12/3/2016

Agenda: Electrical Basics

Voltage & Current
Ohms Law
Resistance, Reactance & Impedance
Capacitors
Inductor
Power Factor
Filters

12/3/2016

Agenda: Electrical Basics

Voltage & Current
Ohms Law
Resistance, Reactance & Impedance
Capacitors
Inductor
Power Factor
Filters

12/3/2016

Voltage is the change in electric potential

(meaning potential energy per unit charge)
between two positions. The voltage is always
measured between two points, for example
between the positive and negative ends of a
battery, or between a wire and ground. It is
measured in volts.
Voltage can be caused by static electric fields,
by electric current through a magnetic field,
by time-varying magnetic fields, or a
combination of all three.
Given fig shows the 3phase A.C sinusoidal
waveform.

If one tank full of water at high hill and it is

connected with pipe & valve.
This pipe (valve) connected with another
tank with less water at bottom position.
If we open the valve water will be flow up
hill tank to down tank.
The amount of flow determined by the
pressure (voltage) of the water thru the
pipes leading to a valve. The term current
refers to the quantity, volume or intensity
of electrical flow, as opposed to voltage,
which refers to the force or "pressure"
causing the current flow.
Voltage is the force that is applied to a
conductor that causes electric current to
flow.

12/3/2016

Electricity is the flow of free electrons in a

conductor from one atom to the next atom
in the same general direction.
Electron flow into the circuit (or wire)
negative charge to positive charge and
current flow into the reverse direction with
respect to electron (positive charge to
negative).
This flow of electrons is referred to as
current and is designated by symbol I.

Electrical current is a measure of the amount of

electrical charge transferred per unit time. It represents
the flow of electrons through a conductive material.
Current is a scalar quantity (though in circuit analysis,
the direction of current is relevant). The SI unit of
electrical current is the ampere, defined as 1
coulomb/second.
In alternating current (AC, also ac), the movement of
electric charge periodically reverses direction. In direct
current (DC, also dc), the flow of electric charge is only
in one direction.

The scientific definition of one ohm is the amount

of electrical resistance that exists in an electrical
circuit when one amp of current is flowing with one
volt being applied to the circuit.

There is another important property that can be

measured in electrical systems. This is resistance,
which is measured in units called ohms. Resistance
is a term that describes the forces that oppose the
flow of electron current in a conductor. All
materials naturally contain some resistance to the
flow of electron current. We have not found a way
to make conductors that do not have some
resistance.

Agenda: Electrical Basics

Voltage & Current
Ohms Law
Resistance, Reactance & Impedance
Capacitors
Inductor
Power Factor
Filters

12/3/2016

Its states that current varies directly with voltage and inversely with
resistance.

V=IR
I=V/R
R=V/I
Given below a simple electric circuit, where current is
represented by the letter i. The relationship between the
voltage (V), resistor (R), and current (I) is V=IR; this is known
as Ohms law.

The
total
opposition
or
combined
impending effect of resistance plus
reactance to flow of alternating current is
impendence.
The word impendence is short formed to Z
and the unit is ohms. The relationship can
be illustrated by simple series circuit.
Impendence = Resistance + Reactance
Z= [R + Xl]
Z= [R + Xc]
RLC)

Z= [R + (Xl - Xc)]

(for

capacitor is composed of two conductors separated

by an insulating material called a DIELECTRIC. The
dielectric can be paper, plastic film, ceramic, air or a
vacuum.
The plates can be aluminum discs, aluminum foil or
a thin film of metal applied to opposite sides of a
solid dielectric. The CONDUCTOR - DIELECTRIC CONDUCTOR sandwich can be rolled into a cylinder
or left flat.

C=Q/V

C=Capacitor, Q= Charge & V= Voltage

C=r*0 *A/D

r=Relative permittivity, 0 = 8.85 x 10-12 F/m

A= Area, D= Distance between plate.

Application: Power factor improvement in industry.

induction the property of an electric circuit as a result of which

an electromotive force is created by a change of current in the
same circuit (self-inductance) or in a near by circuit (mutual
inductance). It is usually measured in henries L like self
Inductance & mutual inductance.
V= L di/dt
where v denotes the voltage in volts and i the current in
amperes. The voltage across an inductor is equal to the
product of its inductance and the time rate of change of the
current through it.
Inductance (measured in Henry) is an effect which results from
the magnetic field that forms around a current carrying
conductor.
Inductance can be increased by looping the conductor into a
coil which creates a larger magnetic field.
The energy (measured in joules, in SI) stored by an inductor is
equal to the amount of work required to establish the current
flowing through the inductor, and therefore the magnetic field.
This is given by:
E=1/2 * LI
where L is inductance and I is the current flowing through
the inductor.

The power factor of an AC electric power system is defined as the ratio of the
active (true or real) power to the apparent power
where:
Active (Real or True) Power is measured in watts (W) and is the power drawn by
the electrical resistance of a system doing useful work.
Apparent Power is measured in volt-amperes (VA) and is the voltage on an AC
system multiplied by all the current that flows in it. It is the vector sum of the
active and the reactive power.
Reactive Power is measured in volt-amperes reactive (VAR). Reactive Power is
power stored in and discharged by inductive motors, transformers and
solenoids.
Reactive power is required for the magnetization of a motor but doesn't
perform any action.
The reactive power required by inductive loads increases the amounts of
apparent power - measured in kilovolt amps (kVA) - in the distribution
system. Increasing of the reactive and apparent power will cause the power
factor - PF - to decrease.
Cos=KW/KVA (Active Power)
P.F= KW/KVA
Sin =KVAR/KVA (Reactive Power)

It is common to define the Power Factor - PF - as the cosine

of the phase angle between voltage and current - or the
"cos".
The power factor defined by IEEE and IEC is the ratio between
the applied active (true) power - and the apparent power, and
can in general be expressed as:
PF = P / S
where
PF = Power factor
P = Active (true or real) power (Watts)
S = Apparent power (VA, volts amps)
Q= Reactive power

Power factors are usually stated as "leading" or

"lagging" to show the sign of the phase angle.
With a purely resistive load current and voltage
changes polarity in step (w.r.t resistance) and the
power factor will be 1. Electrical energy flows in a
single direction across the network in each cycle.
Inductive loads - transformers, motors and wound
coils - consumes reactive power with current
waveform lagging the voltage.
Capacitive loads - capacitor banks - generates
reactive power with current phase leading the
voltage.
Inductive and capacitive loads stores energy in
magnetic or electric fields in the devices during
parts of the AC cycles. The energy is returned back
to the power source during the rest of the cycles.

First one fig shows the Zero

power factor.
Cos= 0 (=90 degree
angle)
Second fig shows the voltage
and current with a lagging
power factor.
Cos= 0.71 (=45 degree
angle)
Require Leading PF.
Where: Red= Voltage
Green=Current
Dark Blue= Power
Sky Blue= Average
Power

12/3/2016

18

A power factor of one or "unity power factor" is the goal of any electric utility
company since if the power factor is less than one, they have to supply more
current to the user for a given amount of power use. I
Because of that incur more line losses. As a result, an industrial facility will
be charged a penalty if its power factor is much different from 1.
Industrial facilities tend to have a "lagging power factor", where the current
lags the voltage (like an inductor). The windings of motors act as inductors
as seen by the power supply.
Capacitor have the opposite effect and can compensate for the inductive
motor windings.
Some industrial sites will have large banks of capacitors strictly for the
purpose of correcting the power factor back toward one to save on utility
company charges.

In
electrical system select the filter or
components as per their frequencies.
Filter used for filtering (like 3rd harmonic) the
system supply; otherwise it will effect on the
electrical equipment.
In most cases a filter is used to enhance
signals
of
desired
frequencies
while
suppressing signals of undesired frequencies.
An ideal filter would pass only desired
frequencies while completely suppressing all
unwanted frequencies, without any dispersion
in time of the frequencies. Unfortunately, ideal
filters are impossible to achieve.
Application: Use in VFD, Industry purpose

Insulation mostly use in electrical equipment which can protect form the
heating and earthing (Not contact directly with conductive path or metal
parts of equipment).
We can measure the insulation by using insulation tester or meggar meter
(according to voltage range of equipment).
For Ex:

440 VAC Equipment , 500Volt meggar meter

Insulation Class:
1. A : 105C (Lowest)
2. B : 130C
3. F : 155C
4. H : 180C (Highest)

Thank you

12/3/2016 ABHISHEK KUMAR GOYAL BE

/MBA / PGDBA 12/3/2016

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