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Purpose
Investigating the heating power of a panel radiator - used for heating at the buildings- from
room temperature to the steady state on time dependent basis.
Experiment
The experimental set-up is depicted in the figure below.
Experimental set-up includes various type vanes, thermometers, manometer, pump, panel
radiator, flow meter and an electric heater. The heating power of the heater is 2 kW. After
the flow rate of the system reaches a constant value the input and output temperature
values of the water will be recorded periodically.
Question
1) What percentage of electric power of the electric heater transferred to the panel
radiator ?
The refrigerant, whose pressure decreases at the expansion valve, is carried to the
evaporator section by the pipes. The heat load of the environment is removed in the
evaporator section, so the temperature of the refrigerant rises and it vaporizes. When it is
aimed to remove the heat from water, that water is circulated outside of the evaporator or
evaporator is submerged. If more heat transfer rate is desired, the outside water is
circulated in the opposite direction to the refrigerant. Vaporized refrigerant transferred to
the compressor section by the pipes. In the compressor, vaporized refrigerant is compressed
thats why the temperature and pressure values of the refrigerant increases. The refrigerant
with the high temperature and pressure values carried to the condenser. In the condenser,
the refrigerant gives its heat to the environment which is desired to be heated. When it is
aimed to achieve hot water, water is circulated outside of the condenser or condenser is
submerged. In the condenser section the refrigerant condenses and becomes saturated
liquid. Than refrigerant is sent to expansion valve again and its temperature and pressure
decreases.
Experiment
The main equipments of the water/water heat pump are listed below.
a) Compressor
Brand-Model : Emerson-Copeland- KCE444HAG
Power : 220-230 V,50 Hz
Power Consumption: 252 W
Cooling Capacity: 926 kcal/h
b) Heat Exchanger
Brand-Model: Uurak 7000
Capacity: 7000 BTU
c) Throttling Valve
Brand-Model: ALCO-TI-MW55
Refrigerant: R134-a
Outlet Diameter: 12 mm
Working Range: -45+9 oC
d) Filter-Dryer
Brand-Model: ALCO-FDB-052
f) Manometer
Brand-Model: ALCO MR-206-DS
g) Ampermeter
Brand-Model: SAYPORT DP3-96A
Auxilary Supply: 230-110-415 V
Measurement Range:1-9000/5A
h) Voltmeter
Brand-Model: SAYPORT DP3-96V
Auxilary Supply: 230-110-415 V
Measurement Range:0-600 V
i) Cos meter
Brand-Model: SAYPORT DP3-96A
Auxilary Supply: 230-110-415 V
Measurement Range:0.00-1.00 n/Kap
j) Digital thermometer
12 channel
In this experiment , the water flow rates, which go to the heat exchangers, are
adjusted by the help of vanes and the system is operated. When the system reaches
steady state conditions, the measurement data will be recorded in the tables that are
shown in the following section.
Questions
According to the collected data from the experiment,
a) Compressor power, evaporator and condenser capacities will be calculated
b) COP of the heat pump will be calculated
Table 1 : Temperature Data
No
Definition
T1
Compressor Gas Outlet Temp.
T2
Compressor Gas Inlet Temp.
T3
Condenser Gas Outlet Temp.
T4
Condenser Water Inlet Temp.
T5
Evaporator Water Inlet Temp.
T6
Throttling Valve Outlet Temp.
T7
Condenser Water Outlet Temp.
T8
Evaporator Water Outlet Temp.
Table 2 Compressor Power Data
Definition
Ampermeter
Voltmeter
Cos meter
Values
Values
Values
To choose the right device for air conditioning, it is needed to calculate heating and cooling
loads correctly and certain.
Basic elements for air conditioning are listed below;
1. Temperature ( Heating at winter, cooling at summer
2. Humidity (humidifying at winter, dehumidifying at sumer)
3. Air Movements (circulation)
4. Purification of air (Filtration)
5. Ventilation (Clean air input)
exhaust
t5
t3
t6
t4
Heat exchanger
t12
Exhaust
damper
Pre heater
humidifier
cooler
t11
t7
t9
t1
t8
t10
t2
inner climate
Final cooler
radiator
fan
TECHNICAL PROPERTIES
45 W, 1350 rpm
Fan capacity
850 m3/h
Preheater power
1055 W
Finalheater power
1055 W
Humidifier type
Aluminum plates
Heatexchanger Model
BT AL 03 N 021 M T AZ SC
Dimensions of Heatexchanger
300x300x210
10
27 series-7,5 mm
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Damper dimensions
200x230 mm
Experiment
1. Purpose
Observing the changes in the air during the humidifying process.
2. Required Devices and Materials
Psychrometric chart
3. Question
What is the mass flow rate of the moisture added to the air ?
Measurement Number
Inlet temperature ,
Dry
t1 [0C] , t2 [0C]
Measurement
Velocity of air,
u [m/s]
Specific volume of air,[m3/kg]
Line Voltage, U [V]
Wet
carbide (cementite). The proportions present after quenching depend on carbon content and cooling
rate. Higher carbon content and rapid cooling tend to produce larger proportions of martensite.
Martensite is hard and brittle. In order to reduce brittleness, increase ductility, and relieve internal
stresses from rapid cooling step, the material is subjected to a second heating operation known as
tempering. The temperature for the tempering step must be below the austenite transformation
temperature and is usually between 400F and 800F. The resultant properties of the steel after
tempering depend on the time allowed for tempering as well as the temperature.
The microstructure produced by any of the above heat treatments can be deduced using Continuous
Cooling Transformation (CCT) diagrams, which are directly related to the Time Temperature
Transformation (TTT) diagrams for the specific steel being treated. Such a TTT/CCT diagram for
eutectoid steel is shown in Figure 1. Fe-C phase diagram is given at Fig.2.
Fig.1. The dashed lines form TTT diagrams and the solid lines form the CCT diagrams. It can be seen
that CCT diagram can be obtained by moving the TTT curves a little to the downward right.
Figure 2: Iron-Carbon Phase Equilibrium diagram. (Source: Material Science and Metallurgy, 4 th
edition, Pollack, Prentice-Hall 1988)
Principle of a contacting stylus instrument profilometer: A cantilever (1) is holding a small tip (2) that
is sliding along the horizontal direction (3) over the object's surface (5). Following the profile the
cantilever is moving vertically (4). The vertical position is recorded as the measured profile (6) shown
in light green.
Normalized
Quenched
Tempered at
500 0C
3. Examine each specimen and sketch typical microstructure by means of optical microscopy.
Specimens are going to be polished and etched as explained above.
4. Put microstructure photos with correct magnification bar.
5. Measure the surface roughness after each grinding step.
6. Record these readings in Table 2.
Section V: Discussion
1. Discuss the expected microstructures and properties for each of the specimens based on
the appropriate TTT and/or CCT diagrams for the cooling sequences applied.
2. Discuss the relationship between heat treatment and the resulting hardness and
microstructure obtained in this experiment.
3. Compare and comment on the experimental results obtained with respect to the
expected microstructure and hardness results.
4. When Austempering steel, after the 30 minutes in the 400C bath the specimen is
removed from the bath and can be either quenched in water or allowed to air cool at
room temperature. Will these two procedures produce different results? Explain.
5. What is decarburization? What causes it and how is it prevented? How does it affect the
properties of heat treated steels?
6. What is purpose the surface roughness measurement?
7. What are the different methods to measure the roughness of a surface?
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