Engi4258-Assignments and Solutions

Engi4258-Assignment #1
Problem 1: A core with three legs is shown in Figure 1 with a25cm, b9cm
and c15cm. Its depth is 5cm and there are 200 turns on the leftmost leg. The
relative permeability of the core can be assumed to be 1500. What flux exists in
each of the three legs of the core? what is the flux density in each of the legs?
Assume a 4% increase in the effective area of the air gap due to fringing
effects.
Problem 2: The magnetic circuit of Figure 2 has two windings and two air
gaps. The core can be assumed to be of infinite permeability. The core
dimensions are indicated in the figure.
(a) Assuming coil 1 to be carrying a current I 1 and the current of coil 2 to be
zero, calculate (i) the magnetic flux density in each of the air gaps, (ii) the flux
linkage of winding 1, and (iii) the flux linkage of winding 2.
(b) Repeat part (a), assuming zero current in winding 1 and a current I 2 in
winding 2.
(c) Repeat part (a), assuming the current in winding 1 to be I 1 and the current
in winding 2 to be I 2 .
(d) Find the self-inductance of windings 1 and 2 and the mutual inductance
between the windings.
Problem 3: The electromagnet shown in Figure 3 is used to control the position
of a cylindrical plunger with radius of r in meters. A constant current of iAmp is
applied to the coil with N turns. Neglect fringing and air gaps g 2 and assume
the material has an infinite permeability. Express the following quantities as
functions of the length of air gap g 1 :
(a) self-inductance of the coil
(b) the energy stored in the magnetic field
(c) the electromagnet force acting on the plunger.
Problem 4: The current in the coil was formed by experiment to be a function
of and x as given by
i a 4 bx 3 cx 2 dx e
with a, b, c, d and e constants. Determine the force of attraction on the movable
part.
Problem 5: As shown in Figure 5, an N-turn electromagnet is to be used to lift
a slab of iron of mass M. The surface roughness of the iron is such that when
the iron and the electromagnet are in contact, there is a minimum air gap of
g min 0. 18mm in each leg. The electromagnet cross-sectional area is
A c 32cm 2 , the coil has 50 turns, and coil resistance is 2.8. Calculate the
minimum coil voltage which must be used to lift a slab of mass 95kg against
the force of gravity. Neglect the reluctance of the iron and electromagnet.

Figure 1 Figure for problem 1

Figure 3 Figure for problem 3

Figure 2 Figure for problem 2

Figure 4 Figure for problem 4

Figure 5 Figure for problem 5

Engi4258-Assignment #2
Problem 1: An electromechanical system is shown in Figure 6. The metal bar is
released at t0 with all initial conditions zero. Neglect the friction between the
bar and the metal rails. (1) Derive the dynamic equations for the system. (2)
Find the transfer function from the gravity force to the current. (3) Find the
current when d 1m (the distance of the rails, i.e. the effective length of the
bar), L 1H, R 1, m 1kg, and B 1T.

Figure 6
Problem 2: Consider a 240V, 850rpm permanent-magnet (PM) dc motor. The
motor torque constant (or voltage constant) K is 2. 3 e K or Ki a . The
armature resistance and inductance is 3. 0 and 0. 02H, respectively. The
moment of inertia of the motor is 0. 05kg m 2 while the friction coefficient D is
0. 01N m s/rad.
(1) Derive the state equations with state variables i a and .
(2) Find the transfer functions from v a to i a .
(3) Calculate the armature current, speed, and load torque after it operates at its
rated conditions for a long time.
(4) Under the conditions in (3), determine the variation of the speed and
armature current as a function of time if the load is suddenly removed from its
shaft.
(5) Plot the graph for the armature current.
Problem 3: A 440V, 10kW, separately excited dc generator has the following
data R a 3, L a 0. 08H, L f 2H, R f 400, K e 2. 6, J 0. 09kg m 2 .
The armature connected to a load with a resistance of R L 57 and an
inductance of L L 0. 02H was being driven at a speed of 1500rpm when the
rated voltage was suddenly applied to the field circuit. Determine the variations
in the field and armature current. Neglect the friction losses and effect of
saturation.

Engi4258-Assignment #3
Problem 1: A 2. 4kVA, 2400/240V, 50Hz, step-down transformer has the following
3

parameters: R 1 1. 5, X 1 2. 5, R 2 0. 02, X 2 0. 03, R c1 6k,

X m1 8k. It is operating at 80% of its rated load at unity power factor at the
rated voltage. Using the exact equivalent circuit embodying the ideal transformer,
determine the efficiency and voltage regulation of the transformer. Also sketch its
phasor diagram.
Problem 2: A 24kVA, 2400/240V, 50Hz, step-down transformer has the following
parameters: R 1 25, X 1 35, R 2 0. 25, X 2 0. 35, X m1 3k.
The efficiency of the transformer is maximum when it operates at 80% of its
rated load and 0. 866 pf lagging. Using the approximate equivalent circuit ,
determine (a) its kVA rating at maximum efficiency, (b) the maximum efficiency,
(c) the efficiency at full load and 0. 866 pf lagging, and (d) the equivalent
core-loss resistance.
Problem 3: The following data were obtained when a 25kVA, 2300/460V, 50Hz
transformer was tested:
Open-circuit test: V oc 460V, I oc 1. 48A, P oc 460W
Short-circuit test: V sc 108. 7V, I sc 10. 87A, P sc 709W
Determine the approximate equivalent circuit as view from (a) the high voltage
side and (b) the low voltage side. Also draw the exact equivalent circuit.
Problem 4: A 720VA, 360/120V two winding transformer has the following
parameters: R 1 18. 9, X 1 21. 6, R 2 2. 1, X 2 2. 4,
R c1 8. 64k, X m1 6. 84k. The transformer is connected as a 360/480V
autotransformer. If the autotransformer delivers the full load at 0. 707 pf leading,
determine its efficiency and voltage regulation.
Problem 5: Three single-phase transformers, each rated at 12kVA 120/240V
60Hz are connected to form a three-phase step-up /Y connection. The
parameters of each transformer are R H 133. 5m, X H 201m,
R L 39. 5m, X L 61. 5m, R cL 240, X mL 290. What are the nominal
voltage, current, and power ratings of the three-phase transformer. When it
delivers the rated load at rated voltage and 0.8 pf lagging, determine the line
voltages, the line currents, and the efficiency of the three-phase transformer.
(Only Problems 1, 4, and 5 will be marked! However, solutions to all
problems will be provided after the due date.)

Engi4258-Assignment #4
Problem 1: A 60Hz three-phase Y-connected synchronous machine was tested
at its rated speed and the following data were recorded:
Short-circuit test: Field current1.2A and short-circuit current25A.
Open-circuit test: Field current1.2A and open-circuit voltage440V.
Resistance test: The resistance between two terminals is 2.4.
Determine the synchronous reactance of the machine.
Problem 2: A 13.2kVA 440V -connected three-phase synchronous generator
has a synchronous impedance of 1j10. The core loss is 400W. Determine
the voltage regulation and efficiency when the generator supplies the full load at
a power factor 0.8 leading.
Problem 3: A 70MVA 13.8kV 60Hz two-pole Y-connected three-phase
4

salient-pole synchronous generator has R a 0, X d 1. 83, and X q 1. 21.

It delivers the rated load at 0.8 pf leading. Determine , E a , VR%, P d , and d .
Problem 4: A 220V 60Hz 3-phase 2-pole Y-connected synchronous motor has a
synchronous impedance of 0.25j2.5/phase. The motor delivers a load of 50A
at 0.8 pf lagging. Determine (a) the generated voltage, (b) the torque angle, (c)
the power developed by the motor, and (d) the developed torque.
Problem 5: A 208V 60Hz three-phase Y-connected salient-pole synchronous
motor operates at full load and draws a current of 40A at 0.8 pf leading. The dand q-axis reactances are 2.7/phase and 1.7/phase, respectively. The
armature-winding resistance is negligible, and the rotational loss is 5% of the
power developed by the motor. Determine (a) the developed voltage, (b) the
developed power, and (c) the efficiency.

Engi4258-Assignment #5
Problem 1: The following data were obtained on a 230V 60Hz 4-pole
Y-connected three-phase induction motor:
No-load test: power input130W, line current 0.45A at rated voltage.
Blocked-rotor test: power input65W, line current 1.2A at the line voltage of
47V.
The friction and windage loss is 15W, and the winding resistance between any
two lines is 4.1.
Determine the equivalent circuit parameters of the motor and draw the
approximate equivalent circuit.
Problem 2: A 440V 60Hz 4-pole -connected three-phase induction motor has
the following parameters in ohms/phase: R 1 0. 3, X 1 0. 9, R 2 0. 6,
X 2 0. 9, R c 150, and X m 60. (a) If the rotational loss is 4% of the
power developed, determine the efficiency of the motor when it runs at 4% slip.
(b) Find the starting torque, maximum torque and corresponding speed, and
maximum power and corresponding speed.
Problem 3: A 10hp 440V 60Hz 6-pole -connected three-phase induction motor
is designed to operates at 3% slip on full load. The rotational loss is 4% of the
power output. When the motor operates at full load, determine (1) the rotor
cooper loss, (b) the air-gap power, (c) the developed power, and (d) the shaft
torque.
Problem 4: A 6-pole 120V 60Hz single-phase induction motor has R 1 2. 4,
X 1 3. 6, R 2 1. 6, X 2 3. 6, and X m 75. The rotational loss is 5%
of the developed power. Determine the motor speed, the shaft torque, the motor
efficiency when the slip is 4%.
Problem 5: A 240V 50Hz 2-pole universal motor operates at a speed of
12000rpm on full load and draws a current of 6.5A at a lagging power factor of
0.94. The impedance of the series field winding is 4.55j3.2. The impedance of
the armature winding is 6.15j9.4. Determine (a) the induced voltage, (b) the
power output, (c) the shaft torque, and (d) the efficiency if the rotational loss is
65W.

Engi4258-Assignment #1: Solution

Problem 1: This core can be divided up into four regions. Let 1 be the
reluctance of the left-hand portion of the core, 2 be the reluctance of the
center portion of the core, 3 be the reluctance of the center air gap of the
core, and 4 be the reluctance of the right-hand portion of the core.
l 1 l 4 12 c a 12 b 12 b a 12 b 12 b a 12 c 3a 2b c
108cm
l 2 12 b a 12 b 0. 04 a b 0. 04 25 9 0. 04 33. 96cm
127. 3kA t/Wb
1 r l 10 A 1 15004101.08
7 0.090.05
2
3
4

l2
r0A2
l3
0A3
l4
r0A4

0.3396
1500410 7 0.150.05
0.0004
410 7 0.150.051.04
1.08
1500410 7 0.090.05

24. 0kA t/Wb

40. 8kA t/Wb
127. 3kA t/Wb

The total reluctance of the core is

2 3 4
127. 3
total 1
2 3 4

24.040.8127.3
24.040.8127.3

170. 2kA t/Wb

The total flux in the core is equal to the flux in the left leg:
2002.0
left total total 170.
2. 35 10 3 Wb
21000
The fluxes in the center and right legs can be found by the flux divider rule,
which is analogous to the current divider rule.
4
127.3
center 2
total 24.040.8127.3
2. 35 10 3 1. 56 10 3 Wb
3 4
right

2 3
2 3 4

total

24.040.8
24.040.8127.3

2. 35 10 3 7. 927 1 10 4 Wb

The flux density can be determined from the equation BA:

3510 3
0. 522T
B left Aleft1 2.0.090.05
B center
B right

center
A2

right
A4

1. 5610 3
0.150.05
0.7910 3
0.090.05

0. 208 T
0. 176 T

Problem 2: The equivalent magnetic circuit is shown to the right.

1 g0 A1 1 , 2 g0 A2 2 , 1 N 1 I 1 , 2 N 2 I 2 ,
1
1
0N1I1
,
g1

(a) 2 0 g 1
(i) B g 1

g1
A1

B g2

0A1N1I1
g1
g
A 22

(ii)
1 N 1 N 1 g 1 g 2 N 1

1
2
0N1I1
g2

, g 2

0A1N1I1
g1

0A2N1I1
g2
0A2N1I1
(iii) 2 N 2 g 2 N 2
0 N 1 N 2 I 1 Ag 22
g2
0A2N2I2
2
(b) 1 0 g 1 0, g 2

g2
2
g1
g2
0N2I2
(i) B g 1 A 1 0, B g 2 A 2
g2
0A2N2I2
(ii) 1 N 1 N 1 g 2 N 1
0N1N2I2
g2
0A2N2I2
(iii) 2 N 2 g 2 N 2
0 N 22 I 2 Ag 22
g2

0A2N1I1
g2

0 N 21 I 1

A1
g1

A2
g2

A2
g2

(c) Applying the superposition principle gives

0A1N1I1
, g 2
g1
g1
B g1 A1

g1
(i)

0A2N1I1

g2
0N1I1
, B g2
g1

0A2N2I2
g2
g
A 22

(ii) 1 N 1 N 1 g 1 g 2 N 1
A1
g1

0 N 21

A2
g2

0N1I1
g2
0A1N1I1

g1

0N2I2
g2
0A2N1I1
g2

0A2N1N2
I2
g2
0A2N1I1
0A2N2I2

g2
g2

0A2N2I2
g2

I1

(iii) 2 N 2 g 2 N 2

0A2N1N2
I1
g2
0 A 2 N 22
L 22
g2

A N N

0 A 2 N 22
g2

I2

0 2 1 2
(d) L 11 0 N 21 Ag 11 Ag 22 , L 12
,
g2
Problem 3: The equivalent magnetic circuit of the structure is shown to
the right.
Solution:
g
(a) g 1 01A with A r 2

Lg 1
(b) W
(c) F

1
2
1
2

N
i

Li 2

1
2

dLg 1
dg 1

i2

N
Ni
i
g1
N 2 0 r 2 2
i
g1
2
N r 2 i 2
2g0 2
1

N20A
g1

N 2 0 r 2
g1

N 2 0 r 2 i 2
2g 1

Problem 4:
W id a 4 bx 3 cx 2 dx ed

a
5

b
2

2x3

c
2

2x2

3b
2 x 2 c 2 x d2 2
F attraction f
2
x
Problem 5: The gravitational force acting on the slab is
G Mg 95 9. 8 931. 0N m.
2g air_gap
.
The reluctance of the air gaps is
0Ac

The flux through the air gaps is

The inductance of the winding is L

Ni

The energy stored in the winding is W

1
2

N
i

Li 2

N2

2
2
0AcN i
.
4g air_gap

0AcN2
2g air_gap

The force generated by the electromagnet is

dLg air_gap
A N2i2
Fg air_gap 12 i 2 dg air_gap
4g0 2c
.
air_gap

The force required to lift the slab is Fg min G, that is,

Mg

0AcN2i2
4g 2min

required.
The voltage required is
Mg
V Ri 2RgNmin
0Ac

4Mgg 2min
0AcN2

2g min
N

22.80.1810 3
50

Mg
0Ac

, which is the current

959.8
410 7 3210 4

9. 7V.

Engi4258-Assignment #2: Solution

Problem 1:
equation
e ind Ri
with e ind
F ind Bdi.

Note that the initial conditions are zero. The current satisfies the
L di
dt
Bdv Bd dy
. The induced force generated by the magnetic field is
dt
The gravity force is f G mg. The total net force acting on the bar
7

is F net f G F ind , which makes the bar accelerate. As a result, we have

d2y

m
F net m dv
dt
dt 2
The dynamic equations are
Ri L di
Bd dy
0
dt
dt
f G Bdi m

d2y
dt 2

or
Ri L di
Bdv 0
dt
0
f G Bdi m dv
dt
Taking the Laplace transforms yields
RIs LsIs BdVs 0
f G s BdIs msVs 0
Solving these equations for Is gives
B2d2
Is msLsRB
2 d 2 f G s
The transfer function from gravity force f g mg to the current is
B2d2
msLsRB
Gs fIs
2d2
G s
With all the values given and the Laplace transform of f G being mg/s, the current
is
B2d2
Is msLsRB
ss 29.8
9. 8 1s s 2s1
2d2 f g
s1
s1
9. 8

1
s

9. 8

1
s

s0.50.5
s0.5 2

0.75

s0.5
2

s0.5

0.75

0.75

0.5
0.75

s0.5

0.75

Taking the inverse Laplace transform produces

it 9. 8 1 exp0. 5t cos 0. 75 t

0.5
0.75

exp0. 5t sin 0. 75 t A

Problem 2: (1) The motor dynamic equations are

R a i a t L a

di a t
dt

Kt v a t

Ki a t L t Dt J

dt
dt

and the state equations are

di a t
R a i a t K t 1 v a t
La
La
La
dt
dt
K i a t D t 1 L t
J
J
J
dt
Taking the Laplace transform gives
R a I a s L a sI a s i a 0 Ks V a s
KI a s L s Ds Jss 0
Solving these equations yields
8

s
I a s

KV a s L a i a 0 J0 L sR a L a s
D sJR a L a s K 2
KJ0 L s V a s L a i a 0D sJ
D sJR a L a s K 2

(2) The transfer functions from v a to i a is

DsJRDsJ
Gs VI aas
2
s
a L a sK
i a 00,00, L s0

Note that the transfer function can be derived directly by taking the Laplace
transform, with zero initial conditions i a 0 0 and 0 0 and L s 0.
That is, it can be obtained from
R a I a s L a sI a s Ks V a s
KI a s L s Ds Jss
(3)

2n

60
V a K
Ra

23.14850
89. 0rad/s
60
2402.389.0
11.
3.0

i a
8A
Ki a L D 0
L Ki a D 2. 3 11. 8 0. 01 89. 0 26. 3N m
(4) 0 89. 0rad/s, i a 0 11. 8A, L s 0, V a s 240
s
2. 3240/s 0. 02 11. 8 0. 05 89. 0 03. 0 0. 02s
s
0. 01 0. 05s3. 0 0. 02s 2. 3 2
2. 3240 0. 236s 4. 453. 0s 0. 02s 2

s0. 01 0. 05s3. 0 0. 02s 2. 3 2

0. 089 s 2 13. 893s 552. 0

s0. 001 s 2 0. 150 2s 5. 32

893
552.0
s 2 13.
s 0.001
0.001
5. 32
2
s s 2 0.150
s 0.001

0.001

0.089
0.001

89. 0s 2 13893. s 5. 52 10 5
ss 2 150. 2s 5320. 0
89. 0s 2 12388. 0s 3. 947 4 10 5
ss 57. 2s 93. 0

I a s

KJ0 L s V a s L a i a 0D sJ
D sJR a L a s K 2
2. 30. 05 89. 0 0 240/s 0. 02 11. 80. 01 0. 05s
0. 01 0. 05s3. 0 0. 02s 2. 3 2
2. 30. 05 89. 0 0s 240 0. 02 11. 8s0. 01 0. 05s
s0. 01 0. 05s3. 0 0. 02s 2. 3 2
0. 011 8s 2 1. 767 4s 2. 4
s0. 001 s 2 0. 150 2s 5. 32
0.011 8
0.001
s s 2

767 4
2. 4
s 2 1.0.001
s 0.001
5. 32
2
0.150
s 0.001

0.001

11. 8s 2 1767. 4s 2400. 0

ss 2 150. 2s 5320. 0
2
11. 8s 1767. 4s 2400. 0
ss 57. 2s 93. 0
In order to determine the inverse Laplace transform of s and I a s, we
expand it into partial fractions as
C
B
s As s44.82
s92.16

C
B
I a s As s44.82
s92.16
A, B, C, A, B and C can be determined by

A s

89.0s 2 12388.0s3. 947 410 5

ss57.2s93.0

s0
89.0s 2 12388.0s3. 947 410 5
ss57.2s93.0

89.00 2 12388.003. 947 410 5

057.2093.0

74. 2

89.057.2 2 12388.057.23. 947 410 5

B s 57. 2
57.257.293.0
s57.2
11. 1
2
89.093.0 2 12388.093.03. 947 410 5
947 410 5

C s 93. 0 89.0s 12388.0s3.

ss57.2s93.0
93.093.057.2
s93.0
3. 73
11. 80 2 1767. 402400.0
8s 2 1767. 4s2400.0

0. 451
A s 11. ss57.2s93.0
057.2093.0
B

s 57. 2

C s 93. 0

s0
11. 8s 2 1767. 4s2400.0
ss57.2s93.0

11. 8s 2 1767. 4s2400.0

ss57.2s93.0

s57.2
s93.0

11. 857.2 2 1767. 457.22400.0

57.257.293.0
2

11. 893.0 1767. 493.02400.0

93.093.057.2

29. 3

18. 0

Taking the inverse Laplace transform gives

t 74. 2 11. 19e 57.2t 3. 73e 93.0t

10

w (rad/s)

100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.10

0.09

0.10

t (s)

i a t 0. 451 29. 3e 57.2t 18. 0e 93.0t

ia (A)

20

15

10

0
0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

Check the initial speed and current as follows:

0 74. 2 11. 19 3. 73 89. 12rad
i a 0 0. 451 29. 3 18. 0 11. 75A
which implies that the solution is correct.
157rad/s, V f s
Problem 3: Note that 21500
60
i f 0 0, and i a 0 0. Then, we have
I f s
where
A s

V f sL f i f 0
L f sR f

220
ss200

B s 200

s0

220
ss200

20
2s400

440
s

220
0200
s200

220
ss200

A
s

B
s200

t (s)

Vf
s

440
s
1.1
s

1.1
s200

1. 1

220
200

1. 1

11

Therefore, the field current in time domain is

i f t 1. 1 1. 1e 200t
i_f (A)
1.0

0.8

0.6

0.4

0.2

0.0
0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.10

t (s)

The armature current in s-domain is

I a s

K e V f s L f i f 0 L a L L i a 0L f s R f
L f s R f L a L L s R a R L
2. 6 157 440
2 0 0. 08 0. 02 0 2s 400
s

4000. 08 0. 02s 3 57
2s
2. 6 157 440
s2s 4000. 1s 60
ss

2.6157440
20.1
400
s
2

60
0.1

8. 980 4
ss 200s 600
A
C
B

s
s 200
s 600
7. 483 7 11. 226 3. 741 8
s
s 200
s 600
10 5

where
A s

8. 980 410 5
ss200s600

B s 200

s0
8. 980 410 5
ss200s600

C s 600

8. 980 410 5
ss200s600

8. 980 410 5
02000600
s120
s600

7. 483 7
8. 980 410 5
200200600
8. 980 410 5
600600200

11. 226

3. 741 8

Therefore, the field current in time domain is

i a t 7. 483 7 11. 226e 200t 3. 741 8e 600t

12

i_a (A) 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
0.00

0.01

0.02

0.03

0.04

0.05

0.06

0.07

0.08

0.09

0.10

t (s)

13

Engi4258-Assignment #3: Solution

(Only Problems 1, 4, and 5 will be marked! However, solutions to all
problems will be provided after the due date.)
Problem 1: A 2. 4kVA, 2400/240V, 50Hz, step-down transformer has the following
parameters: R 1 1. 5, X 1 2. 5, R 2 0. 02, X 2 0. 03, R c1 6k,
X m1 8k. It is operating at 80% of its rated load at unity power factor at the
rated voltage. Using the exact equivalent circuit embodying the ideal transformer,
determine the efficiency and voltage regulation of the transformer. Also sketch its
phasor diagram.
Solution: Since the transformer is operating at 80% of its rated load, the
effective value of the secondary winding current is
3
I 2 2.410
0. 8 8A
240
Assuming the load voltage as a reference, the load current at a unity power
factor in phasor form is

I 2 80 A
The secondary winding impedance is
Z 2 R 2 jX 2 0. 02 j0. 03
The induced emf in the secondary winding is

E 2 V 2 I 2 Z 2 240 80 0. 02 j0. 03 240 80. 02 j0. 03

0.24
180
240. 16 j0. 24
240. 16 2 0. 24 2 tan 1 240.
240.

16

160. 0573 V
The transformation ratio is
10
a 2400
240
The induced emf and the current on the primary side are

E 1 aE
2 2401. 60. 0573 V

,
I 2 Ia2 0. 80 A
The primary current is

,
,

I 1 I I 2 ER1c jXE 1m I 2 E 1

1
Rc
80

1
jX m

,
I2

1
1
2401. 60. 0573 6000
j 8000
0.

1
1
2401. 6cos0. 0573 180 j sin0. 0573 180
j 8000
6000
0. 8
8
180
1. 200 6 j0. 299 8
1. 200 6 2 0. 299 8 2 tan 1 0.299
1.
1. 200 6

237 5 14. 021 A

The primary winding impedance is
Z 1 R 1 jX 1 1. 5 j2. 5
The source voltage is

V 1 E 1 I 1 Z 1 2401. 60. 0573 1. 200 6 j0. 299 81. 5 j2. 5

2401. 6cos0. 0573 180

j sin0. 0573 180
1. 200 6 j0. 299 81.
2404. 1 j4. 953 6
953 6
180

2404. 1 2 4. 953 6 2 tan 1 4.2404.

2404. 10. 118 06 V

14

The power supplied to the load is

P o Re V 2 I 2 Re240 80 1920W
961. 28
The power input is

P in Re V 1 I 1 Re2404. 10. 118 06 1. 237 5 14. 021

2401.6 2
6000

2404. 1 1. 237 5 cos0. 118 06 14. 021

The efficiency is
1920
100 66. 55%
PPino 100 2884.
9
The voltage regulation is
aV 2
VR% V 1aV
100
2

240.41240
240

180

2884. 9W

100 0. 17%

Problem 2: A 24kVA, 2400/240V, 50Hz, step-down transformer has the following

parameters: R 1 25, X 1 35, R 2 0. 25, X 2 0. 35, X m1 3k.
The efficiency of the transformer is maximum when it operates at 80% of its
rated load and 0. 866 pf lagging. Using the approximate equivalent circuit ,
determine (a) its kVA rating at maximum efficiency, (b) the maximum efficiency,
(c) the efficiency at full load and 0. 866 pf lagging, and (d) the equivalent
core-loss resistance.
Solution: The turns ratio is a 2400
10. The rated voltage across the load
240
as viewed from the primary side is 2400V. Thus the rated load current as
viewed from the secondary side is
3
I 2 2410
100A, I 2 Ia2 10A
240
The load current at maximum efficiency is
I

8. 0A
I 2 100 0. 80 80A, I 2 a2 80
10
(a) The kVA rating at maximum efficiency is
19. 2kVA
kVA| max.eff 80240
1000
(b) The copper loss at maximum efficiency is
2

P cu | max.eff I 1 R 1 a 2 R 2 8 2 25 10 2 0. 25 3200. 0W
and the core loss is
P m P cu | max.eff 3200. 0W
The output power at maximum efficiency is
P o | max.eff 240 80 0. 866 16627. 0W
The input power at maximum efficiency is
P in | max.eff P o | max.eff P m P cu | max.eff 16627. 0 3200. 0 3200. 0
23027. 0W
The maximum efficiency is
P0 |
100 72. 2%
| max.eff P in |max.eff 100 16627.0
23027.0
max.eff

(c) The power output, the copper loss, the power input, and the efficiency at full
load are
P o 240 100 0. 866 20784. 0W
15

P cu I 2 R 1 a 2 R 2 10 2 25 10 2 0. 25 5000. 0W
P in P o P m P cu 20784. 0 3200. 0 5000. 0 28984. 0W
100 71. 709%
PPin0 100 20784.0
28984.0
(d) The equivalent core-loss resistance is
2

2400
R c VP1m
3200.0
1800. 0
Problem 3: The following data were obtained when a 25kVA, 2300/460V, 50Hz
transformer was tested:
Open-circuit test: V oc 460V, I oc 1. 48A, P oc 460W
Short-circuit test: V sc 108. 7V, I sc 10. 87A, P sc 709W
Determine the approximate equivalent circuit as viewed from (a) the high voltage
side and (b) the low voltage side. Also draw the exact equivalent circuit.
Solution: Since the open-circuit test must be conducted at the rated terminal
voltage, the test data indicate that it is performed on the low-voltage side. Thus,
the equivalent core-loss resistance as referred to the low-voltage side is
2
2
R cL VP ococ 460
460
460
The apparent power under no load is
S oc V oc I oc 460 1. 48 680. 8VA
Thus the reactive power is
Q oc
S 2oc P 2oc
680. 8 2 460 2 501. 89VAR
Hence, the magnetization reactance as referred to the low-voltage side is
2
460 2
421. 61
X mL QV ococ 501.
89
2

The core-loss resistance and the magnetization reactance as referred to the

high-voltage side are obtained as follows:
a 2300
5
460
R cH a 2 R cL 5 2 460 11500. 0
X mH a 2 X mL 5 2 421. 61 10540. 0
Since the short-circuit current is 10. 87A, the short-circuit test is performed on the
high-voltage side. Thus,
709
R eH PI 2sc 10.87
6. 0
2
sc

Z eH

V sc
I sc

108.7
10.87
R 2eH

10. 0

X eH
Z 2eH

10 2 6 2 8. 0
The winding parameters as referred to the low-voltage side are
0. 24
R eL RaeH2 6.0
52
X eL XaeH2 8.0
0. 32
52
In order to draw an exact equivalent circuit, the winding resistances and leakage
reactances are separated as follows:
R H 0. 5R eH 3. 0
X H 0. 5X eH 4. 0
eH
0.56.0
0. 12
R L 0.5R
a2
52
XL

0.5X eH
a2

0.58.0
52

0. 16
16

Problem 4: A 720VA, 360/120V two winding transformer has the following

parameters: R 1 18. 9, X 1 21. 6, R 2 2. 1, X 2 2. 4,
R c1 8. 64k, X m1 6. 84k. The transformer is connected as a 360/480V
autotransformer. If the autotransformer delivers the full load at 0. 707 pf leading,
determine its efficiency and voltage regulation.

I2 a
R2

jX 2

E 2

I1a

I2 a

Ia

V1a

Z La
E1

Ica

Ima

Rc1

jX m1

V2 a

I1

jX 1

R1

Solution: The turns ratio of the 360/480V autotransformer is

0. 75
a T 360
480
The ratio of transformation of the two winding transformer is
3
a 360
120
The equivalent core-loss resistance and the magnetizing reactance on the
high-voltage side are R c1 8. 64k, X m1 6. 84k
At full load, the load current is I 2a I 2 720
6. 0A. Hence,
120

I 2a 6. 045 A

8. 045 A
I 2a Ia2aT 6.045
0.75
The current through the common winding is

I 1 I 2a I 2a 8. 045 6. 045 2. 045 A

Note that E 1 aE 2 3E 2 . Then, applying KVL to the output loop gives
17

4E 2 I 2a R 2 jX 2 V 2a I 1 R 1 jX 1
6. 045 2. 1 j2. 4 4800 2. 045 18. 9 j21. 6

6. 0cos45 180
j sin45 180
2. 1 j2. 4

480 2. 0cos45 180 j sin45 180

18. 9 j21. 6
6. 02. 4j 2. 10. 707 11j 0. 707 11
2. 021. 6j 18. 90. 707 11j 0. 707 11 480. 0
20. 365j 2 38. 184j 462. 18
20. 365 38. 184j 462. 18
184
180
482. 55 38. 184j
482. 55 2 38. 184 2 tan 1 38.

482. 55

484. 06 4. 524 4 V
which implies that E 1 3E 2 34 4E 2 34 484. 06 4. 524 4 363.

05 4. 524 4 V
Thus,

V 1a E 1 I 1 R 1 jX 1 363. 05 4. 524 4 2. 045 18. 9 j21. 6

363. 05cos4. 524 4 180

j sin4. 524 4 180

2. 0cos45 180 j sin45 180 18. 9 j21. 6

2. 021. 6j 18. 90. 707 11j 0. 707 11 28. 639j 361. 9
30. 547j 2 28. 637j 388. 63
30. 547 28. 637j 388. 63
637
180
28. 637j 358. 08
358. 08 2 28. 637 2 tan 1 28.

358. 08

359. 224. 572 4 V

The core-loss, magnetizing, and excited currents are

572 4
4. 157 6 10 2 4. 572 4 A
I ca VR1ac1 359. 224.
8640

572 4
5. 251 8 10 2 85. 428 A
I ma jXV 1am1 359. 224.
j6840

I a I ca I ma 4. 157 6 10 2 4. 572 4 5. 251 8 10 2 85. 428

4. 157 6 10 2 cos4. 572 4 180

j sin4. 572 4 180

5. 251 8 10 2 cos85. 428 180 j sin85. 428 180

4. 563 0 10 2 4. 903 6 10 2 j

4. 563 0 10 2 2 4. 903 6 10 2 2 tan 1

6. 698 2
Hence,

I 1a I a
4. 563 0
5. 607 8j

4. 903 610 2
4. 563 010 2

180

10 2 47. 061 A

I pa 6. 698 2 10 2 47. 061 8. 045

10 2 4. 903 6 10 2 j 8. 0cos45 180

j sin45
5. 702 5

607 8

5. 702 5 2 5. 607 8 2 tan 1 5.

5. 702 5
7. 997 944. 52 A

P o Re V 2a I 2a Re480 6. 0 45

180

180

18


480 6. 0 cos45 180

2036. 5W

P in Re V 1a I 1a Re359. 224. 572 4 7. 997 9 44. 52

359. 22 7. 997 9 cos4. 572 4 44. 52 180

2202. 54W
2036. 5
2202. 54 100 92. 461%
If the load is removed, the no-load voltage at the secondary of the
autotransformer is

572 4
22
V 2anL Va1aT 359. 224.
359.
4. 572 4 478. 964. 572 4 V
0.75
0.75
The voltage regulation is
V 2a
96480
100 478.480
100 0. 216 67%
VR% V 2anL
V 2a

Problem 5: Three single-phase transformers, each rated at 12kVA 120/240V

60Hz are connected to form a three-phase step-up /Y connection. The
parameters of each transformer are R H 133. 5m, X H 201m,
R L 39. 5m, X L 61. 5m, R cL 240, X mL 290. What are the nominal
voltage, current, and power ratings of the three-phase transformer. When it
delivers the rated load at rated voltage and 0.8 pf lagging, determine the line
voltages, the line currents, and the efficiency of the three-phase transformer.
Solution: The nominal values of the three-phase transformer are
S 3 3S 1 36kVA
V 1 V a 1 n 1 120V
V 1L V a 1 n 1 120V
V 2 V a 2 b 2 240V
V 2L
3 V a 2 b 2 240 3 415. 69V
For the equivalent Y/Y connection, the nominal values of the three-phase
transformer are
V a1n1
V 1
120 69. 282V
3

V 1L V a 1 n 1 120V
V 2 V a 2 b 2 240V
V 2L
3 V a 2 b 2 240 3 415. 69V
Thus, the nominal ratings of the three-phase transformer are 36kVA 120/416V
/Y connection. The per-phase equivalent circuit is shown in Figure 4.22 in the
lecture notes with the following parameters:
V
282
a V 1
69.240
0. 289 ,
2
13. 167m, X A 1 X3L 61.5
20. 5m,
R A 1 R3L 39.5
3
3
R A 2 R H 133. 5m, X A 2 X H 201m,
R cA 1 R3cL 80, X mA 1 X3mL 96. 7
Assuming the rated load voltage on a per-phase basis for the equivalent Y/Y
connection as the reference, then
V a 2 n 2 2400 V
For a 0.8 lagging power factor, the load current is
19


I A2

S 1
V 2

cos 1 0. 8

12000
240

cos 1 0. 8 50 36. 87 A

The per-phase load current in the primary winding is

,
I A2
50

30 36. 87 173 66. 87 A
I A2
a 30
0.289
The per-phase voltage induced in the equivalent Y-connected secondary winding
is

E A 2 V a 2 n 2 I A 2 R A 2 jX A 2 240 50 36. 87 0. 1335 j0. 201

240 500. 8 j0. 60. 1335 j0. 201
4. 035
180
251. 37 j4. 035
251. 37 2 4. 035 2 tan 1 251.
251.

37

40. 92 V
The induced emf in the Y-connected primary winding is
E A 1 aE A 2 30 0. 289 30 251. 40. 92
0. 289 251. 40. 92 30 72. 655 29. 08 V
The excitation current is

I A 1

E A1
1
1
1
R cA
jX mA
1
1

E A1

1
R cA 1

1
jX mA 1

72. 655 29. 08

1
72. 655cos29. 08 180
j sin29. 08 180
801 j 96.7

0. 428 52 j1. 098A

Thus, the primary current is

I A 1 I A 1 I A 2 0. 428 52 j1. 098 173 66. 87

0. 428 52 j1. 098 173cos66. 87 180

j sin66. 87 180

160.
19
68. 386 j160. 19
68. 386 2 160. 19 2 tan 1 68. 386
174. 18 66. 882 A
The phase current for the primary side with -connection is

I A1
30 100. 56 36. 882 A
I A1 |

1
80

1
j96.7

180

The line current for the primary side with -connection is

I a1 |
3 I A 1 | 30 174. 18 66. 882 A
The primary phase voltage is

V a 1 n 1 E A 1 I A 1 R A 1 jX A 1 72.
655 29. 08 68. 386 j160. 190. 01317 j0. 0205

72. 655cos29. 08 180

j sin29. 08 180

68. 386 j160. 190. 01317 j0. 0205

02
67. 681 j36. 02
67. 681 2 36. 02 2 tan 1 36.
67. 681
76. 669 28. 022 V
The line voltage on the primary side with -connection is

180

V 1L
3 V a 1 n 1 30 76. 669 3 1. 978 132. 791. 978 V
The total input power is

P in 3 Re V a 1 n 1 I A 1 3 Re67. 681 j36. 0268. 386 j160. 19

20

 3 Re10398 j8378. 6 3 10398 31194W

The total output power is

P o 3 Re V a 2 b 2 I A 2
3 Re2400 50 36. 87
3 Re240 500. 8 j0. 6
3 Re9600 j7200. 0 3 9600 28800W
Hence, the efficiency of the three-phase transformer is
PPino 100 28800
100 92. 3%
31194

Engi4258-Assignment #4: Solution

Problem 1: A 60Hz three-phase Y-connected synchronous machine was tested
at its rated speed and the following data were recorded:
Short-circuit test: Field current1.2A and short-circuit current25A.
Open-circuit test: Field current1.2A and open-circuit voltage440V.
Resistance test: The resistance between two terminals is 2.4.
Determine the synchronous reactance of the machine.
Solution:
The open-circuit phase voltage is V aoc 440/ 3 254V
The short-circuit phase current is I asc 25A
aoc
Therefore the synchronous impedance is |Z s | VI asc
254
10. 16
25
1
The per-phase resistance is R a 2 R L 1. 2
Thus the synchronous reactance is X s
10. 089
Problem 2: A 13.2kVA 440V -connected
has a synchronous impedance of 1j10.
the voltage regulation and efficiency when
a power factor 0.8 leading.
Solution:

|Z s | 2 R 2a

10. 16 2 1. 2 2

three-phase synchronous generator

The core loss is 400W. Determine
the generator supplies the full load at

The rated phase voltage is V a 4400 V

13200
The rated load current is I a 3440
1036. 87 A
It follows from the per-phase equivalent circuit that

E a V a I a Z s 4400 1036. 87 1 j10

440 100. 8 j0. 61 j10 388 j86
86

388 2 86 2 tan 1 388

397. 4212. 5 V
180

Thus, the no-load phase voltage is V aNL E a 397. 42V and the full-load
phase voltage is V aFL V a 440V, which implies that
42440
VR% 397.440
100 9. 7%
The output power of the synchronous generator is
P o 3V a I a cos 3 440 10 0. 8 10560W
The copper loss in the armature winding is
P cu 3I 2a R a 3 10 2 1 300W

21

The input power is

P in P o P cu P c 10560 300 400 11260W
Thus, the efficiency of the generator is
100 93. 8%
PPino 100 10560
11260
Problem 3: A 70MVA 13.8kV 60Hz two-pole Y-connected three-phase
salient-pole synchronous generator has R a 0, X d 1. 83, and X q 1. 21.
It delivers the rated load at 0.8 pf leading. Determine , E a , VR%, P d , and d .
Solution: The phase terminal voltage is
Va

13800
3

0 7967. 40 V

The phase load current is

7010 6
Ia
36. 87 2928. 636. 87 A
3 13800

E a
Ia
Id

Iq

E a

jIq X q
jId X d X q
Va

jIa X q
jId X q
Ia Ra

It follows from the equivalent circuit that

,

E a V a j I a X q I a R a 7967. 40 2928. 636. 87 j1. 21

7967. 4 2928. 60. 8 j0. 6j1. 21 5841. 2 j2834. 9
9
180

5841. 2 2 2834. 9 2 tan 1 2834.

6492. 825. 889 V

5841. 2
The torque angle is 25. 889 . The d- and q-axis currents are

I d I a sin|| ||90

2928. 6 sin36. 87 25. 889 180

90 25. 889 557. 85115. 889 A

I q I a cos|| || 2928.

6 cos36. 87 25. 889 180

15. 7 287525. 889 A
The generated voltage is
,

E a E a j I d X d X q 5841. 2 j2834.
9 557. 85115. 889 j1. 83 1. 21
5841. 2 j2834. 9 557.

85cos115. 889 180

j sin115. 889 180
j1. 83 1. 21

22

9
5530 j2683. 9
5530 2 2683. 9 2 tan 1 2683.
6146.
180

5530
925. 889 V
or is given by

Ea Va j I dXd j I qXq I aRa

7967. 40 557. 85115. 889 j1. 83 287525. 889 j1. 21 0

7967. 4 557. 85cos115. 889 180

j sin115. 889 180
j1. 83

2875cos25. 889 180 j sin25. 889 180 j1. 21

5530. 1 j2683.
9
180
9
5530. 1 2 2683. 9 2 tan 1 2683.
614725. 888 V

5530. 1
The developed power is
P d P o P cu P o 3V a I a cos 3 7967. 4 2928. 6 0. 8
5. 6 10 7 W
The synchronous speed is
s 4f
460
376. 99rad/s
P
2
The developed torque is
7
1. 485 5 10 5 N m
d Pds 5.610
376. 99
The voltage regulation is
4
100 22. 8%
VR% 61477967.
7967. 4

Problem 4: A 220V 60Hz 3-phase 2-pole Y-connected synchronous motor has a

synchronous impedance of 0.25j2.5/phase. The motor delivers a load of 50A
at 0.8 pf lagging. Determine (a) the generated voltage, (b) the torque angle, (c)
the power developed by the motor, and (d) the developed torque.
Solution: The phase voltage is V a 220 127V. Assume V a 1270 V.
3

The phase armature current is I a 50 36. 87 A. It follows from the

per-phase equivalent circuit that

E a V a I a R a j I a X s 1270 50 36. 87 0. 25 j2. 5

127 500. 8 j0. 60. 25 j2. 5 42 j92. 5
5
180

42 2 92. 5 2 tan 1 92.

101. 59 65. 6 V

42
The torque angle is 65. 6 .
P d P in P cu 3V a I a cos 3I 2a R a 3 127 50 0. 8 50 2 0. 25
13365W
The developed torque is
d Pds 13365
35. 45N m
460
2

Problem 5: A 208V 60Hz three-phase Y-connected salient-pole synchronous

motor operates at full load and draws a current of 40A at 0.8 pf leading. The dand q-axis reactances are 2.7/phase and 1.7/phase, respectively. The
armature-winding resistance is negligible, and the rotational loss is 5% of the
power developed by the motor. Determine (a) the developed voltage, (b) the
developed power, and (c) the efficiency.

23

Solution: The per-phase load voltage and current are V a 208 0

3

1200 V and I a 40 cos 1 0. 8 4036. 87 A.

It follows from the per-phase equivalent circuit that
,

Ea Va j I aXq I aRa
1200 4036. 87 j1. 7 120 400. 8 j0. 6j1. 7
4
180
160. 8 j54. 4
160. 8 2 54. 4 2 tan 1 54.
169.

160. 8

75 18. 691 V
It follows from the phasor
which means that the torque angle is 18. 691 .
diagram that the absolute value of the angle between I q and I a are
| ||| |36. 87 18. 691| 55. 561 . Therefore, the d-axis armature
current is

I d I a sin 90 40 sin55. 561 180

18. 691 90 32.
98971. 309

32. 989cos71. 309 180

j sin71. 309 180
10. 572 j31. 249A
(a) The per-phase developed voltage is
E a,

E a j I d X d X q 160. 8 j54. 4 j10. 572 j31. 2492. 7 1. 7

972
180
202.
192. 05 j64. 972
192. 05 2 64. 972 2 tan 1 64.

192. 05

74 18. 691 V
(b) As R a 0, the AC input power is the same as the developed power, that
is,
P d P in P cu P in 3V a I a cos 3 120 40 0. 8 11520W
Or it can be calculated by
3X X
P d 3V a EXadsin|| 2Xdd X qq V 2a sin|2|
3120202. 74sin 18. 691

180
22.71.7 120 2 sin2 18. 691 180

2.7
11520W
(c) The output power is
P o P in P cu P r P stray P in P r 11520 0. 05 11520 10944W
and the efficiency is
PPino 100 10944
100 95%
11520
32.71.7

Engi4258-Assignment #5: Solution

Problem 1: The following data were obtained on a 230V 60Hz 4-pole
Y-connected three-phase induction motor:
No-load test: power input130W, line current 0.45A at rated voltage.
Blocked-rotor test: power input65W, line current 1.2A at the line voltage of
47V.
The friction and windage loss is 15W, and the winding resistance between any
two lines is 4.1.
Determine the equivalent circuit parameters of the motor and draw the

24

approximate equivalent circuit.

Solution:
The perphase resistance of the stator is R 1 0. 5R L 0. 5 4. 1 2. 05.
From the blocked-rotor test, V br 47 27. 1V, I br 1. 2A, P br 653
3

21. 7W. Therefore, the equivalent resistance is

R e PI 2br 21.7
15. 07
1.2 2
br

The rotor resistance is R 2 R e R 1 15. 07 2. 05 13. 02

The equivalent impedance is
V
22. 58
|Z e | I brbr 27.1
1.2
The equivalent reactance is
Xe
22. 58 2 15. 07 2 16. 82
|Z e | 2 R 2e
From the no-load test, V NL 230 132. 79V, I NL 0. 45A, P NL
3

43. 3W , P c

13015
3
132. 79 2
38. 3

V 2NL
Pc

130
3

38. 3W. Therefore, the equivalent core resistance is

Rc

460. 4
The excitation impedance is
79
NL
132.
295. 1
|Z | VI NL
0.45
The magnetization reactance is
1

Xm
2

1
Z

1
Rc

1
1
295. 1

1
460. 4

384. 5

Problem 2: A 440V 60Hz 4-pole -connected three-phase induction motor has

the following parameters in ohms/phase: R 1 0. 3, X 1 0. 9, R 2 0. 6,
X 2 0. 9, R c 150, and X m 60. (a) If the rotational loss is 4% of the
power developed, determine the efficiency of the motor when it runs at 4% slip.
(b) Find the starting torque, maximum torque and corresponding speed, and
maximum power and corresponding speed.
Solution:
(a)
It follows from the approximate equivalent circuit that the rotor current at s4%

V1
4400
is
I2

1sR 2
10.040.6
R 1 R 2 jX 1 X 2

440
15. 3j1. 8

440
15. 3 2 1. 8 2 tan 1

56 6. 7 A
The stator current is

I1 I I2
4400
440

1
150

1
150
1
60

V1
Rc

1
j60

V1
jX m

1.8
15.3

0.30.6j0.90.9
15.440406
180

6. 7 28.

I 2 V1

1
Rc

1
jX m

I2

28. 56 6. 7

28. 56 cos6. 7

31. 298 j10. 665

33. 065 18. 817 A
The input power is

0.04

180

j sin6. 7

31. 298 2 10. 665 2 tan 1

180
10. 665
31. 298

180

25


P in 3V 1 I 1 cos 3 440 33. 065 cos18. 817 180
41313W
The stator copper loss is P scu 3I 22 R 1 3 28. 56 2 0. 3 734W
2
V2
3872W
The core loss is P core 3 R1c 3 440
150
The air-gap power is P ag P in P scu P core 41313 734 3872 36707W
The rotor copper loss: P rcu 3I 22 R 2 3 28. 56 2 0. 6 1468W
The developed power: P d P ag P rcu 36707 1468 35239W
or P d 1 sP ag 1 0. 0436707 35239W
The output power: P o P d P r 35239 39111 0. 04 33675W
The efficiency is
PPino 100 33675
100 81. 5%
41313

(b)
The synchronous speed is
s 4f
460
188. 5rad/s or
P
4
The starting torque is
d | s1

3V 21 R 2
s s

R 1 R 2

1sR 2
s

X 1 X 2

Ns

47N m
The slip for the maximum torque is
R2
0.6
s max,

2
2
2

12060
4

3440 2 0.6
188. 5 0.30.60 2 0.90.9 2

1800rpm
456.

s1

0. 3288

0.3 0.90.9 2

R 1 X 1 X 2

120f
P

and the corresponding maximum torque (pull-out torque or break-down torque) is

given by
3V 21
3440 2
d,max

725. 04N m
2
2
2
2
2 s R 1 R 1 X 1 X 2

2188. 5 0.3 0.3 0.90.9

The speed is
N m 1 sN s 1 0. 3288 1800 1208rpm
The slip for the maximum developed power is
R2
0.6
s max,p

0. 229 67
2
2
2
2
R 2 R 1 R 2 X 1 X 2

and
P d,max

3
2

0.6 0.30.6 0.90.9

V 21
2

R 1 R 2 R 1 R 2 X 1 X 2

3
2

440 2
0.30.6 0.30.6 2 0.90.9 2

99709W

The speed is
N m 1 sN s 1 0. 229 67 1800 1387rpm
Problem 3: A 10hp 440V 60Hz 6-pole -connected three-phase induction motor
is designed to operates at 3% slip on full load. The rotational loss is 4% of the
power output. When the motor operates at full load, determine (1) the rotor
cooper loss, (b) the air-gap power, (c) the developed power, and (d) the shaft
torque.
Solution: The output power is P o 10hp 10 746 7460W.
The rotational loss is P r 4%P o 0. 04 7460 298. 4W
The developed power is P d P o P r 7460 298. 4 7758. 4W
26

The
The
The
The
The

Pd
4
air-gap power is P ag 1s
7758.
7998. 4W
10.03
rotor cooper loss is P rcu sP ag 0. 03 7998. 4 239. 95W
4f
125. 66rad/s
synchronous speed is s P 460
6
motor speed is m 1 s s 1 0. 03125. 66 121. 89rad/s
7460
motor shaft torque is o Pmo 121.
61. 203N m
89

Problem 4: A 6-pole 120V 60Hz single-phase induction motor has R 1 2. 4,

X 1 3. 6, R 2 1. 6, X 2 3. 6, and X m 75. The rotational loss is 5%
of the developed power. Determine the motor speed, the shaft torque, the motor
efficiency when the slip is 4%.
Solution:The synchronous speed is
s 4f
460
125. 66rad/s or N s 120f
12060
1200rpm
P
P
6
6
The motor speed is
m 1 s s 1 0. 04 125. 66 120. 63rad/s
N m 1 sN s 1 0. 04 1200 1152rpm
The impedances are
Z 1 R 1 jX 1 2. 4 j3. 6
0.5jX 0.5R 2 /sj0.5X 2
jX R 2 /sjX 2
j751.6/0.04j3.6
Z f R f jX f 0.5jX mm0.5R
0. 5 R 2m/sjX
0. 5 1.6/0.04j3.675
2 /sj0.5X 2
2 X m
0. 5 270j3000
40j78. 6
j9. 078 2
Z b R b jX b
270j61. 224
0. 5 0.816
33j78. 6
j1. 721 4

0. 5

270j300040j78. 6
40j78. 640j78. 6

0. 5

2. 2510 5 j1. 412 210 5

40 2 78.6 2

14. 464

0.5jX m 0.5R 2 /2sj0.5X 2

jX m R 2 /2sjX 2
j751.6/20.04j3.6
0. 5 R 2 /2sjX
0. 5 1.6/20.04j3.675
0.5jX m 0.5R 2 /2sj0.5X 2
2 X m
0.54591. 8j21272
270j61. 2240.816 33j78. 6
0. 5 0.816

0. 371 59
33j78. 60.816 33j78. 6
0.816 33 2 78. 6 2

Z in Z 1 Z f Z b 2. 4 j3. 6 14. 464 j9. 078 2 0. 371 59 j1. 721

236 j14. 4
or
R f 0. 5
X f 0. 5

75 2 1.6/0.04
1.6/0.04 2 3.675 2

14. 464

75 1.6/0.04 2 3.63.675

9. 078 3

1.6/0.04 2 3.675 2
75 2 1.6/20.04

R b 0. 5

0. 371 59

1.6/20.04 2 3.675 2
75 1.6/20.04 2 3.63.675

X b 0. 5

1. 721 4

1.6/20.04 2 3.675 2

Thus, the stator current is

I 1 ZVin1 17.1200
236j14. 4

1100
17. 236 2 14. 4 2 tan 1

4. 897 6 39. 877 A

I 2f

j
R2
2s

Xm
2
X2
2

Xm
2

I1

jX m
R2
s

jX 2 X m

I1

1.6
0.04

14. 4
17. 236

180

j75
j3.675

1100
22. 4639. 877

4. 897 6 39. 877

27

7590 4. 897 639. 877

1.6
0.04

3.675 2 tan 1

905 A

I 2b

j
R2
22s

Xm
2
X2
2

Xm
2

3.675
1.6
0.04

I1

7590 4. 897 639.

1.6
20.04

3.675 2 tan 1

180

jX m
R2
s
877
3.675
1.6
20.04

7590 4. 897 639. 877

88. 19363. 028

jX 2 X m

I1

180

1.6
20.04

j75
j3.675

4. 165 12.

4. 897 6 39. 877

7590 4. 897 639. 877

78. 60489. 405

4. 673

39. 282 A
The input power is

P in Re V 1 I 1 V 1 I 1 cos 120 4. 897 6 cos39. 877

02W
The stator copper loss is
P scu I 21 R 1 4. 897 6 2 2. 4 57. 568W
The air-gap power due to the forward magnetic field is
P agf I 21 R f 4. 897 6 2 14. 464 346. 94W or 0. 5I 22f
1.6
346. 94W
165 2 0.04
The air-gap power due to the backward magnetic field is
P agb I 21 R b 4. 897 6 2 0. 371 59 8. 913W or 0. 5I 22b
1.6
8. 913W
673 2 20.04
The net air-gap power is
P ag P agf P agb 346. 94 8. 913 338. 03W
The mechanical developed power is
P d 1 sP ag 1 0. 04 338. 03 324. 51W
The output power is
P o P d P r 324. 51 0. 05 324. 51 308. 28W
The efficiency is
28
100 68. 352%
308.
451. 02
The motor shaft torque is
28
2. 555 6N m
o Pmo 308.
120. 63

180

451.

R2
s

0. 5 4.

R2
2s

0. 5 4.

Problem 5: A 240V 50Hz 2-pole universal motor operates at a speed of

12000rpm on full load and draws a current of 6.5A at a lagging power factor of
0.94. The impedance of the series field winding is 4.55j3.2. The impedance of
the armature winding is 6.15j9.4. Determine (a) the induced voltage, (b) the
power output, (c) the shaft torque, and (d) the efficiency if the rotational loss is
65W.
Solution: cos 1 0. 94 180/ 19. 948
From the equivalent circuit, we have

E a V s I a R s jX s R a jX a 240 6. 5 19. 948 4. 55 j3. 2 6.

28

240 6. 5cos19. 948 180

j sin 19. 948 180
4. 55 j3. 2 6. 15 j9. 4
258
180
156.
146. 68 j53. 258
146. 68 2 53. 258 2 tan 1 53.

146. 68

05 19. 955 V
The input power is
P in V s I a cos 240 6. 5 0. 94 1466. 4W
The copper loss
P cu I 2a R s R a 6. 5 2 4. 55 6. 15 452. 08W
The developed power is
P d P in P cu 1466. 4 452. 08 1014. 3W
The output power is
P o P d P r 1014. 3 65 949. 3W
The efficiency is
949. 3
100 64. 737%
PPino 100 1466.
4

The motor speed is

212000
1256. 6rad/s
m 2n
60
60
The shaft torque is
949. 3
0. 755 45N m
o Pmo 1256.
6

29