPBSreportsthatthevoterturnout
forSecretaryClintonwasnotwhatitwasforObamain2012,whilePresidentElectTrumpheld
histurnoutfromMittRomneyin2012.Infact,RobertAlexander,apoliticalscienceprofessorat
OhioNorthernUniversity,concludedthat[therewas]depressedturnoutinlargercities,witha
turnoutspikeinruralcities.ItcertainlywasmoreconsequentialforHillaryClintonthanitwas
DonaldTrump(Regan).Wisconsinstotalvoterturnoutcamein3%lessthanitdidin2012,
andthisstatewenttoDonaldTrump.InMilwaukee,thevoterturnoutwassignificantlylower
thanin2012with40,000lessvotes(INVEISS).AsofNovember21,2016,HillaryClintonis
downaround27,000votesinthestate(CNN).WiththatsuppressedturnoutinMilwaukeein
mind,thesuppressedvotearoundotherleftsidedcitiescouldbethedifferencebetweenClinton
takingthestateornot.InWayneCounty,MI,whichhousesthecityofDetroit,votingwasdown
over35,000perMichiganLivesrealtimecomparisoncounter(Gibbons).
Nationally
0
2012
50000000
Column1
100000000
Thepopularvoteshowed
lowerturnoutfortheDemocraticcandidateaswell.AsofNovember22,2016,HillaryClinton
hasjustover63,500,000votes.PresidentBarrackObamain2012pulledinjustunder65,500,000
totalvotes(CNN2012).Comparatively,MittRomneypulledcloseto61,000,000whileDonald
Trumphasaccumulatedover62,000,000.Whiletherepublicancandidate(nowpresidentelect)
stillhaslesstotalvotesthanthedemocraticcandidate,thetrendshowsahighertotalturnoutfor
PresidentElectTrumpthanhispredecessor,andlowerforHillaryClintonwhencomparedtoher
predecessor.Whatisthepurposeofaddressingvoterturnoutwhenrelatedpolling?Common
pollingmethodsusuallyinvolvecallinganindividualinhisorherownhomeandinquiringthe
questionsthatthepollsterwishestoask,unlikeexitpollstheydonotinvolveseekingpeopleon
thestreetoratanelectionsite.Ofthemethodsofpollsthatwehaveaccessed(fromtheprimary
electiontogeneralelection),noneofwhichwereexitpolls.Whatthesepollscannotproperly
address,isvoterturnout.Inanexitpoll,whichmanynewsoutletsusetopreemptivelycall
electionsifthemarginiswide,allofthosewhoparticipateareexitingthevotingstation.The
standardpollingmechanismusedthroughouttheelectioncycleshouldinsteadbereadasif
thesepeoplegoandvote,thisiswhattheelectionwouldlooklike.Thepollspresentedthat
showedClintonwithasafelead,allpointedtotheconclusionthatshewouldwin.Herinability
tobringoutsupportwasnotrepresentedinthepolls,herinabilitytomakevoterswanttocome
outandshowtheirsupportcouldnothavebeenrepresentedinpollsofwhowouldyouvotefor
ofthe24candidateswewillaskyouabout?
EnthusiasmandElections
Answeringapollingcallisonething,leavingthecomfortofonesownhometopledge
supportisanentirelylongerandmorestrenuousprocessespeciallyconsideringthelinesthatcan
existonelectionday.PresentedisanimageofanaverageDonaldTrumprallycourtesyofTruth
Feed.TheBlazereportedthatDonaldTrumpwouldhaverallysizesof10,000attendeesormore,
Figure 1
withPresidentObamaboastinghisnumbersin2008(anelectionObamawoninalandslide)to
beabout50,000100,000.RussiaToday(aRussianGovernmentservicedmediaoutlet)reported
thatHillaryClintonseesanaverageattendanceofjustover13001400onaverageinherrallies.
ApicturepostedtoTwittershowsoneoftheseralliesinDesMoines.ThecountywithDes
MoinesinitaccordingtoCNN,with99%ofthevoteinfromIowa,hasHillaryClintonleading
thepopularvoteby12%.Withthisknown,onecanconcludethatthisspecificareaisnotvery
rightleaningifatall,anddespitethatHillaryClintondidnotdrawinacrowdmuchlargerthana
schoolgymnasium.
Conclusion
Fromthepreponderanceoftheevidence,pollingdoesnotlooktoaccuratelyreflectthe
turnoutofanelection,especiallyonewithpopulistcandidatessuchasSenatorBernieSanders
andPresidentElectDonaldTrump.HillaryClintonsperformanceinpollsjustdaysbeforean
electionshowclearlythatdespiteaccuratepollingdata,thepollsdonothaveacrossovertothe
actualelection.BernieSandersover1%winintheMichiganprimarydespitetrailingSecretary
Clintonby13%ormoreinthepollsjustdaysbeforeprovethatnotonlyintheGeneralElection
didsheunderperform,butsheunderperformedespeciallyinworkingclassareasintheprimaries
aswell.Thiscanleadustooneconclusionthatastandardpolishedestablishmentcandidate
cannotdrawpeopleinthesamewayamovementdoes,suchasinPresidentObamascasein
whichheranonHopeandshowedalighttoatunnelofanacademicallyrecognizedpoor
Presidencyprior,orBernieSandersinwhichheranagainsttheestablishmentandthebig
donors.DonaldTrumpranagainstthepoliticaleliteaswell,beingtheoutsidebusinessmanwho
ateverystepofhiscampaignboastedhisselffunding.Ofthethreeoncepresidentialcandidates
mentioned(Sanders,Obama,Trump),oneofwhichhadbeatenHillaryClintoninaDemocratic
Primaryin2008,andgoneontowinthepresidencyfortwotermswithcommandingvictories.
TheotherbeatHillaryClintoninageneralelectionwithhigherthanexpectedturnout,and
turnoutmuchhigherthantheRepublicanPartyprecedingcandidateMittRomney.Bernie
Sanders,whilenotvictoriesdidhavecomebackvictoriesthatdefiedanypollsterinMichigan
cameandgaveClintonasecondstrikeinwhatwouldsoonbeathirdforher,andprovedthat
pollsterscouldgooutofbusinessiftheirbusinesswaspurelybasedonaccuracy.Thereisone
alternativeconclusionwhichinvolveslookingatRealClearPoliticsovertimepollingdata
betweenthetwoGeneralElectioncandidatesandconcludingthatwiththevarious5+point
swingsduringthecycleonecouldneverbeabletoproperlypredicttheelection.Whilethisclaim
mayhavemerit,itisonethatcannotbeempiricallymeasuredandthuswillnotbeexploredin
thispaper.
Works Cited
CNN. "Election 2012: Results." November 2012. CNN. 22 November 2016.
. Election Results. 16 November 2016. 2016 November 2016.
Communication, Mitchell Research and. Clintons Lead Increases to 5% in
Michigan. Poll. Detroit: Fox 2 Detroit, 2016.
Gibbons, Lauren. See how voter turnout changed in every Michigan county
from 2012 to 2016. 11 November 2016. News Report .
INVEISS, MAIJA. "Madison sees record-breaking voter turnout on Election
Day ." 16 November 2016. The Badger Herald. 21 November 2016.
Lucas, Fred. "How Do Trump Crowd Sizes Really Compare to Obamas 2008
Crowds?" 14 March 2016. The Blaze. 25 November 2016.
Monmouth University. MICHIGAN: TRUMP, CLINTON IN FRONT. Poll. West Long
Branch: Monmouth University, 2016.
Regan, Michael D. "What does voter turnout tell us about the 2016
election? ." 20 November 2016. PBS . 21 November 2016.
Russia Today. "The one place where Hillary Clinton struggles with numbers ."
24 August 2016. 25 November 2016.
Wallace, Gregory and Robert Yoon. "Voter turnout at 20-year low in 2016 ."
12 November 2016. CNN. 28 November 2016.