2

INDIVIDUAL EQUIPME

The choice of appropriate equipment often is influenced by

considerations of price. A lower efficiency or a shorter life may be
compensated for by a lower price. Funds may be low at the time of
purchase and expected to be more abundant later, or the economic
life of the process is exlpected to be limited. Alternate kinds of
equipment for the same service may need to be considered:
water-cooled exchangers vs. air coolers, concrete cooling towers vs.
redwood, filters vs. centrifuges, pneumatic conveyors vs. screw or
bucket elevators, and so on.
In this chapter, the prices of classes of the most frequently used
equipment are c'ollected in the form of correlating equations. The
prices are given in terms of appropriate key characteristics of the
equipment, such as sqft, gpm, lb/hr, etc. Factors for materials of

construction and performance characteristics other than the basic

ones also are provided. Although graphs are easily read and can
bring out clearly desirable comparisons between related types of
equipment, algebraic representation has been adopted here.
Equations are capable of consistent reading, particularly in
comparison with interpolation on logarithmic scales, and are
amenable to incorporation in computer programs.
Unless otherwise indicated, the unit price is $1000, $K. Except
where indicated, notably for fired heaters, refrigeration systems,
and cooling towers (which are installed prices), the prices are
purchase prices, FOB, with delivery charges extra. In the United
States delivery charges are of the order of 5% of the purchase price,
but, of course, dependent on the unit value, as cost per Ib or per

f 3 = 0.85,
it=1,
C,= 375.8 exp[0.1739(4)]= 753.4,
C,, = 204.9(4)0.6332(120)0~8016
= 22,879,
purchase price C = 1.7(101,726) + 58(1.42)(0.85)(753.4)
+ 22,879
= $248,646

EXAMPLE
20.1
Installed Cost of a Qkstillation Tower
Shell and trays are made of AIS1 304 stainless steel. Dimensional
data are:
D=4ft,
L = 120 ft,
N = 58 sieve trays,
wall thickness tp = 0.50 in. for pressure,
fb = 0.75 in. at the bottom,
flanged and dished heads weigh 325 Ib each,
weight W = (~~/4)(16)(i20(0.5/12)(501) 2(325) = 32,129 lb
Cb= exp[7.1%3+ 0.1478(10.38) 0.02488(10.38)2
+ 0.0158(l20/4) in(0.75/0.50)]
= 101,726
fl = 1.7,
f2 1.189 -1- 0.057764) = 1.420,

From Table 20.1, the installation factor is 2.1 so that the installed
price is
Cinstalled
= 2.1(248;646) = $522,156

A tower packed with 2 in. pall rings instead of trays:

packing volume I$
= (n/4)(4)'(120) = 1508 cuf?,
Cinstalled
= 2.1[1.7(101,726)+ 1508(23.0) + 22,879)j
= $484,044

belt drive coupling, C = 1.2 exp[3.689 + 0.8917(5.42)]

= $6008,
total installed cost, e
,, = 1.3(162,210+ 8113 + 6008)
= $229,230.

EXAMPLE
20.2
Purchased and Installed Prices of Some Equipment
a, A box type fired heater with CrMo tubes for pyrolysis at
1500psig with a duty of 40 million Btu/hr. From Item No. 10
(Table 20.11, the inslalled price is
Cvnstalled
= 33.8(1.0 + 0.10 + 0.15)(40)'
= 1008.32 K$, $1,008,320.

86

. A 225HP-reciprocating compressor with motor drive and belt

drive coupling. Items Nos. 2 and 13 (Table 20.1). The
installation factor is 1.3.

c. A two-stage steam ejector with one surface condenser to handle

2001b/hr of air at 25Torr, in carbon steel construction. From
Table 20.3 the installation factor is 1.7.
X = 200/25 = 8,
fi = 1.6, fi = 1.8, f3 = 1.0
purchase C = 11(1.6)(1.8(1.0)(S))0~41 = 74.31 K$, $74,310:
installed C = 1.7CP = $126,330.

compressor C = 5960(225)' = 162,210,

motor, 1800rpm, TEFC, C = 1.2
x exp[4.5347 + 0.5706q5.42) + 0.04069(5.42)2]
= $8113,

663

664 COSTS OF INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT

cuft. Multipliers have been developed whereby the installed cost of
various kinds of equipment may be found. Such multipliers range
from 1.2 to 3.0, but details are shown in Table 20.3.
Data are taken from a number of published sources and are
updated to the beginning of 1985 with the cost indexes of Chemical
Engineering Magazine, a selection of which is in Table 20.2. The
main sources and the dates of their prices are Hall et al. (1981),
Institut Francais du Petrole (1975), and Evans et al. (1979).
References also are made to price data of some equipment not
covered here. Many data as of mid-1982 have been collected by
Ulrich (1984). Perrys Chemical Engineers Handbook (1984) has
many data scattered throughout; the page numbers having such data
are listed in the reference (Green, 1984).
Material of construction is a major factor in the price of
equipment so that multipliers for prices relative to carbon steel or

other standard materials are given for many of the items covered
here. Usually only the parts in contact with process substances need
be of special construction, so that, in general, the multipliers are
not always as great as they are for vessels that are made entirely of
special materials. Thus, when the tube side of an exchanger is
special and the shell is carbon steel, the multiplier will vary with the
amount of tube surface, as shown in that section.
As with most collections of data, the price data correlated here
exhibit a certain amount of scatter. This is due in part to the
incomplete characterizations in terms of which the correlations are
made, but also to variations among manufacturers, qualities of
construction, design differences, market situations, and other
factors. Accordingly, the accuracy of the correlations cannot be
claimed to he better than f 2 5 % or so.

TABLE 20.1. Index of Equipment

1. Agitators

2. Compressors, turbines, fans

Centrifugal compressors
Reciprocating compressors
Screw compressors
Turbines
Pressure discharge
Vacuum discharge
Fans
Conveyors
Troughed belt
Flat belt
Screw, steel
Screw, stainless
Bucket elevator
Pneumatic
Cooling towers
Concrete
Wooden
Crushers and grinders
Cone crusher
Gyratory crusher
Jaw crusher
Hammer mill
Ball mill
Pulverizer
Crystallizers
External forced circulation
Internal draft tube
Batch vacuum
7. Distillation and absorption towers
Distillation tray towers
Absorption tray towers
Packed towers
8. Dryers
Rotary, combustion gas heated
Rotary, hot air heated
Rotary, steam tube heated
Cabinet dryers
Spray dryers
Multiple hearth furnace
9. Evaporators
Forced circulation
Long tube

Falling film
10. Fired heaters
Box types
Cylindrical types
11. Heat exchangers
Shell-and-tube
Double pipe
Air coolers
12. Mechanical separators
Centrifuges
Cyclone separators
Heavy duty
Standard duty
Multiclone
Disk separators
Filters
Rotary vacuum belt discharge
Rotary vacuum scraper discharge
Rotary vacuum disk
Horizontal vacuum belt
Pressure leaf
Plate-and-frame
Vibrating screens
13. Motors and couplings
Motors
Belt drive coupling
Chain drive coupling
Variable speed drive coupling
14. Pumps
Centrifugal
Vertical mixed flow
Vertical axial flow
Gear pumps
Reciprocating pumps
15. Refrigeration
16. Steam ejectors and vacuum pumps
Ejectors
Vacuum pumps
17. Vessels
Horizontal pressure vessels
Vertical pressure vessels
Storage tanks, shop fabricated
Storage tanks, field erected

COSTS OF INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT

665

rices of Process Equipment (Basic: CE Plant Cost Index= 325, Middle 1985)
3. Conveyors (IFP) K$

1. Agitators
[Meyers andKime, Chem. Eng., 109-112 (27 Sep. 1976)l
C=exp[a+bInHP+c(lnHP~]

<HP<400

$,

Single Impeller
speed

Carbon
steel

a
b
c

8.57
0.1195
0.0819

Type 316

a
b
c

0.2474
0.0654

Dual Impeller

8.43
-0.0880
0.1123

8.31
-0.1368
0.1015

8.80
8.50
0.1603 0.0257
0.0659 0.0878

8.55
0,0308
0.0943

8.52
-0.1802
0.1158

9.25
8.82
8.72
0.2801 0.1235 -0.1225
0.0542 0.0818
0.1075

8.82

3
8.43
-0.1981
0.1239

Troughed belt: C = 1.40Lo.66, 10<L<1300R

Flat belt: C = 0.90L066, 10 < L < 1300 ft
Screw (steel): C = 0.40L0.76, 7 < L < 100 ft
Screw (stainless steel): C = 0.706.78, 7 < L < 100 ft
Bucket elevator: C = 4.22L0.63, 10 < L < 100 ft
Pneumatic conveyor (Chemical Engineers Han8dbook,
New York, 19841,600 ft length
C=exp[3.5612-0.00481n

W+0.0913(ln W)*], I O < W<100 klb/hr

4. Cooling towers, installed K$

Concrete (IFP)

C = 135fQ0.6q, 1 <O<60Kgal/min:
A t (C)

10

f
Speeds 1: 30.37, and 45 rprn
2: 56, 68,84, and 100 rpm
3: 125, 155, 490, and 230 rpm

Cone crusher:

200 < HP < 30,000

6. Crystallizers (IFP, Chemical Engineers Handbook, p. 19.40)

Screw compressors with drivers 61FPP:

C = ? . ~ ~ ( H P I ~K$,

20< W<300tons/hr

Ball mill: C = 50.0b@.69, 1 < W < 30 tons/hr

Pulverizer: c = 2 2 . 6 d P 0 , I < ~ < 5 t o n s / h r

100 < HP < 20,000

K$,

C=1.55W05,

Gyratory crusher: C = 8 . 0 d 60, 25 < W < 200 tons/hr

Jaw crusher: C=6.3w0.57, 10< W<ZQOtons/hr
Hammer mill: C = 2.44@78, 2 < W < 200 tons/hi

Reciprocating compressors without drivers (IFP):

C = 5.96(HP\

2.0

5. Crushers and grinders (IFP) K$

Centrifugal compressors, without drivers (IFIP, 1988):

K$,

15

Redwood, without basin (Hall): C = 33.9Q085, 7.5< 0 < 20 K gal/min

2. Compressors, turbines, and fans (K$)

C = 6.49(HP1

12
1.5

1.0

External forced circulation:

10<HP<800
C = fexpr4.868

+ 0.3092 In W + 0.05488tln W f ] ,

lO<W<IQOklb/hrof crystals

Turbines (iFP):
Pressure discharge,
vacuum discharge,

C = 0.31(HP)08 K$,

20 < HP< 5000

C = 0.69(HP)081 K$,

200 < HP < 8000

Internal draft tube: C = 178fW0.58, 1 5 1 W < 400 klb/hr of crystals

Batch vacuum: C=8.16fVo.47, 5 0 1 V i 1000 cuft of vessel
M e
Forced circulation

Fans with motors (Ulrich)

C = fmfp exp[a + b In (3 + c(ln Q)] installed cost, K$,

Radial blades
Backward curved
Propeller
Propeller, with
guide vanes

Q in KSCFM

cp

0.4692
0.0400
-0.4456

0.1203
0.1821
0.2211

0.0931
0.0786
0.0820

2-500
2-900
2-300

-1.0181

0.3332

0.0647

2-500

materials factor, fm
Carbon steel
Fiberglass
Stainless steel
Nickel alloy

2.2

Distillation:

4.0
5.5

C,

11 .o

I .O
2.5
1.0
1.3
2.0

7. Distillation and absorption towers, tray and packed (Evans et al.,

1984) prices in $
Tray towers:

C, = f,Cb + Nf&fC,

+ Cpl

= exp[7.123+ 0.1478(1n W ) 0.02488(ln W)

+ 0.01580(L/D) ln(7Jc)],

9020 < W < 2,470,000 Ibs of shell exclusive of nozzles and skirt
C, = 375.8 exp(0.1739D), 2 < D < 16 ft tray diameter
N = number of trays

Pressure Factors, Fp
Cent~~~ugal
Pressure
(kPa[gagel)

Vacuum batch

Material
Mild steel
Stainless type 304
Mild steel
Rubber-lined
Stainless type 304

Radial

Backward
Curved

Prop.

I .O

1.O

1.0

:z

1.15

4
8
16

1.30
1.45
1.60

1.15
1.30
1.45

= 204,900.6332 L08016,

Axial

Pl

Vane
1.00
1.15
1.30

Material
Stainless steel, 304
Stainless steel, 316
Carpenter 2OCB-3
Nickel-200
Monel-400
Inconel-600
lncoloy-825
Titanium

2<D<24.
5 7 1 L < 170ft (platforms and ladders)
fi

1.7
2.1
3.2
5.4
3.6
3.9
3.7
7.7

1:
1.189+0.05770
1.404 0.07240
1.525 O.OJ880

+
+

2.306+ 0 . 1 1 2 0 ~
(continued)

666 COSTS OF

INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT

TABLE 20.2-(continoed)
Tray Types
Valve
Grid
Bubble cap
Sieve (with downcomer)

Spray dryers:

f3

1.oo
0.80
1.59
0.85

C = F exp(0.8403 + 0.8526(1n x ) - 0.0229(1n x)',

30 < x < 3000 Ib/hr evaporation
Material

f = 2.25/(l.0414)N, when the number of trays N is less than 20

Tb is the thickness of the shell at the bottom, Tp is thickness required for

the operating pressure, D is the diameter of the shell and tray, L is
tangent-to-tangent length of the shell

C = exp(a + 0.88N), 4 < N < 14 number of hearths

C, = expf6.629 + 0.1826(1n W )+ 0.02297(1n W)'],

4250< W<980,000 Ib shell
3<D<21,
27 < L < 40 ft (platforms and ladders),
and f as for distillation

cP I = 246.4~0.7396L0'7068,

G,&,

0.33
1.oo
1.13
3.03.67

Multiple hearth furnaces (Hall et al., 1984)

Absorption:

f,,

Carbon steel
304,321
316
Monel
InconeI

Diameter (ft)
Sqft/hearth,
approx
a

6.0
12

10.0
36

5.071

14.25
&9

5.295

5.521

16.75 18.75 22.25 26.75

119
172
244
342
5.719 5.853

6.014 6.094

9. Evaporators (IFP; also Chemical Engineers Handbook, p. 11.42)

Packed towers:

Forced circulation: C = f exp15.9785 - 0.6056(1n A)

150<A<8000sqft heat transfer surface
Long tube: C =0.36f,A0.85,
300 < A < 20,000 sqft
Falling film (316 internals, carbon steel shell)

c = f c, + v,cp+ c,,
Vp is volume of packing,

C, is cost of packing $/cuft

c,

Packing Type
Ceramic Raschig rings, 1 in.
Metal Raschig rings, 1 in.
lntalox saddles, 1 in.
Ceramic Raschig rings, 2 in.
Metal Raschig rings, 2 in.
Metal Pall rings, 1 in.
lntalox saddles, 2 in.
Metal Pall rings, 2 in.

C = expf3.2362 - 0.0126(ln A) + 0.0244(1n A)'],

($/cuftl
19.6
32.3
19.6
13.6
23.0
32.3
13.6
23.0

Material
Mild steel
Stainless type 304

Drying Gas

Materials
Mild steel
Lined with stainless 304-20%
Lined with stainless 316-20%

1.oo
1.35
1.80

Steel/copper
Monel/cupronickel
Nickel/nickel
Long-Tube Evaporators
Construction Material: Shell/Tube

Steel/copper
Steel/steel
Steel/alurninum
Nickel/nickel

1.o
0.6
0.7
3.3

10. Fired heaters, installed (Hall) K$

Box type: C = k(1 f fp)Qo'86,

+ +

1.o
2.0

Tube Material
Carbon steel
CrMo steel
Stainless

t
1.0
1.4

Design Type
Process heater
Pyrolysis
Reformer (without
catalyst)

0.00
0.12
0.35

6
0.00
0.25
0.50

20 < Q < 200 M Btu/hr

k
25.5
33.8
45.0

6
0
0.10

0.35

Design Pressure, (psi)

Up to 500
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000

t
~

Hot air
Combustion gas (direct contact)
Combustion gas (indirect contact)

< 4000 sqft

Construction Material: Shell/Tube

+ +

Atmospheric pressure
Vacuum

150 < A

Forced-Circulation Evaporators

8. Dryers (IFP)
Rotary combustion gas heated: C = (1 Q f ) expI4.9504 - 0.5827(1n
200 <A<30,000 sqft lateral surface
A) + 0.0925(1n A)'],
Rotary hot air heated: C = 2.38(1 + Q + f)A0.63, 200<A<4000sqft
lateral surface
Rotary steam tube: C = 1.83FAr60, 500 < 4 < 18,000 sqft tube surface, F = 1 for carbon steel, F = 1.75 for 304 stainless
Cabinet dryer: C=1.15fpAo.77, lO<A<50sqft tray surface

Pressure

+ 0.08514(1n A)'],

Cylindrical type:

C = k(1 + f

+ $,)Qo.82,

Tube Material
Carbon steel
CrMo steel
Stainless

0
0.10
0.15
0.25
0.40
0.60

2 < Q <30 M Btu/hr

k
27.3
40.2
42.0

(continued)

Cylindrical
Dowtherm

0
0.33

I?.
Heat exchangers
Sheil-and-tube (Evans): C = f,l.,i,C,,
= exp[8.821 - 0.30863(1n A)

0
0.15
0.20

price in $

+ 0.0681(In A)],

150 < A < 12,000 sqft

f
Fixed-head
Kettle reboiler
U-tube

exp[-7.1156-t O.O906(lnA)1
1.35
exp[-0.9816 -t0.0830(ln A)]

Pressure Range Ipsig)

100-300
300-6010

plate-and-frame: (Chemical Engineers Handbook):

C = 460/A0.45$/sqft, 10 < A < 1000 sqft
vibrating screen (IFP): C = 3.1A0.59K$, 0.5 < A < 35 sqft

0,7771 0.04981(1n A)
1.0305 + 0.07140(lnA)
1.1400+0.12088(1nA)

600-9010

+ 0.0587(1n A)],

13. Motors and couplings, prices in $

Motors: C = 1.2exp[al a,(ln HP) a,(ln HP)]
Belt drive coupling: C = 1.2 expI3.689 0.8917(in HP)]
Chain drive coupling: C = 1.2 expR5.329 05048(1n HP)]

C = ex@[?
1.20 - 1.2252(1nA )
10 < A < 800 sqft
C = expI7 1.27
rotary vacuum drum scraper discharge:
-1.3408(1nA)+0.0709(lnA)Z]$/~qft, 1 0 < A < 1500sqft
C = exp[10.50 - 1.008(lnA)
rotary vacuum disk:
+ 0.0344(1n A)*]$/sqft, 100 < A < 4000 sqft
horizontal vacuum belt: C=28300/Ao5$/sqft,
lO<A<7200sqft
pressure leaf: C = 695/AoZ9$/sqft, 30 < A < 2500 sqft
rotary vacuum belt discharge:

r,

Design Pressure [psi)

U p t o 500
1,000
1,500

C,

Filters (Hall), prices in $/sqft:

esign Type

0.8603
0.8193
0.6116

1.1854
1.5420
0,1549

4.8314
4.1514
4.2432
1800 rpm
4.7075
4.521 2
7.4044
1200 rprn
4.9298
5.0999
4.6163
Totally enclosed, fan-cooled
3600 rpm
5.1 058
3.8544
5.3182
1800 rpm
4.9687
4.5347
1200 rpm
5.1532
5.3858
Explosion-proof
3600 rpm
5.3934
4.4442
1800 rpm
5.2851
4.8178
1200 rpm
5.4166
5.5655
14. Pumps
Centrifugal (Evans) prices in $:

0.49706
0.42913
0.51774

~ . ~ ,
Double pipe [ifzpj: c = ~ o o ~ ~ A2<,4<60sqft,

price in $

~k ~

1.o
1.9

2.2

Pressure
(bas1
54
4-6
6-7

r,

1.oo
1.10
1.25

Air coolers (Hall): C=24.6A0.4Q, 0.05<A<200 Ksqft, price in K$

12. Mechanical separators

Centrifuges: solid bowl, screen bowl or pu!iher types

Enorganic Process
aterial
Carbon steel
316
Monel
Nickel
Hastelloy

a
42
65
70
84.4

1.63
3.50
5.50
8.56

+ 7.877/HP),
~

HP < 75

Organic Process
a

98
4 14
143
300

5.06
7.1 4
9.43
10.0

0.09666
0.53470
1.03251
-0.0151 I
0.47242
-0.06464
0.301 18
0.35861
0.88534

0.10960
0.05252
-0.03595
5.22888
0.04820
0.05448
0.12630
5.06052
-0.02188

1-7.5
7.5-250
250-700
1-7.5
7.5-250
250-600
4-7.5
7.5-250
250-500

0.03316
0.8331 1
1.OS470
-0.00930
0.57065
0.28931
0.31004

0.15374
0.02399
-0.05695
0.22616
0.04609
0.44357
0.07406

1-7.5
7.5-250
250-400
7.5-250
250-400
1-7.5
7.5-350

-0.00333
0.60820
0.00048
0.51086
0.31216
0.31284

0.15475
0.05202
0.19949
0.05293
0.10573
0.07212

1-7.5
7.5-200
1-7.5
7.5-250
1-7.5
7.5-200

C = FMFTCb, base cast-iron, 3550 ~ p m

vsc
c, = 1.55exp[8.833 - 0.6019(ln ad%
+ 0.0519(ln QTWJ,
aterial

I O < W<90

0.23296
0.15984
0.22186
Open, drip-proof
3600 rpm

aterial:
~
h
~
cs/cs
cs/304L stainless
cs/316 stainless

Variable speed drive coupling:

C = 12,000/(1.562

~
Stainless sleel 316
Stainless steel 304
Stainless sleel 347
Nickel 200
Nonel 400
lnconel 6001
lncoloy 8251
Titan i um
HasteII O y

5< W<40tons/hr

Cast steel
304 or 316 fittings
Stainiess steel, 304 or 316
Cast Goulds alloy no. 20
Nickel
Monel
IS0 B
IS0 c
Titanium
Hastelloy C
Ductile iron
Bronze

Disk separators, 316 stainless (IFF):

C = 8.00.52, 15 < Q < 150 gpm, K$

Cyclone separators (IFP): K$
heavy ~ U W : c = 1.390O.~~,2 < Q < 40 K SCFM
standard duty: C=O.65Qo9, 2<Q<40KSCFM
multiclone C = l.56Q0 68, 9 < Q < 780 K SCFM

FT = exp[bl

667

0 in gpm,

H in ft head

est Factor Fw
1.35
1.15

2.00
2.00

3.50

3.30
4.95
4.60
9.70
2.95
1.15
19 0

+ b,(ln Qd%+ b&ln ad%]

(continued)

668 COSTS OF INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT

TABLE 20.2-(continued)
Type
One-stage, 1750 rprn. VSC
One-stage, 3550 rpm. HSC
One-stage, 1750 rpm, HSC
Two-stage, 3550 rpm, HSC
Multistage, 3550 rpm, HSC

Flow Range
(gpml
50-900
50-3500
100-1 500
250-5000
50-1100
100-1500

Type
One-stage, 3550 rpm, VSC
One-stage, 1750 rprn, VSC
One-stage. 3550 rpm, HSC
One-stage, 1750 rprn, HSC
Two-stage, 3550 rpm, HSC
Two-stage, 3550 rpm, HSC

b,

b,
5.1029
0.0632
2.0290
13.7321
9.8849

Vacuum pumps:

HP

Head Range
(ft)

(max)

50-400
50-200
100-450
50-500
300-1100
650-3200

75
200
150
250
250
1450

Vertical mixed flow (IFP): C = 0.036(gpm)0.82K$, 500 < gpm < 130,000
Vertical axial flow (IFP): C = 0.020(gpm)0'78K$, 1000 <gpm < 130,000
Gear pumps (IFP): C = exp[-0.0881 0.1986(ln Q)

+0.0291(ln Q)']K$,
10<Q<900gpm
Reciprocating (Pikulik and Diaz, 1979), without motor,

17. Vessels (Evans) prices in $

Horizontal pressure vessels: C = FMC,

C, = expL8.571 - 0.2330(1n WY+ 0.04333(1n W)'],

C, = 1370D0~2029,3 < D

Vertical vessels:

< 12 ft diameter (platforms and ladders)

C = FMCb C,

C, = exp[9.100 - 0.2889(1n W ) 0.04576(1n W)'],

= 246D0.7396

5000 < W < 226,000 Ib

0 7068

L.

, 6<D<10,
12 < L < 20 ft tangent-to-tangent

C=40.0Q0.8'K$, 15<Q<400gpm
C = 410FQ0.52K$, 1 < Q < 400 gpm
Material
316 stainless
AI bronze
Nickel
Monel

15. Refrigeration (IFP):

stalled prices

F=l.OO
1.40
1.86
2.20

C = 146FQ0.65K$, 0.5 < Q <400 M Btu/hr, in-

Temperature Level ("C)

0
-10
-20
-30
-40
- 50

1.oo
1.55
2.10
2.65
3.20
4.00

No condenser
1 surface condenser
1 barometric condenser
2 surface condensers
2 barometric condensers

No.
Stages

1.0
1.6
1.7
2.3
1.9

1
2
3
4
5

FM

1.7
2.1
3.2
5.4
3.6
3.9
3.7
7.7

Material of Construction

K$, 0.1 < X < 100

f,

Cost Factor

X = (Ib air/hr)/(suction pressure in Torr)

Type

Stainless steel, 304

Stainless steel, 316
Carpenter 2OCB-3
Nickel-200
Monel-400
lnconel-600
lncoloy-825
Titanium

Storage tanks, shop fabricated: C = FM exp[2.631 1.3673(1n V) 0.06309(1n V)'],

1300< V<21,000 gal
Storage tanks, field erected: C = FM exprll.662 - 0.6104(ln V)
0.04536(1n V)'],
21,OOOi V i 11,000,000 gal

16. Steam ejectors and vacuum pumps (Pikulik and Diaz, 1979):
Ejectors: C = l l . O f , f & ~ ' " '

+ Ca

800< W<914,000 Ib shell weight

Cast iron:
Others:

C = 8.15X1'03 K$,

0.3 < X < 15 (Ibs air/hr)/(suction Torr).

-1.2217
0.0771
0.2744 -0.0253
-0.2371
0.0102
-2.8304
0.1542
-1.6164
0.0834

Material

1.0 carbon steel

1.8 stainless steel
2.1 hastellov
2.6
4.0

1.o
2.0
3.0

Stainless steel 316

Stainless steel 304
Stainless steel 347
Nickel
Monel
lnconel
Zirconium
Titanium
Brick-and-rubber-or
brick-and-polyester-lined steel
Rubber- or lead-lined steel
Polyester, fiberglass-reinforced
Aluminum
Copper
Concrete

Cost Factor FM
2.7
2.4
3.0
3.5
3.3
3.8
11.0
11.0
2.75
1.9
0.32
2.7
2.3
0.55

TABLE 20.3. Multipliers for Installed Costs of Process

Equipmenta
Equipment
Agitators, carbon steel
stainless steel
Air heaters, all types
Beaters
Blenders
Blowers
Boilers
Centrifuges, carbon steel
stainless steel

Multiplier
1.3
1.2
1.5
1.4
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.3
1.2

Equipment
Chimneys and stacks
Columns, distillation, carbon steel
distillation, stainless steel
Compressors, motor driven
steam on gas driven
Conveyors and elevators
Cooling tower, concrete
Crushers, classifiers and mills
Crystallizers

Multiplier
1.2
3.0
2.1
1.3
1.5
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.9
(continued)

REFERENCES

669

LE 20.3-4 continued)
Equipment
Cyclones
Dryers, spray and air
other
-.
Ejectors
Evaporators, calandria
thin film, carbon steel
thin film, stainless steel
Extruders, compounding
Fans
Filters, all types
Furnaces, direct firecl
Gas holders
Granulators for plastic
Heat exchangers, air cooled, carbon steel
coii in shell, stainless steel
glass
graphite
plate, stainless steel
plate. carbon steel
shell and tube, stainless/stainless steel
shell and tube, carbon/stainless steel
Heat exchangers, shell and tube, carbon steel/aluminum
shell and tube, carbon steel/copper
shell and tube, carbon steel /Monel
shell and tube, Monel/Monel
shell and tube, carbon steel/Hastelloy
instruments. all types
Miscellaneous. carbon steel
stainless steel

Multiplier

Equipment

Multiplier

1.4
1.6
1.4
1.7
1.5
2.5
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.4
1.3
1.3
1.5
2.5
1.?
2.2
2.0
1.5
1.7
1.9
2.1
2.2
2.0
1.8
1.6
1.4
2.5
2.0
1.5

Pumps, centrifugal, carbon steel

centrifugal, stainless steel
centrifugal, Hastelloy trim
centrifugal, nickel trim
centrifugal, Monel trim
centrifugal, titanium trim
all others, stainless steel
all others, carbon steei
Reactor kettles, carbon steel
kettles, glass lined
kettles, carbon steel
Reactors, multitubular, stainless steel
multitubular, copper
multitubular, carbon steel
Refrigeration plant
Steam drums
Sum of equipment costs, stainless steel
Sum of equipment costs, carbon steel
Tanks, process, stainless steel
Tanks, process, copper
process, aluminum
storage, stainless steel
storage, aluminum
storage, carbon steel
field erected, stainless steel
field erected, carbon steel
Turbines
Vessels, pressure, stainless steel
pressure, carbon steel

2.8
2.0
1.4
1.7
1.?

1.4
1.4
1.6
1.9
2.1
1.9
1.6
1.8
2.2
1.5
2.0
1.8
2.0
1.8
1.9
2.0
1.5
1.7
2.3
1.2
1.4
1.5
1.?

2.8

[J. Gran, Chem. Eng., (6 Apr. 198l)l.

Installed Cost = (purchase price)(rnultiplier).
a

TABLE 20.4. Chemical Engineering Magazine Cost indexes

QCt.

Year

1970

1975

CE Plant Cost Index

Equipment costs
Fabricated equipment
Process machinery
Piping, valves, and fittings
Process instruments and controls
Pumps and compressors
Electrical equipment

125.7
123.8
122.7
122.9
132.0
132.1
125.6
99.8

182.4 261.2 325.8

194.7
347.5
192.2
335.5
184.7
333.3
217.0
385.3
181.4
323.9
208.3
421.1
142.1
251.9

REFERENCES
1. Chemical Engineering Magazine, Modern Cost Engineering, McGrawfill, New York, 1979.
2. Chemical Engineering Magazine, Modern Cost Engineering II, McGrawHill, New York, 1984.
3. L.B. Evans, A. Mulet, A B . Corripio, and K.S. Chretien, Costs of
pressure vessels, storage tanks, centrifugal pumps, motors, distillation
and absorption towers, in Ref. 2, pp. 140-3.46, 177-183.
4. J. Gran, Improved factor method gives better preliminary cost estimates,
in Ref. 2, pp. 76-90.
5. D.W. Green and J.Q. Maloney (Eds.), Perrys Chemical Engineers
Handbook, PdcGraw-Hill, New York, 1984, cost data on pp. 6.7, 6.22,
6.112, 6.113, 6.121, 7.19, 11.19, 11.20, 11.21, 11.29, 11.42, 17.27, 17.33,
18.45, i8.46, 18.47, 19.13, 19.40, 19.45, 19.65, 19.89, 19.101, 19.102,

1980

1985

20.37, 20.38, 21.22, 21.45, 22.134, 22.135, 25.69, 25.73-25.75.

6. R.S. Hall, J. Matley, and K.J. McNaughton, Current costs of process
equipment, in Ref. 2, pp. 102-137.
7. Institut Francaise du Petrole (IFP), Manual of Economic Analysis of
Chemical Processes, Technip 1976, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1981.
8. B.G. Liptak, Costs of process instruments, in Ref. 1, pp. 343-375.
9. A. Pikulik and H.E. Diaz, Costs of process equipment and other items,
in Ref. 1, pp. 302-317.
10. G.P. Purohit, costs of shell-and-tube heat exchangers, Chem. Eng., (22
Aug. 1983, 4 Mar. 1985, 18 Mar. 1985).
11. G.D. Ulrich, A Guide to Chemical Engineering Process Design and
Economics, Wiley, New York, 1984.
12. W.M. Vatavuk and R.B. Neveril, Costs of baghouses, electrostatic
precipitators, venturi scrubbers, fanc carbon adsorbers, fiares and
incinerators, in Ref. 2, pp. 184-207.