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Fluid Dynamics
Flow Types and Regimes:
What are the different flow behaviors?
Bernoullis Principle:
What are the governing principles in predicting the
flow of fluids?
Viscosity ()
LOW
HIGH
Dynamic Viscosity
Dynamic Viscocity = (mu)
Kinematic Viscosity = (nu)
Density = (rho)
= /
Density
Reynolds Number
Non-dimensional unit
Osborne Reynolds
Reynolds Number
Laminar Flow:
Reynolds Number < 2000
Turbulent Flow:
Reynolds Number > 2000
Laminar Flow
(or Streamline Flow)
Turbulent Flow
Flow Regimes
1. Steady Flow
assumes constant flow rate throughout
the analysis.
2. Unsteady Flow
does not assume a constant flow rate
throughout the analysis.
Ideal Fluid
IDEAL FLOW
REAL FLOW
Conservation of Mass:
(Continuity Eqn)
Conservation of Mass:
(Continuity Eqn)
Mathematically:
A1V1 = A2V2
A= Area
V = Velocity
Speed is high where the pipe is narrow and
speed is low where the pipe has a large
diameter
Mass 1 = Mass 2
*Volume 1= *Volume 2
Volume 1= Volume 2
A1*v1= A2*v2
Bernoullis Principle
The Bernoulli
principle is a
statement of energy
conservation
applied in ideal
fluid.
Energy at pt 1 =
Energy at pt 2
Bernoullis Principle
Energy at pt 1 = Energy at pt 2
Bernoullis Principle
Has Three Components:
- Pressure Energy or Pressure Head*
- Velocity Energy or Velocity Head*
- Elevation Energy or Elevation Head*
*Head term used in fluid mechanics to signify
amount of energy and is defined as the energy
per unit weight or per Newton
=
+
+
Note: Equation terms do not have the units of energy
but of energy head which is in distance units.
Bernoullis Principle
V
VELOCITY
ELEVATION
PRESSURE
Bottomline: Energy of fluid has 3 components.
1 = 2
1 1
2 2
+
+ 1 =
+
+ 2
2
2
+
+ =
+
+
Elevation 1 = Elevation 2
Area 1 > Area 2
Velocity 1 < Velocity 2
Applications
Drag
fluid
Drag
Drag forces act in the same direction as the
(2) you can see the fluid flow from one side to the
other. If you see the fluid move from one side to the
other, then the drag force will follow the direction of
the flow that you see (relative fluid flow).
Drag
Drag forces act in the same direction as the
YOU
Moving at:
0 m/s (at rest)
Fluid Flow:
10 m/s in direction
shown
DRAG FORCE
DRAG FORCE:
To the left since you can see the fluid
flow from right to left (relative flow).
YOU
Moving at:
5 m/s (to the left)
Fluid Flow:
10 m/s in direction
shown
DRAG
FORCE
DRAG FORCE:
To the left since you can see the fluid
flow from right to left (relative flow)
although at a rate slower than actual
fluid flow.
YOU
Moving at:
10 m/s (to the left)
Fluid Flow:
10 m/s in direction
shown
DRAG FORCE:
NO DRAG FORCE since you see the fluid
not moving with respect to you
YOU
Moving at:
20 m/s (to the left)
Fluid Flow:
10 m/s in direction
shown
DRAG FORCE
DRAG FORCE:
TO THE RIGHT since you can see the
fluid flow from left to right. You are
faster than the fluid in effect, you see
the fluid move from left to right.
Drag
Aerodynamic force
2 parts
Skin friction/ Skin
Drag/ Surface
Drag/ Viscous Drag
Drag Coefficient
=
CD Drag Coefficient
1
2
FD Drag Force
Density
A Reference Area
V Velocity of object with respect to the fluid
SKIN DRAG
Factors:
Relative velocity of fluid flow
Surface area of the body
Roughness of Surface
Viscosity of the fluid
Form Drag
Created by the pressure differential between the
lead and rear sides of a body moving through a
fluid
Factors:
Relative velocity of fluid flow
Surface area of the body
perpendicular to flow
Example
Example
Example
Example
STREAMLINING
Streamlining
Drag
Drag
Thrust
Forces on an Airplane
LIFT
Lift
Lift
Lift
Forces
Lift = Weight:
Fluid density
Airplane Movement
Roll - Aileron
Yaw - Rudder
Pitch - Elevator
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